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Searching for Sappho

Page 20

by Philip Freeman


  Lobel, Edgar, and Denys Page. Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.

  Lombardo, Stanley. Sappho: Poems and Fragments. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2002.

  Luck, Georg. Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.

  MacLachlan, Bonnie. Women in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. London: Continuum, 2012.

  Meador, Betty De Shong. Inanna: Lady of the Largest Heart. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000.

  Neils, Jenifer. Women in the Ancient World. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011.

  Neils, Jenifer, and John H. Oakley, eds. Coming of Age in Ancient Greece. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.

  Obbink, Dirk. “Provenance, Authenticity, and Text of the New Sappho Papyri.” Paper presented at Society for Classical Studies Panel: New Fragments of Sappho, New Orleans, January 9, 2015.

  Page, Denys. Sappho and Alcaeus: An Introduction to the Study of Ancient Lesbian Poetry. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965.

  Parsons, Peter. City of the Sharp-Nosed Fish. London: Phoenix, 2007.

  Petropoulos, J. C. B. “Sappho the Sorceress—Another Look at Fr. 1.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 97 (1993): 43–56.

  Plant, I. M., ed. Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.

  Pomeroy, Sarah B. Spartan Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

  Poochigian, Aaron. Sappho: Stung with Love: Poems and Fragments. New York: Penguin, 2009.

  Powell, Jim. The Poetry of Sappho. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

  Prins, Yopie. Victorian Sappho. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.

  Quinn, Jerome D. “Cape Phokas, Lesbos: Site of an Archaic Sanctuary for Zeus, Hera and Dionysus?” American Journal for Archaeology 65, no. 4 (1961): 391–93.

  Rayor, Diane J. Sappho’s Lyre: Archaic Lyric and Women Poets of Ancient Greece. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

  Rayor, Diane J., and André Lardinois. Sappho: A New Translation of the Complete Works. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

  Reynolds, Margaret. The Sappho Companion. New York: Palgrave, 2000.

  Rhodes, P. J., and Robin Osborne, eds. Greek Historical Inscriptions 404–323 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

  Schaus, Gerald P. “Archaic Imported Fine Wares from the Acropolis, Mytilene” Hesperia 61, no. 3 (1992): 355–74.

  Segal, Charles. “Eros and Incantation: Sappho and Oral Poetry.” In Reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches, edited by Ellen Greene, 58–75. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

  Skinner, Marilyn B. Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

  Snodgrass, Anthony. Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

  Snyder, Jane McIntosh. Lesbian Desire in the Lyrics of Sappho. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

  _______. The Woman and the Lyre: Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989.

  Spencer, Nigel. “Early Lesbos between East and West: A ‘Grey Area’ of Aegean Archaeology.” Annual of the British School at Athens 90 (1995): 269–306.

  Vivante, Bella. Daughters of Gaia: Women in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.

  Voigt, Eva-Maria, ed. Sappho et Alcaeus: Fragmenta. Amsterdam: Athenaeum, 1971.

  West, M. L. Greek Lyric Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

  Williams, Hector. “Secret Rites of Lesbos” Archaeology 47, no. 4 (1994): 35–40.

  Williamson, Margaret. Sappho’s Immortal Daughters. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.

  Winkler, John J. The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge, 1990.

  INDEX

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  Note: Italic page numbers refer to illustrations.

  abortion, 66, 67–68

  Acropolis, 19, 20

  Adonis (god), 134, 146, 271n

  Aegean Sea, map of, xxv

  Aeschylus, 29, 63, 79

  Aesop, 102

  afterlife, 152–53

  agapata (beloved), 60

  aging. See also death and dying

  Cicero on, 150

  and dying process, 152–53

  lack of concept for middle age, 150

  and life expectancy of women, 149–50

  in Sappho’s poetry, 155–58

  women living beyond childbearing years, 151

  Alcaeus

  Aristotle on, 271n

  on Athenian calathos-psykter, 91

  on cherados, 272n

  on emotion, 123

  exile of, 94

  on Hera, 261n

  and Pittacus, 92, 93, 95

  Pollux on, 275n

  religious poetry of, 145–46

  Sappho as contemporary of, xi, 6, 90

  wedding poetry of, 48

  Alcman, 17–18, 44, 113

  Alexander the Great, 45

  Alyattes (king of Lydia), 6

  Amphidromia ceremony, 3

  amphorae, of Lesbos, 97–98

  Anactoria, 260n

  Anagora of Miletus, xi

  Andromeda, 129, 266n, 270n

  Andros, 23

  Antimenidas, 90, 92

  Anyte, 8, 10, 164–65

  Aphrodite (goddess)

