Battlegrounds
Page 59
Davis, Dan, 8
DCLeaks, 50
Dempsey, Martin, 255
Deng Xiaoping, 10, 90, 100–102, 104, 105, 114, 126–127, 359
Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies that Led to Vietnam (McMaster), 427–431
DeStefano, Jeff, 6
deterrence by denial, 405, 441–442
DJI drone company, 118
Doherty, Glen, 259
Donilon, Tom, 129
Doval, Ajit, 209–211
drug trade
in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 158, 170, 188, 200
in Iran, 313
Druze, in Lebanon, 276
dual-use technologies, China and, 115, 136, 138
Dukanovic, Milo, 43–44
Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 167
Durranis, in Afghanistan, 167–168
Duterte, Rodrigo, 123–124
Dwyer, Dan, 251
East China Sea, 124, 129
Ecuador, One Belt One Road (OBOR) and, 114
education, as national challenge, 77–78, 423–424, 440–441, 443–444
Edwards, Karen, 76–77
Egypt
Arab Spring in, 256–257
U.S. support for, 287
Eikenberry, Karl, 176
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 316
election of 2016, in U.S., Russian disinformation and cyber attacks, 27–28, 32, 45–52, 66, 68, 71–75
election of 2018, in U.S., 74
election of 2020, in U.S., 73–74
Elias, Marc, 52
energy, climate change and, 418–419, 421–423
Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) reactors, 422
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 277–278
Estonia, 75–76
Europe, Russian disinformation and, 59–62, 75–78
Fairbank, John, 92
Faisal II, of Iraq, 232
Fang Xiaoru, 96
Finland, 76
Flynn, Michael, 91
Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), in Russia, 42, 75
Forrestal, James, 354
fracking, 422
France
gilets jaunes (“yellow vest”) movement and, 60
Huawei and, 142
Russian disinformation and, 33–34, 78
Franks, Tommy, 164
Freedom Support Act, Russia and, 38
Freeland, Chrystia, 37
Fukuyama, Francis, 10, 443
Fusion GPS, 52
Gaddafi, Muammar, 256–258, 262, 390–391
Gaddy, Clifford, 29
Garnaut, John, 102
Gauthier, Tim, 6, 7
Georgia, Rose Revolution in, 28, 38
Gerasimov, Valery, 27, 40
Germany, 58–59, 78
Ghani, Ashraf, 181–193, 213, 219
Gharrawi, Mehdi al-, 230
Ghassemlou, Abdul Rahman, 305
Ghilzai Pashtuns, 167–168
Gifford, John, 8
Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, Russia and, 34
Goldberg, Jeffrey, 15
Google, 406
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 103
Green New Deal, 417
greenhouse gas emissions, 415–419, 422–423
GRU. See Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU), in Russia
Grygiel, Jakub, 124–125
Guccifer 2.0, 49
Hale, David, 195, 196, 201, 202, 204, 206
Haley, Nikki, 366
Hall, Andrea, 296
Hamas, 238, 286, 309, 325, 328–329
Hamid, Nawres Waleed, 271
Hamilton, Mike, 6
Han Kuo-yu, 122
Han Sen, 474n28
Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 157
Haqqani, Sirajuddin, 205, 218
Haqqani network, in South Asia, 192, 196–197, 202–206, 213
Harden, James, 119
Hariri, Rafic, 283
Hariri, Saad, 271, 283
Harmon, Ernest, 426–427
Harris, Maurice, 7
Hashd al-Shaabi al-, 238
Hashem, Tariq al-, 254
Hasib, Abdul, 173
Haspel, Gina, 379
Healey, Jason, 406
Hecker, Siegfried, 349
Hedenskog, Chris, 8
Henrik, Toomas, 75
Hezbollah, 12–13, 238, 274, 282–283, 305, 308–311, 325–332
Hikvision, 137
Hill, Fiona, 29–30, 31, 63, 72
Holbrooke, Richard, 178, 181–182
Hong Kong, China’s authoritarianism and, 107, 108–109, 119, 122, 132, 135, 146, 403, 438
Hook, Brian, 296, 298–299
Hooker, Allison, 367, 373, 381, 382
Hoover, Herbert, 444–445
Houston Rockets, 119
Houthi rebels, 282, 310, 325–326, 330, 377
Hu Jintao, 100
Huawei, 139, 141–144, 406
Hungary, 70–71
Huntsman, John, 31
Hussein, Haider, 241
