James Madison: A Life Reconsidered

by Lynne Cheney

  9.Annals, 8th Cong., 2nd sess., 1026, 1103, Jan. 29 and 31, 1805.

  10.Plumer, Memorandum, 269; Brant, Madison, 4:237, 240; Malone, Jefferson, 4:450, 456.

  11.Henry Adams, John Randolph, 202; Henry Adams, Jefferson, 402–8, 455–56; Malone, Jefferson, 4:476; Liberty and Order, 292–93, “Articles of Impeachment,” Nov. 30, 1804.

  12.John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 1:359, Feb. 27, 1805.

  13.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 463; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 1:365, March 1, 1805; PMS, 9:416, to an unidentified correspondent, May 29, 1805.

  14.Malone, Jefferson, 4:481–82; Risjord, Old Republicans, 42.

  15.Ketcham, Madison, 436.

  16.PDM, to Cutts, June 4 and July 8, 1805.

  17.PDM, to Cutts, July 29, 1805; De Coppet Collection, Madison to Delaplaine, memo, Sept. 1816; PMC, 11:101–2, to Alexander Hamilton and Rufus King, June 9, 1788; 11:102, to Tench Coxe, June 11, 1788; 13:292, to Madison Sr., Aug. 14, 1790; 14:39, to Jefferson, July 1, 1791; PMS, 1:394, to Wilson Cary Nicholas, July 10, 1801.

  18.PDM, to Mary Morris, Aug. 20, 1805.

  19.PDM, to Cutts, Aug. 19, 1805.

  20.PMS, 9:356, from Monroe, May 16, 1805; Brant, Madison, 4:266; Malone, Jefferson, 5:57; PMS, 8:191–92, from John Armstrong, Oct. 20, 1804; Plumer, Memorandum, 208, 383; PDM, to Cutts, June 4, 1805.

  21.Republic of Letters, 3:1375, 1376, 1378, Jefferson to Madison, Aug. 4, 7, and 17, 1805; 3:1380, Madison to Jefferson, Aug. 20, 1805; 3:1382, 1391, Jefferson to Madison, Aug. 27 and Oct. 11, 1805; Malone, Jefferson, 5:58.

  22.Ketcham, Madison, 443; Malone, Jefferson, 5:99; Jefferson, Writings, 8:419, to the comte de Volney, Feb. 11, 1806.

  23.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 696.

  24.PDM, to James Madison, Oct. 23, 1805.

  25.PDM, from James Madison, Oct. 31, 1805; to James Madison, Oct. 30, 1805.

  26.PDM, to James Madison, Nov. 1, 1805.

  27.PDM, from James Madison, Nov. 6, 1805; to James Madison, Nov. 12, 1805.

  28.LC-TJ, to Thomas Lomax, Jan. 11, 1806; Monroe, Writings, 4:358–63, to Madison, Oct. 18, 1805.

  29.Malone, Jefferson, 5:104; Annals, 9th Cong., 1st sess., 561, March 5, 1806.

  30.Smith Family Papers, Letter 13, March 5, 1806; Annals, 9th Cong., 1st sess., 600, March 6, 1806; Plumer, Memorandum, 444.

  31.Annals, 9th Cong., 1st sess., 563, 571, March 5, 1806; Breckinridge Family Papers, John Breckinridge to Mary Breckinridge, Jan. 26, 1806.

  32.Annals, 9th Cong., 1st sess., 851, March 26, 1806.

  33.Smith Family Papers, Letter 13, March 5, 1806; Malone, Jefferson, 5:112, 149n8; LC-TJ, to Monroe, March 16 and 18, 1806.

  34.Beckley Papers, to James Monroe, July 13, 1806; Malone, Jefferson, 5:153.

  35.Malone, Jefferson, 5:199; Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 292, 312; Plumer, Memorandum, 515.

  36.Jean Edward Smith, John Marshall, 353; Thomas Jefferson, “Special Message to Congress on the Burr Conspiracy,” Jan. 22, 1807, Miller Center, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3497; Newmyer, Treason Trial of Aaron Burr, 30–31; Plumer, Memorandum, 584; Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 289–90; Henry Adams, Jefferson, 576, 757–69.

  37.Beveridge, Life of John Marshall, 3:376; LC-JM, from Harry Toulmin, April 14, 1807; Republic of Letters, 3:1466–67, 1471, Jefferson to Madison, April 14 and 25, 1807.

  38.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 908, 923; Robertson, Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr, 2:64.

