8. On Johnson’s reconstruction plan, see Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), chapter 5.
9. Quotes in Whitelaw Reid, After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865–1866 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 291.
10. Ibid., 163–64.
11. First quote in ibid., 264; second quote in Foner, Reconstruction, 134.
12. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 199–200.
13. Carl Schurz, “Report on the Condition of the South,” CG, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, (December 19, 1865): 38, 13, 23.
14. U. S. Grant, “Letter of General Grant Concerning Affairs at the South,” CG, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix (December 19, 1865): 107.
15. Both quotes in Reid, After the War, 360, 361.
16. Quotes in ibid., 404.
17. Quoted in W. Scott Poole, “Uncertain Legacy,” H-Civil War, August 8, 2003, http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-CivWar&month=0308&week=b&msg=UgqV3iN9Z7bL/jDXaCWsng&user=&pw=.
18. Quoted in Christopher Waldrep, Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817–80 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 106.
19. Ira Berlin, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds., Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience in the Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 173.
20. Executive Documents of the House of Representatives (Washington: GPO, 1866), 39th Congress, 1st Session, “Inspector’s Report of Affairs in Kentucky,” March 5, 1866, 8:201. A comprehensive account of such violence is Stephen Budiansky, The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War (New York: Plume, 2009).
21. The Reports of the Committees of the House of Representatives (Washington: GPO, 1866), 39th Congress, 1st Session, “Memphis Riots and Massacres,” July 25, 1866, 3:51, 324.
22. Reid, After the War, 411.
23. Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 54.
24. Quotes in Avery Craven, Reconstruction: The Ending of the Civil War (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), 93.
25. Quoted in Melanie S. Gustafson, Women and the Republican Party, 1854–1924 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 35.
26. Carl Schurz, “The True Problem,” Atlantic Monthly 19 (March 1867): 371.
27. Quoted in Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the 19th-Century South (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 169.
28. Albion W. Tourgée, A Fool’s Errand: A Novel of the South During Reconstruction (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961; first published in 1897), 167.
29. CG, 39th Congress, 2nd Session (February 19, 1867): 1564.
30. W. E. B. DuBois, “Reconstruction and its Benefits,” in W. E. B. DuBois: A Reader, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Holt, 1995), 187.
31. Quoted in Foner, Short History of Reconstruction, 136.
32. Jonathan Worth, “Inaugural Address,” March 1868, http://www.atgpress.com/inform/gov065.htm.
33. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 91.
34. Quoted in Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 275.
35. See Lee W. Formwalt, “The Camilla Massacre of 1868: Racial Violence as Political Propaganda,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 71 (Fall 1987): 399–426. For a discussion of Grant’s presidential campaign, see Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
36. J. M. H. Frederick, comp., National Party Platforms of the United States (Akron, Ohio: J. M. H. Frederick, 1896), 36.
37. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 291.
38. Quoted in ibid., 344.
39. Tourgée, Fool’s Errand, 169.
40. Quotes in Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 74, 76.
41. Quoted in “The Stars and Bars at the Democratic Peak,” Harper’s, September 5, 1868, 562.
42. Quoted in Louise Michele Newman, White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 64.
43. Both quotes in Richardson, West from Appomattox, 101.
44. Quoted in Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, 80.
45. See Randolph B. Campbell, Grass-Roots Reconstruction in Texas, 1865–1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998).
46. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 369.
47. Quoted in Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, 76.
48. Quoted in Hahn, Nation Under Our Feet, 248.
CHAPTER 19: THE GOLDEN SPIKE
1. For a full discussion of these events, see Michael Johnson, “Rendezvous at Promontory: A New Look at the Golden Spike Ceremony,” Utah Historical Quarterly 72 (Winter 2004): 47–68.
2. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 179.
3. See James N. Gregory, The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
4. “The Pacific Railroad,” Harper’s, May 29, 1869, 342.
5. First quote in ibid., 341; second quote in “East and West,” New York Times, May 11, 1869.
6. “Pacific Railroad,” May 29, 1869, 342.
7. “Passage to India,” Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 411, 412, 413, 414.
8. Miscellaneous Documents, 43rd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington: GPO, 1875), December 8, 1874, 3.