Hussein, Saddam, 1, 4–5, 9, 227, 229–230, 234–237, 240–241, 242, 244, 250, 307
ibn Abi Talib, Ali, 235
India
demographics and economy in, 207–208
energy and climate, 418, 419
as nuclear power, 156, 209
Pakistan and, 207
space programs and, 408
terror organizations in, 210, 211
Trump administration and, 210–212
violence in, 208–209
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1988), 57, 79, 413–414
international relations
democracy and rule of law and, 438
fundamental ways to deter conflict, 441–442
history and contemporary issue policies, 426–427
New Left interpretation of, 15, 315–316, 352, 436–437
realist school of, 435–438
internet, as arena of competition, 309–404
Internet Research Agency (IRA), of Russia, 46–51
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), of Pakistan, 164, 166, 175–176, 178, 183, 188, 192, 195–196, 200–201, 203–207, 210
Iran, 293–339
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 333, 336, 402, 403, 405
destabilization of Iraq and, 18, 225–232
economy in, 496n37
history of hostility toward U.S., Israel, and West, 320–323
internal politics of, 313–315
Iran-Iraq War and, 165, 230, 234–235, 244, 259, 307, 314–315, 328, 332, 337
Islamic Revolution in, 234, 259, 302–303, 321, 338–339
leaders emboldened by perceived Western weakness, 324–331
map, 291
need to curb influence of, 271–275
New Left and founding myth of Islamic Revolution, 315–316
pursuit of nuclear weapons, 306–313, 331–337, 412
Russia and, 34–35
strategic narcissism and history of U.S. policy toward, 302–313
Syria and, 266
Trump administration and, 293–299, 301–302, 319–320, 324, 334
Turkey and, 278
unrest and public anger toward regime, 335, 337–339
violence and aggression of, 304–305, 307–309, 319–320, 333–337
see also Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 (INARA), 296–299
Iran-Contra, 494n22
Iraq
Bush administration optimism about, 237–253
character of conflict in, 434–435
history of conflicts in, 232–237
Iran and destabilization of, 225–232
Iran-Iraq War and, 165, 230, 234–235, 244, 259, 307, 314–315, 328, 332, 337
Obama administration pessimism about, 231, 239, 253–259
principles of war and, 432, 433
surge in, 251–253
withdrawal of U.S. forces from, 16
&nb
sp; ISIS, 61, 168–169, 225–226, 230–231, 237–239, 254–255, 262–263, 265, 269–270, 273–276, 280–282, 312, 327, 432, 435, 437
growth and global reach of, 267–268
ISIS-Khorasan (ISIS-K), 172–173, 200
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), 226–227
Israel, 233, 244, 269, 376–377
Iran and, 294, 296, 299, 305–306, 308, 310, 318, 320–321, 323, 325–330, 332–333, 336, 339
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 285–286
Jaafari, Ibrahim al-, 227–232, 236, 310
Jabr, Bayan, 229–230
Jadid, Salah, 233
Jaishankar, Subrahmanyam, 209–211
Jaish-e-Mohammed, 481n22
James, LeBron, 119
Jang Song-thaek, 361
Japan
China and, 99, 357, 507n8
Iran and, 300–301
South Korea and, 369–373, 374, 391
Jefferson, Thomas, 354
Jiang Zemin, 100
Jibouri, Najim Abed Abdullah al-, 228, 236–237, 247, 252, 259–260
Johnson, Eric, 373, 382
Johnson, Lyndon, 428
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Obama administration and, 269, 302, 311–312, 314–315, 317–318
strategic narcissism of, 293–294
Trump administration and, 293–299, 320, 324, 332, 334
Jordan, 173, 233, 245, 263–264, 269, 286–287
Jubeir, Adel al-, 274, 309, 333
Justice and Development Party (AKP), in Turkey, 277–278
Justice China Initiative, 474n24
Kagan, Dr. Frederick, 250
Kagan, Dr. Kimberly, 250
Karzai, Hamid, 164–165, 166, 176–183, 185–186, 190, 192–193, 478n35
Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 192, 202
Kelley, Colleen, 46
Kelly, James A., 346
Kennan, George, 59
Kenya, One Belt One Road (OBOR) and, 113–114
Kerry, John, 33, 181
Khalaf, Hevrin, 270
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 216, 218–219
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 300–301, 304, 311, 313–314, 320, 324–325, 328, 334–335, 338–339
Khan, Abdur Rahman, 174
Khan, Hafiz Saeed, 173
Khan, Imran, 198, 215
Khashoggi, Jamal, 283–284
Khatami, Mohammed, 305, 306, 321–322
Khazali, Qais al-, 309
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 234–235, 303, 304, 305, 321, 329–330, 331
Khoram, Abdul Karim, 178, 179–180
Kilbride, Kevin, 425
Kim, Tony, 384
Kim Dae-jung, 347
Kim Dong-chul, 384
Kim Hak-song, 384
Kim Il-sung, 11, 353–354, 360, 385
Kim Jong-il, 11, 347, 350, 360–361, 375
Kim Jong-nam (KJN), 360–361
Kim Jong-un, 349–351, 356–363, 365, 367–368, 374–376, 378–381, 383, 385–388, 390–394
Kim Jung-sook, 384
Kim Yo-jong, 379
Kissinger, Henry, 19, 100, 128
Koch, Charles, 436
Koch, Craig, 7–8
kompromat, 52
Korean War, 128, 352–353, 358–359, 370, 437
Krauthammer, Charles, 9
Kuang-Chi Group, 116–117
Kurdi, Alan (Aylan Shenu), 264
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 238
Kurds, 5, 27, 227, 238, 244–245, 262–265, 270–272, 276–277, 305, 331
Kushner, Jared, 93
Kuwait, 4–6, 9, 230, 240, 257, 275, 326, 330, 336–337
Kyrgyzstan, Tulip Revolution in, 28, 38
Lai, David, 374
Lakhvi, Zakiur Rehman, 210
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET), 207, 210, 213
Lavrov, Sergey, 28, 66, 453n9
Lebanon, 287, 326–328
Lee, Euna, 349
Lee Myung-bak, 348–349, 350
Lenin, Vladimir, 411
Levesque, Greg, 407
Li Keqiang, 126, 391
“liberal hegemony,” U.S. and pursuit of, 435–436
Libya, 256–259, 262, 275, 377, 390–391
Lieber, Charlie, 116
Lighthizer, Robert, 93, 144, 365–366
Ling, Laura, 349
Liquori, Bill, 408
Little Red Book (Mao Zedong), 102
Litvinenko, Alexander, 55
Liu He, 144
Liu Mingfu, 507n8
Liyuan, Peng, 93
Llorens, Hugo, 160–161, 187, 190
Lockhart, Clare, 186
Lujan, Fernando, 157–158
Macartney, George, 94
Macron, Emmanuel, 33–34, 61
Made in China 2025, authoritarianism and, 110–114, 115, 134, 136, 141–142, 146
Maduro, Nicolás, 114
Magnitsky, Sergei, 55
Maguire, Joseph, 72
Mahdi, Adel Abdul, 271
Mahmood, Haji, 217
Mahmud, Ahmed, 195
Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU), in Russia, 42, 44, 46–52, 72, 74–75
Malaysia, 113, 140
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, 55
Maldives, 113, 140
Maliki, Nouri al-, 237, 253–255, 271, 309–310
Mamnoon, Hamid, 162
Mansour, Mullah Akhtar Mohammad, 169
Mao Zedong, 99–101, 104, 108, 120, 128
Marshall, George, 426, 433
maskirovka (Russian military deception), 33
Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 163, 181
McCain, Cindy, 78
McCrystal, Stanley, 180, 252
McNamara, Robert, 429
McNeil, Dan, 165, 177
McReynolds, John, 7, 8
Mearsheimer, John, 435
Medvedev, Dmitry, 67, 81
Meng Wanzhou, 142
Middle East
Arab Spring in, 256–259
counterterrorism needs and, 267–268, 279–284
history of conflicts in, 10, 232–237
Iran’s influence in, 271–275
Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 284–286
minority groups and, 275–277
missed opportunities in, 262–263
Saudi Arabia’s influence on, 13, 168, 211, 236, 238, 240, 259, 266, 268–269, 275, 281–284, 287
strategic narcissism and Bush optimism about, 4–9, 237–253
strategic narcissism and Obama’s pessimism about, 231, 239, 253–259
strategic need for consistent policies toward, 261–267, 286–287
Syria and, 263–266, 267–271
