51. Quoted in ibid., 13.
52. First quote in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 432; second quote in Donald, Lincoln, 592.
53. First quotes in Timothy S. Good, We Saw Lincoln Shot: One Hundred Eyewitness Accounts (Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 1995), 53; last quote in Jay Winik, “‘American Brutus’: The Lone Gunman,” New York Times, December 19, 2004.
54. See David Donald’s account of the assassination in Lincoln, 596–99.
55. Quoted in Philip Callow, From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992), 317; “When Lilacs Last in the Door-yard Bloom’d,” Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 328.
56. Quotes in James Howell Moorhead, “Religion in the Civil War: The Northern Perspective,” http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nineteen/nkeyinfo/cwnorth.htm.
57. “When Lilacs Last in the Door-yard Bloom’d,” Leaves of Grass, 330–31. See “President Lincoln’s Burial,” Harper’s, May 27, 1865, 321–22.
58. All quotes in Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003; first published in 1991), 253–254.
59. Quoted in Richard Wightman Fox, “The President Who Died for Us,” New York Times, April 14, 2006.
60. Quotes in Guelzo, Redeemer President, 440, 441.
61. Quoted in David Herbert Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered: Essays on the Civil War Era (New York: Vintage, 2001; first published in 1947), 4.
62. Quoted in Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 221.
CHAPTER 16: THE AGE OF REASON
1. Catharine E. Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman’s Home (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002; first published in 1869).
2. “Ravages of a Carpet,” in Harriet Beecher Stowe, House and Home Papers (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 2008; first published in 1865), 1–22.
3. First quote in Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 325; second quote in Laura Wallis Wakefield, “‘Set a Light in a Dark Place’: Teachers of Freedmen in Florida, 1864–1874,” Florida Historical Quarterly 81 (Spring 2003): 413.
4. Quoted in Hedrick, Stowe, 329.
5. See Debby Applegate, The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher (New York: Doubleday, 2006).
6. Quoted in Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 88.
7. Quoted in ibid., 93.
8. Quoted in ibid., 96.
9. Quoted in ibid., 97.
10. First quote in Ron Powers, Mark Twain: A Life (New York: Free Press, 2005), 183; second quote in David S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Knopf, 1995), 256.
11. First quote in Michael DeGruccio, “Manhood, Race, Failure, and Reconciliation: Charles Francis Adams, Jr., and the American Civil War,” New England Quarterly 81 (December 2008): 673; second quote in G. Edward White, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 206.
12. John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South, 1865–1866: A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 8.
13. Quoted in Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1987), 219.
14. The most insightful of these memory studies is David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).
15. Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966), 36.
16. Quoted in Stuart McConnell, Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 181.
17. Quoted in David Goldfield et al., The American Journey: A History of the United States, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson, 2009), 405.
18. First quote in David W. Blight, “‘For Something Beyond the Battlefield’: Frederick Douglass and the Struggle for the Memory of the Civil War,” Journal of American History 75 (March 1989), 1173; second quote in Ambrose Bierce, “What I Saw of Shiloh,” in Bierce, Civil War Stories (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1994), 17.
19. Walt Whitman, “Reconciliation,” Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 321.
20. Quoted in Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 240.
21. George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, (New York: Macmillan, 1952), May 29, 1865, 3:601.
22. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1972; first published in 1886), 665.
23. Quoted in Powers, Twain, 207.
24. Quoted in ibid., 207, 208.
25. Quoted in ibid., 216.
26. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001; first published in 1932), 277.
27. See Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Holt, 2005) and Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).
28. For a thorough discussion of the connections between lawmakers and corporations during this era, see Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
29. John Sherman to William T. Sherman, November 10, 1865, in The Sherman Letters, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1894), 258–59, available on Google Books.
30. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 36.
31. Horatio Alger, Ragged Dick (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1910; first published in 1868), in Religion in America, vol. 2, ed. James T. Baker (Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006), 255.
32. First quote in CG, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Appendix (December 3, 1861): 4; second quote in Thomas Mellon, Thomas Mellon and His Times (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1994), 238.