  39.Malone, Jefferson, 5:337; Robertson, Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr, 2:445–46.

  40.Malone, Jefferson, 5:339; Robertson, Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr, 1:128; Henry Adams, Jefferson, 912–15.

  41.UVA, Papers of James Madison Project, Armstrong to Madison, Oct. 10, 1806.

  42.Republic of Letters, 2:1343, Madison to Jefferson, Aug. 28, 1804; Foreign Copying Project, Great Britain, vol. 52, Erskine to Lord Howick, March 6, 1807; Brant, Madison, 4:374–75.

  43.PDM, to Cutts, March 27, 1807; Republic of Letters, 3:1464, Jefferson to Madison, Feb. 1, 1807; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 1:465–66.

  44.Ammon, James Monroe, 265–67; Jefferson, Writings, 10:374–76, to Monroe, March 21, 1807; LC-JM, to Monroe, March 20, 1807.

  45.Toll, Six Frigates, 289.

  46.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 934–37; Toll, Six Frigates, 294–96.

  47.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 939–42; Toll, Six Frigates, 296–98.

  48.Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 629–30; Jefferson, Works, 10:454, to James Bowdoin, July 10, 1807; Brant, Madison, 4:381–82; Jefferson, Works, 10:447–48n1, “Chesapeake Proclamation,” July 2, 1807.

  49.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 948; Brant, Madison, 4:382–83.

  50.Brant, Madison, 4:388.

  51.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 1040–41.

  52.Malone, Jefferson, 5:483; Brant, Madison, 4:402–3; National Intelligencer, Dec. 23, 1807.

  53.National Intelligencer, Dec. 25 and 28, 1807.

  54.Henry Adams, Jefferson, 1028; Plumer, Memorandum, 527.

  55.Tinkcom, “Caviar Along the Potomac,” 71–72.

  56.Mitchill, “Dr. Mitchill’s Letters from Washington,” 752, to Mrs. Mitchill, Nov. 23, 1807; Brant, Madison, 4:420; LC-JM, from Nicholas Voss, March 20, 1806; John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 1:420, March 13, 1806.

  57.Plumer Papers, from Jeremiah Smith, Jan. 28, 1804; to Smith, Feb. 10, 1804; to Jeremiah Mason, Feb. 15, 1804.

  58.Pickering Papers, from Richard Peters, Jan. 9, 1804.

  59.Mitchill, “Dr. Mitchill’s Letters from Washington,” 753, to Mrs. Mitchill, April 1, 1808; Bruce, John Randolph of Roanoke, 1:337; Pickering Papers, from Peters, Jan. 9, 1804; Allgor, Perfect Union, 116–17.

  60.Ammon, James Monroe, 273; Brant, Madison, 4:428–29; Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt, 1:238.

  61.Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt, 241–47; Richmond Enquirer, March 29, 1808.

  62.Brant, Madison, 4:443–45; Rives Papers, George Tucker, untitled memoir of James Madison.

  63.Brant, Madison, 4:427.

  64.Ibid., 426, 430–31; Plumer, Memorandum, 635; Madison, Writings, 8:5, “Negotiations with Mr. Rose,” Feb. 14, 1808; 8:18, to William Pinkney, Feb. 19, 1808; Brant, Madison, 4:440; Farmers’ Register, reprinted in American Citizen, Aug. 15, 1808; George B. Wood, Treatise on Therapeutics and Pharmacology, 1:551.

  65.Toll, Six Frigates, 310–11; Malone, Jefferson, 5:609; Republic of Letters, 3:1542, Madison to Jefferson, Sept. 14, 1808.

  66.Gallatin, Writings, 1:368, to Jefferson, Dec. 18, 1807; Malone, Jefferson, 5:583–86; Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 655.

  67.LC-JM, from Pinckney, Jan. 2, 1809; from the Reverend James Madison, Feb. 8, 1809.

  68.Malone, Jefferson, 5:622; Jefferson, Writings, 11:195, to Levi Lincoln, Nov. 13, 1808; Republic of Letters, 3:1557–58, Madison and Gallatin to Jefferson, Nov. 15, 1808.

  69.Buel, America on the Brink, 74–75, 82–84; LC-TJ, to Joseph C. Cabell, Feb. 2, 1816.

  70.LC-JM, to Nicholas, Feb. 6, 1809; Nicholas Papers, from Madison, n.d.

  Chapter 15: MR. PRESIDENT

  1.Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 59; PMP, 1:16–18, “First Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1809.