  and Adonis, 146–47, 271n

  in Sappho’s poetry, 21, 41–42, 47, 146, 273n

  Sappho’s prayer of invocation to, 140–42

  Sappho’s prayer to, xix–xx, 105, 116–17, 118, 119, 138–40

  worship of, 134

  Apollo (god), 43, 134, 135

  Apollonius Dyscolus, xix, 263–64n

  Arabia, 97, 99

  Archaic period, 7, 89

  Archilochus, 7, 28–29, 111–13

  Ares (god), 49

  Argos, 163

  Aristaenetus, 275n

  Aristogiton, 87

  Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 18–19

  Aristotle

  on aging women, 151

  on Alcaeus, 271n

  on childbirth, 73

  on Megacles, 90

  on pregnancy, 63, 64, 70

  women’s age at marriage, 25

  Artaxerxes (king of Persia), 89

  Artemis (goddess)

  Athenian girls as “Bears” for, 1, 20

  and childbirth, 72, 75

  relief of woman presenting infant girl to, 4

  Sappho’s praise of, 4, 243n

  and transition to adult life, 20–21

  Arteus, 145, 146

  Asclepiades, 112

  Asclepius, 64, 69

  Asia Minor, xxv, 6, 97, 98, 99, 128, 134, 268n, 274n

  Assyria, 97

  Athena (goddess), 19–20, 87, 135, 139–40, 145

  Athenaeus, 89, 98, 103, 266n, 267n, 268n, 270n, 271n, 272n

  Athenian bowl showing mother and baby, 78

  Athenian calathos-psykter with the Lesbian poets Alcaeus and Sappho, 91

  Athenian cup showing mother and infant, 77

  Athenian grave stele of young girl with doll and dog, 9

  Athenian pyxis showing wedding procession, 41

  Athens

  Amphidromia ceremony, 3–4

  children of, 1, 3–4

  comedies of, 167

  honoring women who died in childbirth, 74

  and Lesbos, xxii, 90, 92, 98

  religious practices of, 134, 135, 147

  rituals for girls, 18–21, 135

  sexual behavior of men in, 110–11, 112

  Thesmophoria festival in, 137

  women’s lives in, xxii, 32, 51

  Atthis (friend), xi, 128–29, 260n, 265n, 268n, 270n

  Augustine, Saint
, xxii

  Augustus (Roman emperor), 166, 171, 257n

  Babrius, 150

  Babylon, 97

  Bailers, 137

  Baucis, 14–16, 163

  Bearers of Secret Things, 19–20

  el-Behnesa, Egypt, xi–xiv

  Boeotian figurine showing mother and daughter, 77–78

  Bronze Age, 7, 134

  “The Brothers Poem”, xxvii, 105–6, 237–38

  Byzantine Empire, 171–72

  Callias, 32

  Camon (possible father), xi

  Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric I: Sappho and Alcaeus, 173

  Carson, Anne, 261n

  Catullus, xxvii, 169, 262–63n

  Cecrops (king of Athens), 19

  Cercylas (husband), xi, 23, 33, 57

  Cesarean sections, 74

  Charaxus (brother)

  and Doricha, 88, 102–4, 108, 259n, 260n

  in Oxyrhynchus papyrus, 57, 88

  in Sappho’s poetry, 5, 88–89, 99–102, 104, 105–7, 108, 259n

  in Suda encyclopedia, xi, 88

  cherados (small stones), 272n

  childbirth, 2, 25, 26, 70–75, 149, 151

  children and childhood. See also family; marriage

  Amphidromia ceremony, 3–4

  Athenian grave stele of young girl with doll and dog, 9

  daily life of, 8, 10, 14–16

  education of, 10–13

  gender differences during pregnancy and childbirth, 70, 71, 73

  infants subjected to exposure, 2–3, 65, 74

  men’s relationship with, 77, 81

  and mothers, 56, 62, 63, 76–83

  naming of, 4

  nursemaids caring for, 78–79

  pets of, 8, 10

  religious festivals for girls, 17–18

  rites celebrating girls’ puberty, 17–21

  in Sappho’s poetry, 10

  survival of, 2

  toys of, 8, 15, 16, 21

  Cicero, 96, 150

  Cleanactidae clan, 59, 92, 268n

  Cleis (daughter)