33. Quoted in Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, 21.
34. Quoted in ibid.
35. Quoted in ibid., 141.
36. Quotes in ibid., 62.
37. First quote in Powers, Twain, 280; remaining quotes in Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, 85.
38. Quoted in Powers, Twain, 363.
39. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (New York: Penguin, 2001; first published in 1873), 86; William Dean Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1884), 87.
40. See Zane L. Miller, “The Rise of the City,” Hayes Historical Journal 3 (Spring and Fall 1980): 73–83.
41. On urbanization during this period, see Raymond A. Mohl, The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860–1920 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1985).
42. Both quotes in ibid., 48.
43. Mona Domosh, “The Symbolism of the Skyscraper: Case Studies of New York’s First Tall Buildings,” Journal of Urban History 14 (May 1988): 321–45.
44. Quoted in David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin, 2006), 60.
45. Willard W. Glazier, Peculiarities of American Cities (Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers, 1884), 333–334; “American Iron and Steel—Pittsburgh, the Iron City,” Scientific American 20 (January 23, 1869): 49–50.
46. Andrew Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy; or, Fifty Years’ March of the Republic (Boston: Elibron, 2006; first published in 1888), 1.
47. S
ee David Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, Urban America: A History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 198–200; see also Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford, 1982).
48. Quoted in Howard Allen Bridgman, “The Suburbanite,” Independent, April 10, 1902, 863.
49. The Russells’ story is presented in Mary Corbin Sies, “The City Transformed: Nature, Technology, and the Suburban Ideal, 1877–1917,” Journal of Urban History 14 (November 1987), 81–111.
50. Quoted in Daniel E. Sutherland, The Expansion of Everyday Life, 1860–1876 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 29.
51. “Harper’s Bazaar,” Harper’s, November 2, 1867, 691; see also Sutherland, Everyday Life, 70.
52. See Morris, Tycoons, 108–11.
53. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Forgotten Books, 2008; first published in 1919), 44, http://www.forgottenbooks.org.
54. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), x.
55. Quoted in Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 116.
56. Quoted in T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Knopf, 2009), 435.
57. Both quotes in Chernow, Rockefeller, 153.
58. “War and Inventions,” Scientific American, May 25, 1861, 329.
59. “Useful Improvements Not Opposed to the Harmony of Nature,” ibid., September 29, 1866, 221.
60. Quotes in Theresa M. Collins and Lisa Gitelman, eds., Thomas Edison and Modern America: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 7, 8, 12.
61. “Song of the Exposition,” Leaves of Grass, 201–03.
CHAPTER 17: ASPIRATIONS
1. James A. Ward, ed., Southern Railroad Man: Conductor N. J. Bell’s Recollections of the Civil War Era (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1994; first published in 1896), 26.
2. Quoted in Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 124.
3. John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South, 1865–1866: A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 92; quoted in Michael B. Chesson, Richmond After the War, 1865–1890 (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1981), 90.
4. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 17.
5. Quoted in C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993; first published in 1981), xii.
6. Both quotes in Rod Andrew Jr., Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior to Southern Redeemer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 120, 243.
7. First two quotes in Richardson, West from Appomattox, 17, 18; last quote in Whitelaw Reid, After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865–1866 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965; first published in 1866), 356.
8. Reid, After the War, 66.
9. First quote in ibid., 213; second quote in Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 458.
10. C. Vann Woodward and Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, eds., The Private Mary Chesnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), May 13, 1865, 243; Reid, After the War, 345.
11. Quoted in Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 156.
12. Quoted in Andrew, Hampton, 322–23. Italics in original.
13. Trowbridge, Desolate South, 41; Bill Arp [Charles Henry Smith], Bill Arp’s Peace Papers: Columns on War and Reconstruction, 1861–1873 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009; first published in 1873), 120.
14. Hear Ry Cooder’s interpretation of the song: http://www.lyricstime.com/ry-cooder-i-m-a-good-old-rebel-lyrics.html.
15. First quote in “What Next?” Harper’s, April 22, 1865, 242; second quote in “From Memphis,” ibid., October 7, 1865, 627.
16. First quote in Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865 to 1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 14; second quote in David Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 54.