  2.Brant, Madison, 5:13; LC-JM, from Robert R. Livingston, Jan. 24, 1809; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 58; Hunt, “First Inauguration Ball,” 757.

  3.Hunt, “First Inauguration Ball,” 756.

  4.Ibid.; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 61–62; Few, “Diary,” 352.

  5.Hunt, “First Inauguration Ball,” 757; Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 61–63.

  6.Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 61; Hunt, “First Inauguration Ball,” 758; Brant, Madison, 5:23–25.

  7.Brant, Madison, 5:40–41, 48–49; PMP, 1:125–26, “Presidential Proclamation,” April 19, 1809.

  8.National Intelligencer—Extra, April 19, 1809; Carey, Olive Branch, 176.

  9.Brant, Madison, 5:31; Seale
, President’s House, 1:123–27.

  10.Seale, President’s House, 1:128–30.

  11.Dick Journal, June 1809.

  12.Henry Adams, Madison, 59; PMP, 1:262, to Jefferson, June 20, 1809.

  13.Green and Miller, Building a President’s House, 20–22.

  14.Margaret Bayard Smith, First Forty Years, 81–82.

  15.PMP, 1:262, to Jefferson, June 20, 1809; Henry Adams, Madison, 81–82; ASP-FR, 3:300, Canning to Erskine, Jan. 23, 1809; PMP, 1:317, to Jefferson, Aug. 3, 1809.

  16.PMP, 1:316, from Robert Smith, July 31, 1809; Brant, Madison, 5:76.

  17.PMP, 1:358, from Rodney, Sept. 6, 1809.

  18.George Jackson, Bath Archives, 1:20–21, to Mrs. Jackson, Oct. 7, 1809.

  19.Henry Adams, Madison, 89–91; ASP-FR, 3:309, Jackson to Smith, Oct. 11, 1809.

  20.George Jackson, Bath Archives, 1:26, to George Jackson, Oct. 24, 1809; ASP-FR, 3:311–12, Smith to Jackson, Oct. 19, 1809.

  21.ASP-FR, 3:315, Jackson to Smith, Oct. 23, 1809; 3:317, Smith to Jackson, Nov. 1, 1809; 3:317–18, Jackson to Smith, Nov. 4, 1809; 3:319, Smith to Jackson, Nov. 8, 1809.

  22.National Intelligencer, Nov. 13 and 22, 1809; George Jackson, Bath Archives, 1:44–45, to G. Jackson, Nov. 14 and 15, 1809; Henry Adams, Madison, 95.

  23.Henry Adams, Madison, 153, 112–13; Brant, Madison, 5:108; Story Correspondence, from Bacon, Nov. 27, 1809.

  24.PMP, 2:150–51 and nn1–3, from Isaac A. Coles, Dec. 29, 1809; Annals, 11th Cong., 2nd sess., 685, Nov. 30, 1809.

  25.PMP, 2:151n1, 539, from John G. Jackson, Sept. 13, 1810; Brown, Voice of the New West, 86–87, 90–92.

  26.PMP, 2:158, to Congress, Jan. 3, 1810; Annals, 11th Cong., 2nd sess., 1158, Jan. 6, 1810.

  27.Annals, 11th Cong., 2nd sess., 1611–12, 1863, March 22 and April 16, 1810 (italics added).

  28.Ibid., 1864, April 16, 1810; PMP, 2:321, to Jefferson, April 23, 1810.

  29.PMP, 2:348, to Pinkney, May 23, 1810.

  30.Risjord, Old Republicans, 106; Henry Adams, Madison, 387; ASP-FR, 3:387, duc de Cadore to Armstrong, Aug. 5, 1810; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 55.

  31.PMP, 2:565, to Rodney, Sept. 30, 1810; 2:585, 388, to Jefferson, Oct. 19 and June 22, 1810; Ketcham, Madison, 508.

  32.PMC, 15:518, “Political Observations,” April 20, 1795.

  33.Henry Adams, Madison, 244–45; Brant, Madison, 5:263; Malone, Jefferson, 6:90.

  34.PMP, 2:595–96, “Presidential Proclamation,” Oct. 27, 1810.

  35.PMP, 2:585, to Jefferson, Oct. 19, 1810.

  36.Stagg, Borderlines in Borderlands, 76–79; “The Censure Case of Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts,” U.S. Senate, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/censure_cases/010_TimothyPickering.htm.

  37.Henry Adams, Madison, 234.