  birth of, 70

  name of, xi, 4, 57

  and Sappho’s death, 159

  in Sappho’s poetry, 24, 58–62, 94–95, 99, 159, 268n, 271n

  Sappho’s relationship with, 82–83, 155

  Cleis (mother), xi, 4–5, 57, 58, 95

  coitus interruptus, 66

  Constantinople, burning during Fourth Crusade, xx

  Corinna, 162, 256n

  Croesus of Lydia, 93

  Cybele (goddess), 134

  “The Cypris Poem”, 238

  Cyprus, 41–42, 63–64, 97, 263n

  dactyl, as unit of poetry, 13

  Daniel, Robert, 156

  Dante Alighieri, 118

  death and dying

  dying process, 152–53

  funerals, 154–55

  women’s care of dead, 153–54

  Demeter (goddess), 135–37

  Demetrius, 30, 31, 49, 269n, 270n, 273n

  Diogenian, 272n

  Dionysius of Halicarnassus, xx, xxvii, 47, 116–17, 257n

  Dionysus (god), 135, 145, 146

  divorce, 56, 64

  Doricha, 88, 102–4, 108, 259n, 260n

  Echinos, Greece, 4

  Ecrytos (possible father), xi

  Eerigyios (possible father), xi

  Egypt

  magic spells from, 114–15, 119

  Sappho’s experience of, 97

  in Sappho’s poetry, 99

  Eileithyia, 72

  ekdosis (giving away), 38

  ekthesis (putting aside), 2

  Enheduanna, 242n

  Eos (goddess), 130

  Ephesus, 3

  epithalamia (risqué songs), 48

  Eresus, Lesbos, xi, 6, 89

  Erigyius (brother), xi, 5, 57, 88–89

  Erigyius (possible father), 243n

  Erinna, The Distaff, 14–16, 163–64

  Etarchos (possible father), xi

  Eumenos (possible father), xi

  Eunica of Salamis, xi

  Euripides, 72

  Eurycleia, 152

  Eustathius, xxvii, 171–72, 263n

  exposure, infants subjected to, 2–3, 65, 74

  family

  bond between siblings, 86

  conflict between siblings, 87–88, 100–102

  conflict over money and inheritance, 87–88

  loyalty to, 85, 86–87

  political power of Sappho’s family, xvii, 89

  Sappho’s family in conflict with Cleanactidae, 59–60, 268n

  Sappho’s family in conflict with Pittacus, 94–97, 108, 267n

  Sappho’s family in Oxyrhynchus papyrus fragment, 57

  Sappho’s family in Suda encyclopedia, xi, 57, 88, 243–44n

  in Sappho’s poetry, 4–5, 100–102, 104, 105–8

  sons’ support of widowed matrons, 151–52

  wealth of Sappho’s family, xvii, 2, 8, 26, 33, 78, 99, 150

  women’s relationships with brothers, 86, 87, 100–108, 162

  Faulkner, William, 105

  Fourth Crusade, xx

  funerals, 154–55

  Galen, 265n

  Godward, John Williams, In the Days of Sappho, 170

  Gongyla of Colophon, xi, 261–62n, 268n

  Gorgo, 261n, 262n, 272n

  Greece

  Archaic period, 7

  Bronze Age kingdoms of, 7

  literary tradition of, 12

  map of, xxv

  poetry in, 7, 12–13

  trade networks of, 42, 98

  Greek drinking cups, hetairai on, 55

  Greek Linear B script, 134

  Greek religion. See also specific gods and goddesses

  libation bowl with young women dancing around an altar, 143

  modern beliefs compared to, 133

  mystery religions, 135, 153

  rites celebrating puberty, 17–21

  and sacrifices, 134–35, 137, 154

  in Sappho’s poetry, 130–31, 138–39, 142–44, 147, 272n

  Thesmophoria festival, 135–36, 137

  variety and complexity of, 134, 135

  Greek vases

  bride’s procession as theme on, 42

  childhood depicted on, 13, 16

  erotic paintings, 67

  mothers depicted on, 76–77

  ritual mourning by women on, 154

  rituals involving young women on, 20

  Greek verse, forms of, 12–13

  Grenfell, Bernard, xii–xv, xiii, xvii, xx, xxvii, 100, 106, 259n

  Gronewald, Michael, 156

  Gyrinno, 262n, 267n

  Hades (god), 136

  Harmodius, 87

  Helen of Troy, 32, 51, 52–53, 262n

  Hellenistic period, 164–66

  Hephaestion, quotations of Sappho’s poetry, xxvii, 45, 46–47, 60, 128, 129, 146, 265n