17. Quoted in Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 43.
18. Quoted in Andrew, Hampton, 326.
19. Quoted in Stowell, Rebuilding Zion, 113.
20. Quoted in Paul Harvey, “‘Yankee Faith’ and Southern Redemption: White Southern Baptist Ministers, 1850–1890,” in Religion and the American Civil War, ed. Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 178.
21. First quote in Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 33; second quote in Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980), 72.
22. First quote in Robert Lewis Dabney, “The Duty of the Hour,” The Land We Love 6 (December 1868): 117; remaining quotes in Charles Reagan Wilson, “Robert Lewis Dabney: Religion and the Southern Holocaust,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 89 (January 1981): 82.
23. Ellen Glasgow, The Deliverance: A Romance of the Tobacco Fields (BiblioBazaar, 2007; first published in 1904), 57, http://www.bibliobazaar.com.
24. Wilson, Baptized in Blood, 26.
25. “Exodus,” De Bow’s Review 6 (July 1868): 579.
26. First quote in Goldfield, Still Fighting, 25; second quote in David Goldfield, Southern Histories: Public, Personal, and Sacred (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 8; third quote in Robert Penn Warren, The Legacy of the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998; first published in 1961), 15.
27. Quoted in Wilson, Baptized in Blood, 59.
28. Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind (New York: Macmillan, 1936), 529; last quote in Wilson, Baptized in Blood, 25.
29. First quote in Catherine Clinton, Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom (New York: Little, Brown, 2004), 189; second quote in Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, 608.
30. First quote in James C. Cobb, Away Down South: A History of Southern Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 66; second quote in “The Lost Cause,” Hours at Home 3 (September 1866): 477. The journal may be accessed through the American Periodicals Series, an electronic resource.
31. Quoted in William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 242.
32. Frederick Douglass, “Reconstruction,” Atlantic Monthly 18 (December 1866): 761.
33. Carl Schurz, “Report on the Condition of the South,” CG, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (December 19, 1865): 76.
34. Both quotes in Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 49.
35. Both quotes in Dorothy Sterling, ed., We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Norton, 1997; first published in 1984), 311, 313.
36. Quotes in Wilbert L. Jenkins, Climbing Up to Glory: A Short History of African Americans During the Civil War and Reconstruction (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 2002), 144.
37. Quoted in Hannah Rosen, Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 271n.
38. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 155.
39. First quote in Trowbridge, Desolate South, 114; second quote in Reid, After the War, 150.
40. Reid, After the War, 59.
41. First quote in Patricia Click, Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen’s Colony, 1862–1
867 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 164; second quote in Reid, After the War, 565.
42. See Irvin Kitrell III, “40 Acres and a Mule,” Civil War Times Illustrated 41 (May 2002): 54.
43. Fortune tells his story in Dorothy Sterling, ed., The Trouble They Seen: Black People Tell the Story of Reconstruction (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976), 22–24.
44. Both quotes in Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 77. Blum has a good discussion of black education during Reconstruction.
45. Both quotes in ibid., 78, 79.
46. Quotes in ibid., 79.
47. First quote in ibid., 80; second quote in Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902), 62; third quote, W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (Forgotten Books, 2008; first published in 1903), 64, http://www.forgottenbooks.org.
48. Both quotes in Reid, After the War, 255, 59.
49. Trowbridge, Desolate South, 131.
50. First quote in Peter J. Rachleff, Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865–1890 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 38; second quote in “Educating the Freedmen,” Harper’s, May 25, 1867, 321–22.
51. See Paul M. Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York: Knopf, 1970).
CHAPTER 18: A GOLDEN MOMENT
1. Biographical details are from Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: Norton, 1989).
2. CG, 38th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (December 8, 1863): 3.
3. CW 8:403.
4. Quoted in Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1999), 392.
5. Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865 (New York: Penguin, 1989), 699, 697. This useful compilation of Lincoln’s major speeches and writings derives from the primary source of Lincoln’s work, Roy P. Basler’s Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, published in 1953.
6. Quoted in David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 591.
7. First two quotes in William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 262; Johnson’s quotes in CG, 40th Congress, 2nd Session, Appendix (December 3, 1867): 2–3.
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