by Patrick Parr
Garrow, David J. “The Intellectual Development of Martin Luther King Jr.: Influences and Commentaries.” Union Seminary Quarterly Review 40 (January 1986): 5–20
Lawlor, Julia, and Linn Washington. “Beginnings: From Hill to Mountain.” Philadelphia Daily News, January 16, 1986.
Niebuhr, Reinhold. “Walter Rauschenbusch in Historical Perspective.” Religion in Life 27 (Autumn 1958): 527–536.
Peters, William. “Our Weapon Is Love,” Redbook, August 1956, 41–42, 72–73.
Smith, Kenneth. “Martin Luther King Jr.: Reflections of a Former Teacher.” Bulletin of Crozer Theological Seminary 57, no. 2 (April 1965): 2–3.
Swift, Mike. “King’s Summers in State Fostered Famous Dream of Freedom. Hartford Courant, January 21, 1991.
Thelen, David, ed. Journal of American History 78 (June 1991). The entire volume is devoted to the plagiarism discovered in MLK’s course work, and is essential reading for anyone looking to learn more about the issue.
Washington, Linn. “Before Montgomery, There Was Philadelphia: Dr. Martin Luther King’s Theories Started in Area.” Philadelphia Tribune, January 14, 1994.
Wood, Alex. “Blacks Recall Connecticut Tobacco Farms.” Journal Inquirer, July 17, 1989.
Index
Italicized page references denote illustrations
“Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive” (song), 48
Adams, John Stokes, Jr., 163–165
Allen, Frederick, 206
Alter, Chester, 173–174
Anderson, Marian, 3
Angelou, Maya, 68
“Appraisal of the Great Awakening, An” (college paper), 160–161
Arnold, B. A., 112
Atlanta Constitution (newspaper), 11
Atlanta Railway Express Company, 11
Aubrey, Edwin Ewart, 13, 31–34, 32, 85, 91, 183
Auburn Avenue (Atlanta, GA), 19
“Autobiography of Religious Development, An” (college paper), 157–158
“Bad Bad Whiskey” (song), 168
Barber, Naomi, 132
Barbour, Almanina, 41, 59, 69, 134, 137, 153
Barbour, J. Pius, 13, 38–41, 39, 58–59, 83, 84, 91, 92–93, 99, 153–154, 217–218
Barbour, Olee Littlejohn, 39, 58n, 194
basketball, 186–187
Batten, Charles Edward, 24, 93, 102, 145, 154, 157–159, 157n–158n, 205, 207
Bean, Raymond J., 159–161, 173, 174, 183
Beliefs That Matter (Brown), 110
Benn, Mildred, 194
Bennett, Isaiah, 69
Bennett, Lerone, 216
Beshai, James “Jimmy,” 54, 147–149, 148, 150, 157, 159, 164n, 167–168, 174, 176, 189, 201, 204, 211–213
“Beyond Vietnam” (ML speech), 125–126
billiards. See pool (billiards)
Blanton, Sankey Lee, 146, 166, 181–184, 182, 206–207
Blue Mondays, 76–78
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 149
Borders, William Holmes, 6–7, 12–13
Boston University, 29, 165, 167, 175
Bradley, Sarah Grace, 1, 4, 5
Brightman, Edgar S., 202, 203, 204
Brooks, Edwin Alonzo, 209
Brooks, Geneva A., 49n
Brown, Jesse H., 187
Brown, William Adams, 110
BU. See Boston University
Bucknell, Margaret Crozer, 15
Buddhism, 125
“bull sessions,” 168
Bullard, Jack, 146, 147, 157, 165, 183
Burgess, Andrew, 174
Burrus, Lloyd, 48–49, 188
Calvary Baptist Church (Chester, PA), 13, 57, 66, 68–69
capitalism, 97, 98–99
Carver, George Washington, 58n
Cassady, Maynard, 33
Cheeks, Addie, 73
Chester Rural Cemetery, 103
Chester Times, 38, 61, 65–66, 65n, 97–98, 187–188, 205
Christian Beginnings (Enslin), 73, 93, 183
Christianity and the Social Crisis (Rauschenbusch), 201
Coleman, William W., 189
Commencement Hall, 15
Communism, 85, 97–99, 199
Corbett, Sarah Anne, 49n
Creeping Jesus. See Smith, Howard Wayne “Creeping Jesus”
Crozer Quarterly, 34, 93, 154, 204n, 207
Crozer Theological Seminary, 13–14, 27, 61, 146–147, 191, 211