Trump and new policies toward, 225–232
Turkey and, 268–269, 277–279
see also Iran; Iraq
Military-Civil Fusion policy, of China, 110, 114–117, 134, 136, 141, 410
Mill, John Stuart, 438
Miller, Paul, 436
Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), in Iran, 227, 307
Mischief Reef, China and, 123
Mishustin, Mikhail, 81
Mitchell, A. Wess, 124–125
Mnuchin, Stephen, 297
Modi, Narenda, 208–209, 212, 215, 419
Moghaddam, Hassan, 333
Mohamad, Mahathir, 140
Mohammed, Major, 7
Moldova, 42
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 69–70
Montenegro, 34, 41, 43–44
Moon Jae-in, 345–346, 351–352, 355, 357–359, 363–365, 379–380, 384, 386–387, 391, 393
Morey, Daryl, 119
Morgenthau, Hans, 9, 15
Morrison, Elting, 424
Morsi, Mohamed, 259
Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 315–316, 321
Mousavi, Mir-Hossein, 314
Mr. Putin (Hill and Gaddy), 29
Mubarak, Hosni, 256–257, 259
Mueller, Robert, 27, 51, 71–72
Muhajir, Abu Hassan al-, 281
Muhandis, Abu Mahdi al-, 230, 238, 27
1, 272, 324, 334
Mukhtar, Naveed, 201–206
Musharraf, Pervez, 195, 207
Najibullah, Mohammad, 162, 163, 178
Nakasone, Paul, 405
Narayan, Raj, 76–77
Nasrallah, Hassan, 308
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 232, 233
National Defense Education Act (NDEA), 424
National Security Innovation Base (NSIB), 401
National Space Council, of U.S., 408
NATO, Russian military and, 78–80
natural gas, 58, 420–422
Navlany, Alexei, 80
Nayef, Prince Muhammed bin (MBN), 281
Ndii, David, 113–114
Nejat, Hossein, 312
Nemtsov, Boris, 55
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 285, 329
New Left, interpretation of international relations, 15, 315–316, 352, 436–437
New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), 66, 79, 413
Nicholson, John “Mick,” 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 190, 191
Nimr, Sheikh Nimr al-, 330
Nixon, Richard M., 84, 100, 128
Nobusuke Kishi, 371
Nord Stream II AG, 58–59, 62
North America Chinese Association of Science and Technology, 116
North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea), 18, 306, 345–394
China and, 355–357
cyber-enabled information warfare and, 402–403, 405
“freeze for freeze” and, 356–357, 377–378, 382–383
history of, 353–355
Kim Jung-un’s repression of and growing power in, 359–362
map, 343
Obama and strategic patience, 350–351, 359–360
pursuit of nuclear weapons, 266, 346–347, 373–394, 412
Russia and, 35
South Korea’s “Sunshine Policy” and, 347–348, 350–351, 359
strategic narcissism and, 384–385
Trump administration and maximum pressure, 350–352, 355–357, 363–368
nuclear power/nuclear weapons, 412–414, 422–423
China and, 423
India and, 156, 209
North Korea and, 89, 266, 346–347, 373–394, 412
Pakistan and, 156, 196, 203, 208
Russia and, 78–80
see also Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Obama, Barack and administration of
Afghanistan and, 15, 158, 173–175, 180, 181–182, 183
China and, 89, 129–130, 143–144, 472n5
India and, 209, 211
Iran and, 294, 297, 302, 310–313, 315–316, 319, 332
Middle East policy and, 15, 16, 231, 239, 253–259, 261, 262, 264–265, 269, 273, 274, 285
North Korea and “strategic patience,” 350–351, 359–360, 362–364, 379
optimism about Russia, 66, 67
Pakistan and, 178, 180–192, 196–197
Russian hacking and, 53
Syria and, 27
withdrawal of U.S. forces from Europe, 61
Odierno, Raymond, 252
Olympic Games (2018), in Korea, 379–380
Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 163, 169, 177
One Belt One Road (OBOR), China’s authoritarianism and, 110–111, 113–114, 134–135, 140, 210, 211, 474n28