  38.Brant, Madison, 5:273; PMP, 3:255–63, “Memorandum on Robert Smith,” ca. April 11, 1811.

  39.Gilmer Correspondence, Eliza Trist to Mary Gilmer, Sept. 1, 1808; PMP, 3:250, 2:95–96, from Jefferson, April 7, 1811, and Nov. 30, 1809; Brant, Madison, 5:283–85.

  40.Brant, Madison, 5:304–5.

  41.Ketcham, Madison, 514; Henry Adams, Madison, 325–26, 338–39.

  42.Henry Adams, Madison, 313–17; Hickey, War of 1812, 22; Brant, Madison, 5:331.

  43.Henry Adams, Madison, 321; Brant, Madison, 5:332, 479; PMP, 3:390, to Henry Dearborn, ca. July 23, 1811; Coles, “Letters” 163, to William Rives, Jan. 21, 1856.

  44.Pierre M. Irving, Life and Letters, 1:263; PMP, 2:419, to Jefferson, July 17, 1810; 2:439, to Paul Hamilton, July 26, 1810; 3:392, “Presidential Proclamation,” July 24, 1811; PDM, to Ruth Barlow, Nov. 15, 1811.

  45.Clay, Papers, 1:498, to Monroe, Nov. 13, 1810; 1:449, “Speech on Proposed Repeal of Nonintercourse Act,” Feb. 22, 1810.

  46.Wiltse, John C. Calhoun, 16; William Henry Smith, Speakers of the House of Representatives, 70–71; Heller, Democracy’s Lawyer, 21.

  47.PMP, 3:535–38, from Gallatin, memorandum, ca. Nov. 1, 1811; 4:1–5, “Annual Message to Congress,” Nov. 5, 1811; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 4, 31; Coles, War of 1812, 34.

  48.Stagg, “Between Black Rock and a Hard Place,” 388, 392; Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 414, Dec. 6, 1811; Ravenel, Life and Times of William Lowndes, 90.

  49.Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 425, Dec. 9, 1811; Glenn Tucker, Tecumseh, 26, 42, 123; Perkins, Prologue to War, 283; Hickey, War of 1812, 23–24.

  50.Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 425–26, Dec. 9, 1811.

  51.Murrin et al., Liberty, Equality, Power, 1:220; Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 450, 533, Dec. 10 and 16, 1811.

  52.Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 86–87; PMP, 4:168, to Jefferson, Feb. 7, 1812; 4:195, from Jefferson, Feb. 19, 1812.

  53.Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 416, Dec. 6, 1811.

  54.PMP, 4:228, to Jefferson, March 6, 1812.

  55.Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 1165, 1192, March 9, 1812.

  56.Ibid., 1174, 166, March 9 and 10, 1812; Facts Relative to John Henry and His Negotiation, 1–3; Morison, “Henry-Crillon Affair of 1812,” 222; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 98–99; Buel, America on the Brink, 141.

  57.Henry Adams, Madison, 427–28; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 99–102; Clay, Papers, 1:637, to Monroe, March 15, 1812; PMP, 4:287, to Jefferson, April 3, 1812.

  58.Billias, Elbridge Gerry, 316–18; Brant, Madison, 5:457–59.

  59.Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 153–54, 161; PMP, 6:175, to John Nicholas, April 2, 1813.

  60.Henry Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 461n, George Bancroft to Henry Adams, memorandum, April 11, 1878; Annals, 12th Cong., 1st sess., 1407, May 6, 1812.

  61.Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 109; PMP, 4:432–38, to Congress, June 1, 1812.

  Chapter 16: A FRIEND OF TRUE LIBERTY

  1.PMP, 5:8–9, from the Inhabitants of Charlemont, Massachusetts, July 10, 1812; 5:18, from the Inhabitants of Lyman, District of Maine, July 13, 1812.

  2.Carey, Olive Branch, 321.

  3.Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee, 144–45.

  4.Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore, 309–31, 339; Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee, 157–64, 232–47.

  5.Morison, Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, 2:49–51; PMP, 5:150, to John Montgomery, Aug. 13, 1812.

  6.Coles, War of 1812, 36; Hickey, War of 1812, 80–83; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 201–5.

  7.Hickey, War of 1812, 83, 85; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 225.

  8.Hickey, War of 1812, 85–86.

  9.Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 258–68.