aerial view of campus, 15
comprehensive examinations at, 143, 144
dorm rooms at, 17, 81
1951 commencement, 204–208
radio room established, 162–163
state marker outside Old Main at, 212, 226
student lounge, 86
thunderstorm damage, 168, 195
vespers service in the chapel, 141
women enrolled at, 49n–50n
See also Old Main (Crozer Theological Seminary)
Cullman Brothers Tobacco Company, 7
Daddy King. See King, Martin Luther, Sr. “Daddy King”
dance parties, 47
Davis, George Washington, 59–60, 75–76, 88, 90–91, 108–111, 125, 149, 158n–159n, 167, 179, 181, 202–203, 207
Davis, Silas W., 8, 9
debates, 40, 87, 153, 198, 200–201
“Defense of the Negro Preacher, A” (Barbour), 218
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (Montgomery, AL), 217
Dietrich, Raymond Joseph, 187
Dobbs, June, 131, 138, 194
“Dreamer with a Penny, A” (song), 168
Drew, Eugene Hildreth, 209
Durham, Isabelle, 194
Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 186, 187
Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, GA), 2, 13, 37
Educational Testing Service, 175
Edwards, D. Miall, 181
Emma Ransom YWCA House (New York, NY), 62
English, Jethro, 136
Enslin, Morton Scott, 27–28, 53–55, 73–74, 93–94, 146, 167, 173–174, 205, 207
Ethics (Spinoza), 125
Evans, Steven, 226
Existentialism and Theology (Davis), 111
“Facing Life’s Inescapables” (sermon), 56–57, 66, 68–69, 72
Farris, Christine King (ML’s sister), 7, 9–10, 62–63, 67, 95, 117, 135–136, 207, 225
Fifth Presbyterian Church (Chester, PA), 127–128, 128n, 192
First Baptist Church (Dublin, GA), 2
First Church of Christ (Simsbury, CT), 7
Flower, Elizabeth F., 98, 99–100, 102, 103–104
Fontaine, William, 104
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 8, 162
Frank, Michael, 105
Gandhi, Mahatma, 40, 76, 103, 114–117
Gardner, William E., 172
George Wilson Community Center (Newark, DE), 128n
“Going Forward by Going Backward” (sermon), 214
Gordon, T. Crouther, 30
Grace Methodist Church (Chester, PA), 112
Graduate Records Exam (GRE), 175–176
Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies, The (Maxson), 161
Greene, James Joseph, 209
Grooters, Ruth B., 37–38
Hall, Lucius Z., Jr., 20–22, 24
Harkness, Reuben Elmore Ernest (R. E. E.), 121, 123–124
Helms, Jesse, 224
Hiltner, Seward, 106, 107–108
Hinayana (branch of Buddhism), 125
Hinduism, 126
Hoopes, Roberta “Bobbie,” 37, 38
Horn & Hardart (cafeteria), 104
Humphreys, John R., 206
“Influence of Mystery Religions on Christianity, The” (class paper), 111
interracial relationships, 94–95, 216, 216n
J. Lewis Crozer Fellowship, 183, 205
Johnson, Mordecai Wyatt, 114–118, 115
Johnson, Robert Burke, 135
Jordan, Dupree, 61–62
Kagawa, Toyohiko, 75, 76
Kant, Immanuel, 103–104, 184–186
Keighton, Robert
Elwood, 34–36, 35, 56, 72, 77–78, 91, 92–93, 104–106, 146–147, 162–163, 205–206
Kelsey, George, 24, 35n, 167
Kendall, Hiram, 1, 2, 4, 5
“Kick Up Dust” (ML letter), 11
King, AD (ML’s brother), 132, 135, 138, 207
King, Alberta “Mama King,” 2, 135, 144, 154, 207
King, Christine (ML’s sister). See Farris, Christine King (ML’s sister)
King, Coretta Scott (ML’s wife), 214, 216
King, Joel (ML’s uncle), 144, 145
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 12, 13, 209–210
awards received, 207–208
class schedules, 25, 51, 70, 89, 100, 122, 155, 177, 196
dating relationships, 42, 50, 63–64, 119–121, 150–154, 194–195
degrees awarded, 204, 205
demeanor, 2, 28, 69, 172
as Devotions Committee chairman, 87–88, 106, 126–127
eating and, 63, 64n