9. Quoted in Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, 1970), 41.
10. Quotes in Philip Weeks, Farewell, My Nation: The American Indian and the United States, 1820–1890 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1990), 94, 93.
11. CW 6:151–52.
12. Chauncey H. Cooke, A Badger Boy in Blue: The Civil War Letters of Chauncey H. Cooke (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007; first published in 1920–22), 24–25.
13. First quote in “The Battle of Sand Creek,” Rocky Mountain News, December 17, 1864, http://www.kclonewolf.com/History/SandCreek/sc-reports/rocky-editorials.html; last quote in Weeks, Farewell, My Nation, 104.
14. “The Chivington Massacre,” Report of the Joint Special Committee, in The Reports of the Committees of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session Thirty-ninth Congress, 1866–67 (Washington: GPO, 1867), Appendix, 75, 95–96.
15. Quoted in Evan S. Connell, Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn (New York: North Point Press, 1984), 148–49.
16. Quoted in Robert Wooster, The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865–1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 144.
17. “Our Indian Policy,” Harper’s, March 9, 1867, 147.
18. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 36.
19. Grant to Lt. Gen. W. T. Sherman, May 29, 1867, in John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 17, January 1–September 30, 1867 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991), 174.
20. First Sherman quote in Robert G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 67; second Sherman quote in Letter of the Secretary of War in Executive Documents of the Senate of the United States for the First Session, Fortieth Congress, and for the Special Session, 1867 (Washington: GPO, 1868), 1–2; Sheridan quote in George W. Manypenny, Our Indian Wards (Cincinnati
: Robert Clarke, 1880), 206, available on Google Books.
21. Grant to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, January 15, 1867, in Simon, Papers of Grant 17:22; Sherman to Thomas Durant, May 28, 1867, ibid., 162.
22. Testimony of Col. Henry B. Carrington, January 3, 1867, Records Relating to the Investigation of the Ft. Philip Kearney (or Fetterman) Massacre, National Archives and Record Service, 5, http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~familyinformation/fpk/car_5.html.
23. Quoted in Athearn, Sherman and the West, 99.
24. Sherman to Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, October 15, 1868, Letter of the Secretary of War in Executive Documents of the Senate for the Third Session of the Fortieth Congress, 1868–69 (Washington: GPO, 1869), 4; Sheridan to Sherman, March 18, 1870, Letter of the Secretary of War in Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-first Congress, 1869–70 (Washington: GPO, 1870), 12:70–71.
25. “A Policy of Peace,” Harper’s, April 2, 1870, 210.
26. Quoted in Brown, Wounded Knee, 194.
27. “First Inaugural Address of Ulysses S. Grant,” March 4, 1869, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/grant1.asp.
28. Quote in “Grant and Lee in War and Peace,” New-York Historical Society exhibit, October 17, 2008–March 29, 2009. See also http://historyperspectives.blogspot.com/2008/03/bureau-of-indian-affairs.html.
29. Quoted in William H. Armstrong, Warrior in Two Camps: Ely S. Parker, Union General and Seneca Chief (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1978), 120.
30. First quote in Richardson, West from Appomattox, 115; second quote in John Y. Simon, ed., Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 23, February 1–December 31, 1872 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 270.
31. “The Last Appeal of Red Cloud,” New York Times, June 17, 1870.
32. Quoted in Dee Brown, The American West (New York: Touchstone, 1994), 133.
33. Quoted in Brown, Wounded Knee, 184.
34. See Louis S. Warren, Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show (New York: Knopf, 2005).
35. “The Modocs,” Harper’s, May 3, 1873, 364.
CHAPTER 20: POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Russell H. Conwell, Acres of Diamonds (New York: Jove Press, 1978; first published in 1878). The following paragraphs quote from the sermon, which may be accessed at http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/rconwellacresofdiamonds.htm.
2. Quoted in Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966), 96.
3. Quoted in ibid., 165.
4. Quoted in Mark Wahlgren Summers, Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 110.
5. Kenneth D. Ackerman, Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005), 169.
6. Quoted in Bruce J. Evensen, God’s Man for the Gilded Age: D. L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 102; see also “The Lessons of the Frauds Continued,” Harper’s, August 19, 1871, 762–63.
