Searching for Sappho
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INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Note: Italic page numbers refer to illustrations.
abortion, 66, 67–68
Acropolis, 19, 20
Adonis (god), 134, 146, 271n
Aegean Sea, map of, xxv
Aeschylus, 29, 63, 79
Aesop, 102
afterlife, 152–53
agapata (beloved), 60
aging. See also death and dying
Cicero on, 150
and dying process, 152–53
lack of concept for middle age, 150
and life expectancy of women, 149–50
in Sappho’s poetry, 155–58
women living beyond childbearing years, 151
Alcaeus
Aristotle on, 271n
on Athenian calathos-psykter, 91
on cherados, 272n
on emotion, 123
exile of, 94
on Hera, 261n
and Pittacus, 92, 93, 95
Pollux on, 275n
religious poetry of, 145–46
Sappho as contemporary of, xi, 6, 90
wedding poetry of, 48
Alcman, 17–18, 44, 113
Alexander the Great, 45
Alyattes (king of Lydia), 6
Amphidromia ceremony, 3
amphorae, of Lesbos, 97–98
Anactoria, 260n
Anagora of Miletus, xi
Andromeda, 129, 266n, 270n
Andros, 23
Antimenidas, 90, 92
Anyte, 8, 10, 164–65
Aphrodite (goddess)
and Adonis, 146–47, 271n
in Sappho’s poetry, 21, 41–42, 47, 146, 273n
Sappho’s prayer of invocation to, 140–42
Sappho’s prayer to, xix–xx, 105, 116–17, 118, 119, 138–40
worship of, 134
Apollo (god), 43, 134, 135
Apollonius Dyscolus, xix, 263–64n
Arabia, 97, 99
Archaic period, 7, 89
Archilochus, 7, 28–29, 111–13
Ares (god), 49
Argos, 163
Aristaenetus, 275n
Aristogiton, 87
Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 18–19
Aristotle
on aging women, 151
on Alcaeus, 271n
on childbirth, 73
on Megacles, 90
on pregnancy, 63, 64, 70
women’s age at marriage, 25
Artaxerxes (king of Persia), 89
Artemis (goddess)
Athenian girls as “Bears” for, 1, 20
and childbirth, 72, 75
relief of woman presenting infant girl to, 4
Sappho’s praise of, 4, 243n
and transition to adult life, 20–21
Arteus, 145, 146
Asclepiades, 112
Asclepius, 64, 69
Asia Minor, xxv, 6, 97, 98, 99, 128, 134, 268n, 274n
Assyria, 97
Athena (goddess), 19–20, 87, 135, 139–40, 145
Athenaeus, 89, 98, 103, 266n, 267n, 268n, 270n, 271n, 272n
Athenian bowl showing mother and baby, 78
Athenian calathos-psykter with the Lesbian poets Alcaeus and Sappho, 91
Athenian cup showing mother and infant, 77
Athenian grave stele of young girl with doll and dog, 9
Athenian pyxis showing wedding procession, 41
Athens
Amphidromia ceremony, 3–4
children of, 1, 3–4
comedies of, 167
honoring women who died in childbirth, 74
and Lesbos, xxii, 90, 92, 98
religious practices of, 134, 135, 147
rituals for girls, 18–21, 135
sexual behavior of men in, 110–11, 112
Thesmophoria festival in, 137
women’s lives in, xxii, 32, 51
Atthis (friend), xi, 128–29, 260n, 265n, 268n, 270n
Augustine, Saint
, xxii
Augustus (Roman emperor), 166, 171, 257n
Babrius, 150
Babylon, 97
Bailers, 137
Baucis, 14–16, 163
Bearers of Secret Things, 19–20
el-Behnesa, Egypt, xi–xiv
Boeotian figurine showing mother and daughter, 77–78
Bronze Age, 7, 134
“The Brothers Poem”, xxvii, 105–6, 237–38
Byzantine Empire, 171–72
Callias, 32
Camon (possible father), xi
Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric I: Sappho and Alcaeus, 173
Carson, Anne, 261n
Catullus, xxvii, 169, 262–63n
Cecrops (king of Athens), 19
Cercylas (husband), xi, 23, 33, 57
Cesarean sections, 74
Charaxus (brother)
and Doricha, 88, 102–4, 108, 259n, 260n
in Oxyrhynchus papyrus, 57, 88