  Hera (goddess)

  in Alcaceus’s poetry, 261n

  in Alcman’s poetry, 18

  and childbirth, 71–72

  in Homer, 46

  in Sappho’s poetry, 105–6, 107, 144–45, 146

  worship of, 134, 145

  and Zeus, 127, 131, 142, 144

  Heraclitus, 10–11

  Hermogenes, 270n

  Herodian, 264n

  Herodotus, 32, 103, 246n

  Hesiod

  on “beautiful ankles,” 46

  on childbirth, 71

  on man’s age at marriage, 24

  poetry of, 7, 34

  on woman’s age at marriage, 25

  Works and Days, 87

  Hesychius, 274n

  hetairai (prostitutes), 55

  Himerius, 269n

  Hipparchus, 87

  Hippocrates, 26–27, 67, 113

  Homer

  and aegis as divine breastplate, 267n

  and children’s education, 10–11

  epic language of, 43

  Erinna compared to, 164

  and gods, 139r />
  on Hera’s “shining feet,” 46

  Horace on, 169

  Iliad, xxvii, 7, 10, 38, 42, 51, 89, 90, 131, 171–72, 247n, 263n, 264n

  on incantations, 119

  lack of references to incense, 43

  on Lesbos, 53

  male perspective of, xxii

  Odyssey, xxvii, 7, 10, 27, 31, 32, 33–34, 36–37, 51–53, 60, 79, 81–82, 108, 123, 139–40, 145, 146, 152–53, 261n, 268n

  Sappho compared to, xviii, 13, 40, 43, 108, 130, 131, 140, 146, 264n

  Sappho’s knowledge of, 12

  types of meter used by, 13, 40, 164

  use of agapata, 60

  homoeroticism. See also same-sex relationships

  in Alcman’s poetry, 17–18

  in Sappho’s poetry, 17, 120–28

  Horace, xxvii, 107, 169–70

  Hunt, Arthur, xii–xv, xiii, xvii, xx, xxvii, 100, 106, 259n

  Hymenaeus (god), 49

  Hyperides, 151

  Hyrras, 90

  Iadmon, 103

  incense, in Sappho’s poetry, 43

  India, 97

  Irwin, Eleanor, 124

  Italy, 97

  Jesus Christ, xiv–xv

  Julian (Roman emperor), xxvii, 263n

  Kikis, 90

  Larichus (brother)

  as cup bearer, 5, 89, 96

  in Oxyrhynchus papyrus, 57, 88

  and politics in Lesbos, 93, 96, 97

  as Sappho’s favorite brother, 5, 89

  in Sappho’s poetry, 88–89, 105–8

  in Suda encyclopedia, xi

  Laurentian Library, Florence, Italy, 141, 258n

  Lesbos

  and Athens, xxii, 90, 92, 98

  coins featuring Sappho, xxvii

  comedies featuring women from, 167

  Homer on, 53

  Lydia as trading partner of, 32

  map of, xxv

  marriage customs of, 38–50

  and Phocaea, 99

  political history of, 89–90, 92–94

  religious practices of, 134, 138, 145–46, 147, 261n

  as Sappho’s birthplace and home, xvii, xxii, 6

  in Sappho’s poetry, 93–94, 98

  trade network of, 42, 97–100

  libation bowl with young women dancing around an altar, 143

  Library of Alexandria, xviii

  Lobel, Edgar, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta, 173

  Longinus, 120–21, 262n

  love charms, 114–15, 119, 123

  Lucian, 113

  Lydia

  Sappho’s experience of, 6, 97

  in Sappho’s poetry, 32, 59, 60, 61, 99, 128, 129, 130, 260n

  lyre, xviii, 13, 270n, 274n

  lyric poetry, xi, 13

  magic spells, 114–15, 119–20, 123

  marriage. See also children and childhood; family

  Athenian pyxis showing wedding procession, 41

  betrothal ceremony, 37, 38

  Homer on, 36–37

  marriage ceremony, 38–39

 

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