by Lynne Cheney
Republicans in, see Republican Party
and right of assembly, 251–52
roads and canals, 426, 443–44
and secession threats, 216–17
Second Congress, 227, 231, 238, 242–43
Seventh Congress, 302–3
and slavery, 212–15
and taxes, 189, 216, 375, 389, 444–45
Third Congress, 243, 253, 261
Thirteenth Congress, 388–94, 395–96
and Treaty of Ghent, 419, 421
Twelfth Congress, 371–74, 384, 388
and War of 1812, 372–78, 385, 388–90, 392, 394–96, 414, 416–18
and XYZ Affair, 273, 279
Connecticut, and Constitutional Convention, 139, 141
Constitution, U.S.:
amendments to, 8, 155–56, 168, 169, 174, 176, 177, 183, 185, 188, 193, 194–201, 234, 283, 310, 458
and bill of rights, 8, 150, 155–56, 159–60, 177, 180, 182, 183–84, 185, 188, 191, 195–96, 197–200, 458
checks and balances in, 221, 228, 312
commerce clause, 444
and congressional powers, 230, 426
development of, see Constitutional Convention
final form of, 8, 164
First Amendment, 197–98
Fourteenth Amendment, 200, 458
general welfare clause, 163, 220, 230, 283, 434
interpretation of, 310–11
and national stability, 228, 425
necessary and proper clause, 163, 220–21, 434
opposition to, 149–51, 154–56, 166, 167–72, 174–77, 195, 212, 234–35
preamble to, 150
ratification of, 8, 150, 153–80, 181–82, 185, 190, 212, 230, 434
signers of, 150–51, 451
and slavery, 212–14, 458
and state powers, 153–54, 196, 199, 200, 228, 324, 443–44, 445, 446, 458
supporters of, 156–58, 167, 169, 172
as supreme law of the land, 142
Twelfth Amendment, 318
and war, 145, 163, 378
writing of, 61–62, 149, 150, 434
Constitutional Convention, 125–51
agenda of, 7
and bill of rights, 150
Committee of Style, 149, 150
Committee on Postponed Parts, 145–46, 148
and compromise, 133–34, 137, 138, 139–40, 142
on congressional veto, 131, 132, 142, 143, 151
Council of Revision, 145, 312
creating a nation, 4–5, 126, 129, 164
delegates to, 127, 140, 141–42, 150–51
dissenters in, 149–51, 171
on elections, 130–31, 143–48
on enumeration of powers, 143, 163, 183
on executive branch, 129, 134–35, 142–48, 149, 150, 166, 188
filibuster in, 136
Grand Committee of, 139–40, 141
on judicial branch, 129, 142, 143
on legislative branch, 129–32, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145–46, 147, 434
Madison’s notes on, 8, 127, 128, 134, 139, 140, 141, 150, 151, 154, 166, 449–50
Madison’s roles in, 7–8, 126, 142, 144, 145, 146–47, 149, 157
and New Jersey Plan, 133, 134, 135
on proportional representation, 128, 129–30, 132–33, 137, 139, 140, 141
proposals for, 118–20, 121–22, 126, 128–31
rules of, 127–28
secrecy of, 128
and slavery, 137, 148–49
and small vs. large states, 129–30, 131–39, 141, 144–45
and supremacy clause, 142
and vice presidency, 147–48, 150
and Virginia Plan, 128–31, 134, 135, 136, 142, 143, 149
on war powers, 145, 163
Washington as presiding officer of, 127, 128, 136–37
Continental army:
inadequate provisioning of, 66, 75–81, 86–87, 90
mutinies of, 86–87, 95, 100–101
at Newburgh winter quarters, 95
pay owed to, 86–87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100–101, 209, 210, 387
at Valley Forge, 66, 79
and Washington, 48, 56, 58, 63, 66, 75, 95, 209
Continental Association, 46, 48
Continental Congress:
and Constitutional Convention, 129
and Continental army, 75–81, 93, 95
delegates to, 27, 44, 46, 58, 60, 64, 73, 77, 95
and events leading to Revolution, 44–46
inadequate information of, 77–78
and independence, 57, 62
Madison as member of, 2, 6, 73, 75, 76–77, 84, 85–86, 97, 101, 120–22