encounters with discrimination, 4–5, 61–62, 109–110, 133–135, 137–139
friendships, 45–48, 61, 213–215, 218–223
grades received by, 26, 29, 52, 71, 90, 101–102, 123, 156, 178, 197
graduate school applications, 166–167, 173, 174–175
GRE test scores, 176
incorrectly cited in newspaper article, 191–192
jobs held by, 7–9, 11–12, 31, 49, 112, 171–172
leadership role, 165 (see also as Devotions Committee chairman; as student body president)
love of music and singing, 37
opinion of Martin Luther, 60
pastoral counseling and, 106–108
photographs, 66, 209, 222
plagiarism (see writing skills)
scholarship application, 183
self-awareness, 104–105, 158, 159, 210
sermons delivered, 8, 65–66, 69, 84–85, 112–114, 131, 136, 139, 192–193, 214, 215
similarities to Mordecai Johnson, 117
speaking engagements, 1–2, 127–130, 166, 188
as student body president, 127, 144, 186, 192, 205
teachings of Gandhi and, 114, 117
tools for writing sermons used by, 56–58, 193
writing skills, 29–30, 54–55, 91, 158–159, 160–161, 180–181
King, Martin Luther, Jr., quotes on
being a first-year student, 19
being a religious leader, 36
the church, 79–80
a creative power, 99
Crozer’s campus, 78
eating watermelon, 42
education, 13
Enslin, 55
“free North,” 7
greatest need of civilization, 56
his mental and physical advantages, 158
his religious calling, 5–6
immortality, 97
integration, 152
interracial relationships, 216
Kenneth L. Smith, 201
love, 94
McCall, 135n
the ministry, 211
need of civilization, 56
Philadelphia area, 215
potential PhD programs, 165
segregation, 10
social justice, 10, 11, 14
spiritual power of ministers, 36
King, Martin Luther, Sr. “Daddy King,” 2, 5–6, 7, 10, 11, 63, 85, 131–132, 144, 207
Kirkland, Joseph Timothy “Joe,” 168–169, 169n, 209
Kirkland, Lydia, 169n
Ku Klux Klan, 110
Lawrence, George W., 199
Lei Hsu, Dorothy, 50n
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” 185
Lin, En-Chin, 86, 148, 209
“Lord God Omnipotent Reigneth, The” (sermon), 136
Louis, Joe, 68
Lovett, Irene Easter, 50n
Loving v. Virginia (1967), 216
Luther, Martin, 59–60
Mahayana (branch of Buddhism), 125
Mahoney, Reese A., 187
Maloch, Wendell Atlas, 209
Mama King. See King, Alberta “Mama King”
Man Who Would Preach, The (Keighton), 105–106
Maple Shade incident, 133–135, 137–139
Maritain, Jacques, 199
Marques, Calixto O., 187
Martin Luther King Day, 224–225
Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Washington, DC), 219
Marxism, 98–99
Mary’s Café incident, 133–135, 137–139
“Mastering Our Evil Selves” (sermon), 84
Maxson, Charles H., 161
Mays, Benjamin E. “Buck Benny,” 13, 24, 48–49, 117
McCall, Walter Raleigh “Mac,” 10, 12, 19, 55, 63, 88, 121, 131, 137, 143, 168
attends National Baptist Conference, 145
as barber, 45–48, 193
as friend to ML, 46–48, 210, 220–223
Mary’s Café incident and, 133–134
Pearl Smith and, 121, 188–189
photographs of, 46, 209
McClain, Annette, 194
McGann, W. Thomas, 137
McKinney, Samuel, 83–84
Mercer University, 61
Milburn, Amos, 168
Miss Hannah. See Moitz, Hannah
Mithraism, 93
Moitz, Betty, 43, 49–50, 64, 94–95, 96, 119–121, 120, 150–151, 153–154, 215, 217
Moitz, Hannah, 42, 49, 95–96, 151, 215
Moitz, William O., 94
Montgomery bus boycott, 213–214, 219
Morehouse College, 6, 10
mysticism, 75–76
NAACP (Camden, NJ, chapter), 137
NAACP (Newark, DE, chapter), 128
National Baptist Convention (NBC), 144, 145
National Baptist Voice, 218
“Negro and the Constitution, The” (ML speech), 1, 3–4
Negro Baptist Ministry, The (Reid), 218
neo-orthodoxy, 109
New London Avenue Colored School (Newark, DE), 128
