God’s FURY, England’s FIRE

by Braddick, Michael

  66. Gardiner, IV, pp. 299–300, quoting the State Trials. Clarendon has it as ‘No, nor the hundredth part of them’, IV, p. 486.

  67. Gardiner, IV, p. 301.

  68. Clarendon, IV, p. 487; Gardiner, IV, p. 300.

  69. Clarendon, IV, p. 488.

  70. Wedgwood, Trial, ch. 8; Kelsey, ‘Trial’, pp. 614–15; Gardiner, IV, pp. 319–23.

  71. Gardiner, IV, p. 323; Wedgwood, Trial, p. 193.

  72. Wedgwood, Trial, p. 196.

  73. TNA, SP24/71 petition of Darcy Roades; SP24/75 petition of Thomas Sharpe. For Warwickshire politics following the regicide see Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660 (Cambridge, 1987), ch. 8. In Lincolnshire, for example, it was accepted with ‘sullen resentment’, and there was no evidence of opposition in formerly royalist Cornwall: Clive Holmes, Seventeenth-Century Lincolnshire (Lincoln, 1980), pp. 203–5; Mary Coate, Cornwall in the Great Civil War and Interregnum 1642–1660: A Social and Political Study (Oxford, 1933), p. 250.

  74. Diary entries 16 August 1648, 4 February 1649: Alan Macfarlane, The Diary of Ralph Josselin 1616–1683, British Academy Records of Social and Economic History, new series, III (Oxford, 1976), pp. 130, 155. A transcript is online at http://linux02.lib.cam.ac.uk/earlscolne/documents/diary.htm

  75. Underdown, Pride’s Purge, p. 190.

  76. But he noted this in embarrassment, having met an old schoolfellow who he feared might have remembered this: Robert Latham and William Matthews (eds.), The Diary of Samuel Pepys: A New and Complete Transcription, vol. I: 1660 (London, 1970), p. 280.

  77. Wedgwood, Trial, pp. 184–5; CSPD, 1660–61, p. 67, and See also pp. 65, 109, 124, 184; for William Walker See also David Wootton, ‘From Rebellion to Revolution: The Crisis of the Winter of 1642/3 and the Origins of Civil War Radicalism’, reprinted in Richard Cust and Ann Hughes (eds.), The English Civil War (London, 1997), pp. 340–56, at p. 352.

  78. Wedgwood, Trial, pp. 204–5.

  79. Elizabeth Skerpan Wheeler, ‘Eikon Basilike and the Rhetoric of Self-Representation’, in Thomas N. Corns (ed.), The Royal Image: Representations of Charles I (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 122–40; Cust, Charles I, pp. 446–7; Kevin Sharpe, ‘The King’s Writ: Royal Authors and Royal Authority in Early Modern England’, in Kevin Sharpe and Peter Lake (eds.), Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 117–38, at pp. 136–8; Kevin Sharpe, ‘“So hard a text”?: Images of Charles I, 1612–1700’, HJ, 43 (2000), 383–406; Andrew Lacey, ‘Elegies and Commemorative Verses in Honour of Charles the Martyr, 1649–60’, in Peacey (ed.), Regicides, pp. 225–46, and the references in his n. 2. For a convenient modern edition see P. A. Knachel (ed.), Eikon Basilike: The Portraiture of His Sacred Majesty in His Solitudes and Sufferings (Ithaca, NY, 1966). For the cult of King Charles more generally see Andrew Lacey, The Cult of King Charles the Martyr (Woodbridge, 2003). For the healing power of his blood see A Miracle of Miracles Wrought by the Blood of King Charles I (London, 1649).

  Epilogue

  1. Thomas May, The history of the parliament Of England, which began November the third, MDCXL (London 1647), title page, sig. A3r.

  2. Ibid., sig. A3v-A4r.

  3. Ibid., sig. B1r.

  4. Ibid., sig. A3r-v.

  5. Lois Spencer, ‘The Politics of George Thomason’, The Library, 5th ser., 14 (1959), 11–27; Joad Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 161–2, 192–6.

  6. For modern views of May’s history see J. G. A. Pocock, ‘Thomas May and the Narrative of Civil War’, in Derek Hirst and Richard Strier (eds.), Writing and Political Engagement in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 112–44; Nigel Smith, The Poems of Andrew Marvell (Harlow, 2003) esp. pp. 116–18.

  7. May, History, sig. B2v.

  8. See above, p. 580.

  9. Based on a search of ESTC, 14 April 2007.

  10. ‘Exit tyrannus Regum ultimus, anno primo restitutae libertatis Angliae 1648’: Nicola Smith, The Royal Image and the English People (Aldershot, 2001), ch. 3, esp. p. 68 (my translation). For the legislation and other examples see Julie Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm during the English Civil War (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 81, 209–10, 238–9, 262–3; C. V. Wedgwood, The Trial of Charles I (London, 1964), pp. 209–10. For the sale of the crown jewels see Anna Keay, ‘Toyes and trifles’, History Today (July 2002).

  11. Margaret Aston, ‘Puritans and Iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales (eds.), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 92–121; Keith Thomas, ‘Art and Iconoclasm in Early Modern England’, in Kenneth Fincham and Peter Lake (eds.), Religious Politics in post-Reformation England: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Tyacke (Woodbridge, 2006), pp. 16–40; Jerry Brotton, The Sale of the Late King’s Goods: Charles I and His Art Collection (Basingstoke, 2006), pp. 234–8.

  12. Smith, Royal Image, pp. 69–70, 73–5, 79, and for Cromwell, ch. 8. This memorialization of Cromwell goes to the heart of subsequent attempts to make sense of the wars: Blair Worden, Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity (Harmondsworth, 2001), ch. 11. For the Act of Oblivion and the erasure of memories of the wars see David Norbrook, Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660 (Cambridge, 1999), esp. pp. 1–22; Jonathan Scott, England’s Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Stability in European Context (Cambridge, 2000), esp. intr., ch. 1.

  13. This is a large subject, of course. For important recent studies emphasizing the intellectual and cultural creativity of the 1650s see Sean Kelsey, Inventing a Republic: The Political Culture of the English Commonwealth, 1649–1653 (Manchester, 1997); Scott, England’s Troubles, esp. chs. 10–16; Jonathan Scott, Commonwealth Principles: Republican Writing of the English Revolution (Cambridge, 2004); Norbrook, Writing the English Republic.

  14. John Pocock, quoted in J. C. Davis, ‘Political Thought during the English Revolution’, in Barry Coward (ed.), A Companion to Stuart Britain (Oxford, 2003), pp. 374–96, at p. 374.

  15. A true and strange relation of fire (London, 1639), p. 8. Butter was a news pioneer, a key figure in the heroic accounts of the rise of the news industry. His output of news pamphlets included a number of stories of natural wonders, some of which made direct connections with current affairs. Prior to 1640, they were mainly foreign events (e.g. Good Newes to Christendome [London, 1620]), but it was not impossible to make a connection between earthquake and fire in the Terceiras (Azores) in 1638 and Charles’s troubles. In 1659 Butter published a pamphlet relating a strange atmospheric phenomenon above London, which coincided with Charles’s departure after the attempt on the Five Members: A Letter with a Narrative, written to the right Hon:ble Thomas Allen (London, 1659).

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