Madison’s notes on, 97
Madison’s retirement from, 103–5
and Mississippi River navigation, 84–85, 120–21, 122–23, 174–75, 182
and money matters, 76–77, 91, 92, 116, 117
in New York, 123, 154, 155
in Philadelphia, 45, 47, 48, 60, 75, 101, 121
secrecy of, 45
and state constitutions, 60–61
and states’ powers, 89, 90, 117
and Virginia Resolutions, 57, 58, 62
Convention of Mortefontaine, 297
Conway, Francis, 16
Cooper, Thomas, 275
Corbin, Francis, 430–31
Cornwallis, Charles, 79, 87, 90, 91
Corps of Discovery, 308, 335
Cosway, Maria, 205
Cowpens, Battle of, 87
Craig, Sir James, 375
Crillon, comte de, 376
Cullen, William, 87–88, 390
Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, 140, 210, 306
Cutts, Anna Payne, 322, 323, 327–28, 332, 345, 358, 438, 439, 450; see also Payne, Anna
Cutts, James Madison, 438
Cutts, Mary Estelle Elizabeth, 322, 438
Cutts, Richard, 322, 332, 358, 439
Cutts, Richard D., 438
Dartmouth, 43
Davie, William, 286
Davis, Matthew Livingston, 316
Dawson, John, 286, 291
Dayton, Jonathan, 337
Dearborn, Henry, 382, 386, 392
Decatur, Stephen, 300, 386, 395, 423
Declaration of Independence, 61, 62, 110, 126, 129, 139, 164, 402, 437, 443
Delaplaine, Joseph, 425
Delaware:
and Constitutional Convention, 132, 139, 141
embargo defeated by, 90
Delaware River, Washington crossing, 65, 91
de Retz, Cardinal, Memoirs, 32–33
Devinsky, Orrin, 51
Dexter, Samuel, 253
Dickinson, John, 131, 132, 133–34, 146
Dinsmore, James, 359
Donald, Alexander, 174
Dorchester, Lord, 246
Downie, George, 413
Duane, James, 80
Duane, William, 275
Duer, William, 157, 226, 230–31
Dulany, Lloyd, 117
Dunglison, Robley, 443
Dunlap’s American Daily Advertiser, 235
Dunmore, Lord, 44, 46, 47, 49–51, 56
East India Company, 43
Edinburgh Review, 420–21
Einstein, Albert, 5, 7
Eleanor, 43
Electoral College, 144, 146–47, 182–83, 237, 264, 284, 290, 291, 318, 385
Ellsworth, Oliver, 137, 138, 139, 144–45, 286
Elsworth, Vandine, 123, 155
Embuscade, 240
Engelbrecht, Jacob, 433
England, see Great Britain
Enlightenment, 17, 31, 59, 162
epilepsy:
as “the falling sickness,” 32
and heredity, 271
and Madison’s “sudden attacks,” 4, 6, 17–18, 29–30, 31–32, 38, 40, 51–52, 88, 328
popular assumptions about, 37–38
religious prejudices against, 6, 30–32, 36, 40, 72
treatments for, 17, 18, 88, 390–91
Eppes, Francis, 18, 441
Eppes, John, 366, 391<
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Erskine, David, 339–40, 356, 358, 359–60, 361, 362
Eugene of Savoy, Prince, 19
Eustis, William, 377, 386–87
Evans, Robert J., 432
Eve, George, 185
executive branch:
cabinet members, 190
Constitutional Convention on, 134–35, 137, 142–48, 149, 150, 166
powers of, see president
Federalist, The, 157–66
authors of, 8, 157, 164, 165, 179, 208, 246, 347
Constitution defended in, 8, 163, 347, 426
distribution of, 169
on government as experiment, 187–88
importance of, 164, 180
No. 10, 160–61, 228
No. 11, 246
No. 14, 161–62
No. 18, 162
No. 19, 162
No. 37, 164
Nos. 37–58, 165
No. 41, 163
No. 44, 163, 221
No. 49, 164–65
No. 51, 162, 224
No. 62, 165
No. 63, 165
use in curriculum of, 437
Federalists:
and Adams presidency, 273, 274–76, 278, 279, 285
and amendments, 194, 198, 199
“Blue Light Federalists,” 395
and British provocations, 246, 255
in Congress, 186, 194, 198, 246, 247–48, 252, 257, 275, 279–80, 287, 291
demise of, 222
and elections, 186–87, 263–65, 287, 288, 290–92, 295, 316, 318, 349–50, 384, 416
and immigration, 253, 274
and Jay Treaty, 255, 261