Nichols, Ernest, 133–134, 135
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 62, 200, 201n
Old Main (Crozer Theological Seminary), 17, 31, 147–148, 211–212
exterior views, 15, 18, 212, 226
history of, 19
interior views, 81, 86, 141
See also Crozer Theological Seminary
“Origin of Religion in the Race, The” (college paper), 179
Pearl Hall, 15, 78, 212
Pearl Ruth Plafker Memorial Award, 207–208
personalism, 203, 205
Philadelphia, PA, 62
Philosophy of Religion, The (Edwards), 182
Pickens, William G., 8, 9
Picture in Your Mind (1948), 129
“Place of Reason and Experience in Finding God, The” (class paper), 91
Plafker, Nathan, 162, 207, 208
plagiarism. See writing skills
pool (billiards), 48, 119, 144, 147, 222–223, 222
Poston, Ted, 216
pranks, 12, 21–24
preacher-centric philosophy, 181–182
Princeton Seminary Bulletin, 107–108
Pritchard, James Bennett, 27–28, 29, 30–31, 53, 72, 146, 207
Proctor, Emmett, 11
Proctor, Samuel D., 33–34, 143, 175–176, 192
“Propagandizing Christianity” (sermon), 139
Prophecy and Religion (Skinner), 30
Prospect Hill Baptist Church (Prospect Hill, PA), 65
Pyle, Cyril George, 28, 65n, 95, 96, 209
“Radicalization of Martin Luther King Jr: The Last Five Years, The” (Smith), 225
radio sermons, 162–163
Raleigh Baptist Assembly convention, 117
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 149, 167, 200, 201
Ray, Sandy, 8
Reagan, Ronald, 224
Reardon, Billy Clifton, 187
Rebel Prophet: Studies in the Personality of Jeremiah, The (Gordon), 30
Reid, Ira De Augustine, 138, 218
“Religion’s Answer to the
Problem of Evil” (college paper), 203
Richardson, Vernon B., 206
Robeson, Paul, 98
Roebling, John A., 113n
Royster, Gloria, 42
Sakurabayashi, Makoto, 86, 148, 189, 199, 208, 209
Salt March, 116
satyagraha, 116
Schildgen, Robert, 76
Schrecker, Paul, 184
Search for the Beloved Community: The Thinking of Martin Luther King Jr. (Smith), 223
Sellers, Juanita, 62, 63–64, 132, 194–195
Seven Minutes at the Mike (radio program), 6
Seyler, Lawrence J., 187
Ship Creek Woods, 15, 79, 168, 195
slavery, 110
Smith, Esther, 150, 223
Smith, Eurls, 4
Smith, Howard Wayne “Creeping Jesus,” 85–86, 146
Smith, Kenneth Lee “Snuffy,” 121, 149–150, 149n, 167–168, 186, 198–202, 221, 223–225, 224
Smith, Pearl E., 121, 133, 134, 188
Snipes, Maceo, 11
Snoad, Phyllis J., 49n
Spann, M. C., 192
speeding tickets, 136
Spinoza, Baruch, 125
“Splinters and Planks” (sermon), 85
St. Daniel’s Methodist Church (Chester, PA), 193
Stapp, Philip, 129
Stark, Walter, 87, 127
Stewart, Francis, 85, 87, 127, 193, 207, 209
Stouffer’s (Philadelphia, PA), 61–62
Stride Toward Freedom (King), 99, 217
“Study of Mithraism, A” (class paper), 93
Sweet Auburn community, 19
Tagore, Rabindranath, 116
Tennyson, Alfred, 195
Theology for the Social Gospel, A (Rauschenbusch), 149
Thomas M. Thomas Memorial Presbyterian Church (Chester, PA), 128n
“Three Dimensions of a Complete Life, The” (sermon), 215
“Three Levels of Fellowship” (sermon), 131
Thurman, Howard, 110
Tobin, Lucius M., 24
Truman, Harry, 97–98
truth-force, 116
Turner, Nolton W., 189
Turney, Charles, 42
Unitarian Church of Germantown (Philadelphia, PA), 215
University of Edinburgh, 165, 167, 174–175
University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), 102–103, 164
Votaw, Galja Barish, 191–192
Walnut Street residence (Camden, NJ), 133
Walton, George T., 128
“Way Out, A” (sermon), 84
wealth, importance of, 168
Weigle, Luther, 175–176
West Branch YMCA (Chester, PA), 28, 65n, 193