in Sappho’s poetry, 5, 88–89, 99–102, 104, 105–7, 108, 259n
in Suda encyclopedia, xi, 88
cherados (small stones), 272n
childbirth, 2, 25, 26, 70–75, 149, 151
children and childhood. See also family; marriage
Amphidromia ceremony, 3–4
Athenian grave stele of young girl with doll and dog, 9
daily life of, 8, 10, 14–16
education of, 10–13
gender differences during pregnancy and childbirth, 70, 71, 73
infants subjected to exposure, 2–3, 65, 74
men’s relationship with, 77, 81
and mothers, 56, 62, 63, 76–83
naming of, 4
nursemaids caring for, 78–79
pets of, 8, 10
religious festivals for girls, 17–18
rites celebrating girls’ puberty, 17–21
in Sappho’s poetry, 10
survival of, 2
toys of, 8, 15, 16, 21
Cicero, 96, 150
Cleanactidae clan, 59, 92, 268n
Cleis (daughter)
birth of, 70
name of, xi, 4, 57
and Sappho’s death, 159
in Sappho’s poetry, 24, 58–62, 94–95, 99, 159, 268n, 271n
Sappho’s relationship with, 82–83, 155
Cleis (mother), xi, 4–5, 57, 58, 95
coitus interruptus, 66
Constantinople, burning during Fourth Crusade, xx
Corinna, 162, 256n
Croesus of Lydia, 93
Cybele (goddess), 134
“The Cypris Poem”, 238
Cyprus, 41–42, 63–64, 97, 263n
dactyl, as unit of poetry, 13
Daniel, Robert, 156
Dante Alighieri, 118
death and dying
dying process, 152–53
funerals, 154–55
women’s care of dead, 153–54
Demeter (goddess), 135–37
Demetrius, 30, 31, 49, 269n, 270n, 273n
Diogenian, 272n
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, xx, xxvii, 47, 116–17, 257n
Dionysus (god), 135, 145, 146
divorce, 56, 64
Doricha, 88, 102–4, 108, 259n, 260n
Echinos, Greece, 4
Ecrytos (possible father), xi
Eerigyios (possible father), xi
Egypt
magic spells from, 114–15, 119
Sappho’s experience of, 97
in Sappho’s poetry, 99
Eileithyia, 72
ekdosis (giving away), 38
ekthesis (putting aside), 2
Enheduanna, 242n
Eos (goddess), 130
Ephesus, 3
epithalamia (risqué songs), 48
Eresus, Lesbos, xi, 6, 89
Erigyius (brother), xi, 5, 57, 88–89
Erigyius (possible father), 243n
Erinna, The Distaff, 14–16, 163–64
Etarchos (possible father), xi
Eumenos (possible father), xi
Eunica of Salamis, xi
Euripides, 72
Eurycleia, 152
Eustathius, xxvii, 171–72, 263n
exposure, infants subjected to, 2–3, 65, 74
family
bond between siblings, 86
conflict between siblings, 87–88, 100–102
conflict over money and inheritance, 87–88
loyalty to, 85, 86–87
political power of Sappho’s family, xvii, 89
Sappho’s family in conflict with Cleanactidae, 59–60, 268n
Sappho’s family in conflict with Pittacus, 94–97, 108, 267n
Sappho’s family in Oxyrhynchus papyrus fragment, 57
Sappho’s family in Suda encyclopedia, xi, 57, 88, 243–44n
in Sappho’s poetry, 4–5, 100–102, 104, 105–8
sons’ support of widowed matrons, 151–52
wealth of Sappho’s family, xvii, 2, 8, 26, 33, 78, 99, 150
women’s relationships with brothers, 86, 87, 100–108, 162
Faulkner, William, 105
Fourth Crusade, xx
funerals, 154–55
Galen, 265n
Godward, John Williams, In the Days of Sappho, 170
Gongyla of Colophon, xi, 261–62n, 268n
Gorgo, 261n, 262n, 272n
Greece
Archaic period, 7
Bronze Age kingdoms of, 7
literary tradition of, 12
map of, xxv
poetry in, 7, 12–13
trade networks of, 42, 98
Greek drinking cups, hetairai on, 55
Greek Linear B script, 134
Greek religion. See also specific gods and goddesses
libation bowl with young women dancing around an altar, 143
modern beliefs compared to, 133
mystery religions, 135, 153
rites celebrating puberty, 17–21