and Jefferson presidency, 303, 305
and Madison presidency, 366–67, 376, 396
and military expansion, 285
and peace negotiations with France, 279–80
as pro-Constitution forces, 156, 172
and ratification, 172, 175, 178
and Report of 1800, 284
vs. Republicans, 236, 241, 279
and taxes, 302–3
and War of 1812, 379–81, 384, 389, 395–96, 421
and Whiskey Rebellion, 251
Federal Republican, 380, 381, 391, 416
Fenno, John, 223, 234, 241
Ferguson, Adam, 45
Few, William, 451
financial panic (1792), 230–31, 242
Findley, William, 261
First Amendment, 197–98
Fithian, Philip, 25
FitzSimons, Thomas, 251
Floyd, Catherine (Kitty), 99–100, 101–3, 158
Floyd, Hannah, 99
Floyd, Nicoll, 103
Floyd, Polly, 100
Floyd, William, 80, 81, 99, 100, 102–3, 224
Force Bill (1809), 351–52
Formicola, Serafino, 105–6
Fort Erie, 400
Fort George, 394
Fort McHenry, 413
Fort Niagara, 394–95, 398, 400
Fort Stanwix, 111, 112–13
Fort Ticonderoga, 63
Fort Warburton, 392, 410
Foster, Augustus John, 313, 371
Fourteenth Amendment, 200, 458
Fourth of July, 308, 370, 424
Fox, Charles James, 339
France:
and American Revolution, 67, 68, 82–83, 86, 88–91, 111, 191, 205
Berlin Decree, 343, 365, 366, 370, 371, 376
and Britain, 174, 240–42, 262, 269, 301, 304, 307, 319, 323, 332, 340, 343, 359, 364–65, 366, 398, 422
debts of, 116, 205
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 206
French Revolution, 205–6, 239–40, 379–80
and Louisiana Territory, 301–2, 304, 305, 307–8, 310–11, 330
Madison as honorary citizen of, 239
Milan Decree, 365, 366, 370, 371, 376
and Mississippi River, 111, 113, 305
as monarchy, 183, 205
and Napoleon, see Bonaparte, Napoleon
peace negotiations with, 279–80, 286, 287, 288, 297
and Spain, 84–85, 111–13, 329, 367, 376
treaties with, 191, 240–41
undeclared war with U.S., 262, 264–65, 269, 273, 278, 303, 356, 365, 370
and XYZ Affair, 273, 279, 331
Franklin, Benjamin, 48, 80, 98, 192, 433
and Constitution, 154
and Constitutional Convention, 127, 136–37, 138, 139, 150–51
death of, 215
in Paris, 67, 83, 111
and slavery, 212, 213, 215
Franklin, William Temple, 127
Frederick the Great, 78
French and Indian War, 48
French West Indies, trade with, 246
Freneau, Philip, 24–25, 222–23, 226, 229, 232–33, 234, 235, 241
Gage, Thomas, 49
Galen, 17
Gallatin, Albert, 310, 316, 372, 422
and Jay Treaty, 260
and Russian peace talks, 390, 392, 395
and trade embargo, 350, 351
as Treasury secretary, 293, 302, 355–56, 368–69
and war with Britain, 397–98
and Yazoo landgrab, 324, 325
Gallatin, Hannah, 302, 314, 400, 417, 421
Gálvez, Bernardo de, 66
Gardoqui, Don Diego de, 122
Gates, Horatio, 66, 79
Gazette of the United States, 223, 234, 241
Genêt, Edmond-Charles (Citizen Genêt), 240, 241–42
George III, king of England, 60
Georgia:
British occupation of, 84
and Constitutional Convention, 139, 141
and Mississippi River, 84, 85
and slavery, 148, 212–13, 214
and Yazoo landgrab, 324–27
Georgia Repeal Act, 325
Gerry, Elbridge, 197, 199
and Constitutional Convention, 120, 130, 145, 147, 150, 151
death of, 416
and gerrymandering, 377
as vice president, 377, 415
Ghent, Treaty of, 419, 421
Giles, William Branch, 238, 253, 355, 368, 374, 444, 445–46
Goldwin, Robert, 149
Goodhue, Benjamin, 201
Gordon, James, Jr., 184
government:
accountability in, 283
checks and balances in, 5, 45, 143, 221, 228, 236, 258, 312
by consent of the governed, 62, 445
democracy, 134
enumerated powers of, 155, 183, 277, 426
as experiment, 187–88, 217
factions in, 160–61, 224