  10.PMP, 5:165, to Jefferson, Aug. 17, 1812; 4:519, from Jefferson, June 29, 1812; Story, Life and Letters, 1:244, to Nathaniel Williams, May 27, 1813; PMP, 4:561, Story to Pinkney, June 26, 1812; 4:560–61, from Pinkney, July 5, 1812; 5:149, from Carey, Aug. 12, 1812; 5:335, to Carey, Sept. 19, 1812.

  11.Toll, Six Frigates, 346–48; “Biographies in Naval History: Captain Isaac Hull,” Naval History and Heritage Command, http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hull_isaac.htm.

  12.Henry Adams, Madison, 556–58; Toll, Six Frigates, 349–54; Black, “British View of the Naval War of 1812.”

  13.Hickey, War of 1812, 101; PMP, 5:392, to Jefferson, Oct. 14, 1812; Ketcham, Madison, 544–45; Henry Adams, Madison, 581.

  14.PMP, 5:429–33, 434n9, 435n13, “Annual Message to Congress,” Nov. 4, 1812; Hickey, War of 1812, 96; ASP-FR, 3:587–88, extract—Secretary of State to Mr. Russell, Aug. 21, 1812; 3:589, Russell to Lord Castlereagh, Aug. 24, 1812.

  15.National Intelligencer, Nov. 28, 1812.

  16.PMP, 5:488, from George Luckey, Dec. 8, 1812; 5:494, from Charles Pinckney, ca. Dec. 10, 1812; Cutts, Queen of America, 119–20; Mitchill, “Dr. Mitchill’s Letters from Washington,” 753, to Mrs. Mitchill, Dec. 10, 1812.

  17.Hickey, War of 1812, 80, 88; PMP, 3:53–54, “Annual Message to Congress,” Dec. 5, 1810.

  18.Brant, Madison, 6:125–26.

  19.Ibid., 127; Skeen, John Armstrong Jr., x, 20.

  20.Brant, Madison, 6:125;
Clay, Papers, 1:750, to Caesar Rodney, Dec. 29, 1812; Annals, 12th Cong., 2nd sess., 562, 600n, 664, Jan. 5, 6, and 8, 1813.

  21.PMP, 6:340–41, to Congress, May 25, 1813; Hickey, War of 1812, 95–96; Henry Adams, Madison, 726–27.

  22.Pickering and Upham, Life of Timothy Pickering, 4:230–31; Carey, Olive Branch, 302.

  23.Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1:120.

  24.Henry Adams, Madison, 640–42; Ruegsegger, “Finally, 1813 Battle Gets Some Respect”; Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book, 944; PDM, to Edward Coles, May 13, 1813. Tradition has it that the defense of St. Michaels was helped by citizens darkening their homes and hanging lanterns in tall trees, thus misdirecting British fire.

  25.Monroe, Writings, 5:271, to Jefferson, June 28, 1813; Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “malaria”; Cullen, First Lines, 1:6–84, 2:105; PJ, 16:436, to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., May 23, 1790.

  26.Brant, Madison, 6:187; PDM, to Coles, July 2, 1813; Monkman, “Reminders of 1814,” 33–34, recounts how the family of the British sailor Thomas Kains, who obtained the medicine chest from the White House during the British invasion of 1814, returned it to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939.

  27.Federal Republican, Aug. 13, 1813.

  28.Webster, Letters, 44, to Chas. March, June 24, 1813.

  29.PDM, to Coles, July 2, 1813; PMP, 6:xxv; 6:503, to Dearborn, Aug. 8, 1813; 6:442, 443n1, from William Jones, July 15, 1813; 6:443, from Armstrong and enclosure, July 16, 1813; 6:445, from Monroe, July 18, 1813; 6:448, to Monroe, July 19, 1813; Brant, Madison, 6:206–7; Coles, War of 1812, 92–93.

  30.Ketcham, Madison, 563.

  31.Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush,” PMHB, Oct. 1936, 442, 449; Ingersoll, Historical Sketch, 1:47.

  32.PMP, 6:525, to Jones, Aug. 14, 1813; 5:372, to Dearborn, Oct. 7, 1812; Hickey, War of 1812, 128–30.

  33.Hickey, War of 1812, 131–32.

  34.Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush,” PMHB, Oct. 1936, 454.

  35.Hickey, War of 1812, 141–44; Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War, 344–45.

  36.John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, 6:5; Monroe, Writings, 5:276, to Madison, Dec. 1813.

  37.Richardson, Compilation, 1:525, “Special Messages,” Dec. 9, 1913; LC-JM, from Tompkins, Jan. 3, 1814.