and sacrifices, 134–35, 137, 154
in Sappho’s poetry, 130–31, 138–39, 142–44, 147, 272n
Thesmophoria festival, 135–36, 137
variety and complexity of, 134, 135
Greek vases
bride’s procession as theme on, 42
childhood depicted on, 13, 16
erotic paintings, 67
mothers depicted on, 76–77
ritual mourning by women on, 154
rituals involving young women on, 20
Greek verse, forms of, 12–13
Grenfell, Bernard, xii–xv, xiii, xvii, xx, xxvii, 100, 106, 259n
Gronewald, Michael, 156
Gyrinno, 262n, 267n
Hades (god), 136
Harmodius, 87
Helen of Troy, 32, 51, 52–53, 262n
Hellenistic period, 164–66
Hephaestion, quotations of Sappho’s poetry, xxvii, 45, 46–47, 60, 128, 129, 146, 265n
Hera (goddess)
in Alcaceus’s poetry, 261n
in Alcman’s poetry, 18
and childbirth, 71–72
in Homer, 46
in Sappho’s poetry, 105–6, 107, 144–45, 146
worship of, 134, 145
and Zeus, 127, 131, 142, 144
Heraclitus, 10–11
Hermogenes, 270n
Herodian, 264n
Herodotus, 32, 103, 246n
Hesiod
on “beautiful ankles,” 46
on childbirth, 71
on man’s age at marriage, 24
poetry of, 7, 34
on woman’s age at marriage, 25
Works and Days, 87
Hesychius, 274n
hetairai (prostitutes), 55
Himerius, 269n
Hipparchus, 87
Hippocrates, 26–27, 67, 113
Homer
and aegis as divine breastplate, 267n
and children’s education, 10–11
epic language of, 43
Erinna compared to, 164
and gods, 139
on Hera’s “shining feet,” 46
Horace on, 169
Iliad, xxvii, 7, 10, 38, 42, 51, 89, 90, 131, 171–72, 247n, 263n, 264n
on incantations, 119
lack of references to incense, 43
on Lesbos, 53
male perspective of, xxii
Odyssey, xxvii, 7, 10, 27, 31, 32, 33–34, 36–37, 51–53, 60, 79, 81–82, 108, 123, 139–40, 145, 146, 152–53, 261n, 268n
Sappho compared to, xviii, 13, 40, 43, 108, 130, 131, 140, 146, 264n
Sappho’s knowledge of, 12
types of meter used by, 13, 40, 164
use of agapata, 60
homoeroticism. See also same-sex relationships
in Alcman’s poetry, 17–18
in Sappho’s poetry, 17, 120–28
Horace, xxvii, 107, 169–70
Hunt, Arthur, xii–xv, xiii, xvii, xx, xxvii, 100, 106, 259n
Hymenaeus (god), 49
Hyperides, 151
Hyrras, 90
Iadmon, 103
incense, in Sappho’s poetry, 43
India, 97
Irwin, Eleanor, 124
Italy, 97
Jesus Christ, xiv–xv
Julian (Roman emperor), xxvii, 263n
Kikis, 90
Larichus (brother)
as cup bearer, 5, 89, 96
in Oxyrhynchus papyrus, 57, 88
and politics in Lesbos, 93, 96, 97
as Sappho’s favorite brother, 5, 89
in Sappho’s poetry, 88–89, 105–8
in Suda encyclopedia, xi
Laurentian Library, Florence, Italy, 141, 258n
Lesbos
and Athens, xxii, 90, 92, 98
coins featuring Sappho, xxvii
comedies featuring women from, 167
Homer on, 53
Lydia as trading partner of, 32
map of, xxv
marriage customs of, 38–50
and Phocaea, 99
political history of, 89–90, 92–94
religious practices of, 134, 138, 145–46, 147, 261n
as Sappho’s birthplace and home, xvii, xxii, 6
in Sappho’s poetry, 93–94, 98
trade network of, 42, 97–100
libation bowl with young women dancing around an altar, 143
Library of Alexandria, xviii
Lobel, Edgar, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta, 173
Longinus, 120–21, 262n
love charms, 114–15, 119, 123
Lucian, 113
Lydia
Sappho’s experience of, 6, 97
in Sappho’s poetry, 32, 59, 60, 61, 99, 128, 129, 130, 260n
lyre, xviii, 13, 270n, 274n
lyric poetry, xi, 13
magic spells, 114–15, 119–20, 123
marriage. See also children and childhood; family
Athenian pyxis showing wedding procession, 41
betrothal ceremony, 37, 38
Homer on, 36–37
marriage ceremony, 38–39