and individual freedom, 45, 426
limits on power of, 222, 228, 319, 444
Madison’s visions of, 4–6, 7, 8, 42, 124, 126, 130, 146–47, 155, 159, 162, 183–84, 211, 221, 229, 239, 277, 366, 452, 458
majority rule in, 5, 124, 130, 183
military strength of, 247, 256
monarchy, 4, 134–35, 143, 149, 172, 211, 283, 285
opposition as subversive, 266, 274–77
and political parties, 222, 224, 228–29, 233, 235–36
and religion, 41, 45, 64
as republic, 5, 8, 41–42, 96, 124–25, 127, 161, 183–84, 217, 221, 236, 283, 285, 426
self-government, 5, 8, 61, 62, 129, 188, 236
separation of powers in, 162, 333
size of, 41, 124–25, 130–31, 161–62
and states’ authority, 67, 123–24, 276–78, 282–83, 351, 380
strong central government, 93, 117, 121, 128–29, 132, 134, 135, 162–63, 174, 221, 232, 238, 266
as union of individual states, 5, 105
Grand Union flag, 58
Granger, Gideon, 345
Grasse, François Joseph Paul de, 91
Grayson, William, 184
Great Britain:
boycott of trade from, 26, 46, 90, 246–47, 333, 334, 343–44, 349–50, 351, 360, 366, 394, 396
bread riots in, 262
and Chesapeake, 341–44, 370, 372
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East India Company, 43
economic system of, 211, 229–30
and France, 174, 240–42, 262, 269, 301, 304, 307, 319, 323, 332, 340, 343, 359, 364–65, 366, 398, 422
impressment of American seamen by, 243, 254, 255, 256, 319, 330, 332–33, 339–40, 341–42, 343, 366, 370, 372, 373, 378, 385, 398
independence from, 4, 27, 52, 57, 60, 62, 72
Indian allies of, 52, 66, 68, 246, 372, 373–74, 375–76, 378, 381–82
Jay Treaty, 252–53, 254–62, 269
Monroe/Pinckney treaty, 339–41, 369
Orders in Council of, 243, 246, 343, 356, 358, 359, 364, 365, 371, 377, 378, 384–85
provocative actions of, 174, 243, 245–47, 255, 260, 332–33, 341–44, 347–48, 356, 359–66, 370–71, 372–73, 378
and Revolution, see American Revolution
Royal Navy, 254, 319, 330, 359, 384
and Spain, 323, 332, 367
taxes levied by, 22, 26, 43, 45
and trade, 191–92, 243, 245–47, 254–57, 262, 356, 398
Treaty of Paris, 246
and War of 1812, see War of 1812
Greene, Nathanael, 78–79, 87, 90
Green Mountain Boys, 63
Gregg, Andrew, 333, 334
Griswold, Roger, 311
Grotius, Hugo, 32
Grundy, Felix, 372, 373–74, 378
Guilford Courthouse, Battle of, 90
Hackett, Mary, 9
Hamilton, Alexander, 10, 173, 175, 179, 265, 266, 423
and Adams, 288–89
and Articles of Confederation, 118
and Constitutional Convention, 120, 133, 134–35, 140, 157
death of, 318, 325
and The Federalist, 8, 157, 164, 165, 208, 246, 347
and Jay Treaty, 255, 257, 258
Jefferson attacked by, 234–35
and military expansion, 278–79, 280, 287, 288
and national bank, 220–22, 226, 227, 231
and national finances, 91–93, 95, 208–11, 215–19, 220, 227
as Pacificus, 241
and political parties, 223, 224, 231, 232–33, 287
and presidency, 234, 236, 263–64, 292
as Publius, 157
and ratification, 181–82
Report on Manufactures, 229–31, 242
Report on Public Credit, 209, 228
and Revolution, 91–92
and scandals, 237–38, 272
and social life, 181–82
and speculation, 211, 226, 231, 242, 272
as Treasury secretary, 208, 216, 218, 220–22, 231, 232–33, 238, 257, 302
and Washington, 91, 234, 278
and Whiskey Rebellion, 250–51
Hamilton, Henry, 67, 68–69
Hamilton, Paul, 363, 387
Hammond, George, 255
Hancock, John, 182
Hanson, Alexander, 380, 416
Harle, Jonathan, 31
Harlem Heights, Battle of, 63
Harrison, Benjamin, 75, 76
Harrison, William Henry, 373, 393, 397
Hartford Convention, 415–16, 417–18, 420
Hay, George, 337
Heald, Nathan, 381