7. “Let Us Prey,” Harper’s, September 23, 1871, 889; “The Tammany Tiger Loose—‘What Are You Going to Do About It?’” ibid., November 11, 1871, 1056–57; Tweed quote in Charles F. Wingate, “An Episode in Municipal Government,” North American Review 121 (July 1875): 150.
8. “City Government,” New York Times, March 9, 1867; Josiah Strong, The Twentieth Century City (New York: Baker & Taylor, 1898), 81; see also Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2007; first published in 1904).
9. Francis Parkman, “The Failure of Universal Suffrage,” North American Review 127 (July/August 1878): 1–20.
10. New York Times, February 17, 1874. On the corruption of southern Republican governments, see Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 383–92.
11. For a more detailed discussion of “Honest Dick” Tate, see Mark Grossman, Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2003), 322.
12. Quoted in Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, 95, 157.
13. “Human Sacrifices in the Republican Party,” Nation 16 (February 20, 1873): 128–29. See also Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 226–37.
14. Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, “Author’s Preface to the London Edition,” The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (New York: Penguin, 2001; first published in 1873), 451.
15. Quoted in Maury Klein, The Life and Legend of Jay Gould (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 196.
16. See Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 52.
17. Quoted in Summers, Era of Good Stealings, 115.
18. First Whitman quote in “Democratic Vistas” (1871), in Specimen Days and Collect (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1882), 210; Whitman, “Nay, Tell Me Not To-Day the Publish’d Shame,” Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 578. The poem appeared originally in the New York Daily Graphic, March 5, 1873, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/poems/per.00127.
19. Whitman, “Respondez!” (lines added in 1871) Leaves of Grass, 591–92.
20. First quote in Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, 166; second quote in Ron Chernow, The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 206; final quote in Mark Twain, “The Curious Republic of Gondour,” Atlantic Monthly 36 (October 1875): 461–62.
21. John T. Wheelwright, “Public Opinion as a Force,” Harvard Review 8 (April 1889): 46–47.
22. See Philip M. Katz, From Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
23. All quotes in Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 105.
24. First quote in Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 45; second quote in Nation 18 (April 16, 1874): 247.
25. For Anthony’s entire speech, see “On Woman’s Right to Suffrage” (1873) in The World’s Famous Orations, vol. 10, America–III, 1861–1905 (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1906), 59.
26. Whitman, “Democratic Vistas,” 210.
27. First quote in Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 107; remaining quotes in Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 174, 163.
28. “Christianity and the Constitution,” Harper’s, March 2, 1872.
29. Quoted in Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 387, 393.
30. Quoted in Mark A. Noll, “Science, Theology, and Society: From Cotton Mather to William Jennings Bryan,” in Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective, ed. David N. Livingstone, D. G. Hart, and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 105.
31. First quote in Michael Les Benedict, “Reform Republicans and the Retreat from Reconstruction,” in The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin, ed. Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 56; second quote in Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Prospects,” in Emerson, Emerson: Essays and Lectures (New York: Penguin, 1983), 46.
32. Quoted in Michael DeGruccio, “Manhood, Race, Failure, and Reconciliation: Charles Francis Adams Jr. and the American Civil War,” New England Quarterly 81 (December 2008): 670.
33. First quote in Andrew Carnegie, The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie and His Essay “The Gospel of Wealth,” ed. Gordon Hunter (New York: Signet, 2006; first published in 1920), 291; second quote in “The Darwinian Theory,” Scie
ntific American 20 (June 19, 1869): 393.
34. Quoted in W. Fitzhugh Brundage, The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), 90.
35. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton, 1872), 1:193.
36. Quoted in Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 180.
37. J. W. DeForest, “The Man and Brother,” Atlantic Monthly 22 (October 1868): 416.
38. Darwin, Descent of Man 1:181.
39. Herbert Spencer, “The Study of Sociology,” Popular Science Monthly 1 (June 1872): 160.
40. Quoted in David N. Livingstone, “Situating Evangelical Responses to Evolution,” in Livingstone, Hart, and Noll, Evangelicals and Science, 196.
41. Quoted in Allen C. Guelzo, “‘The Science of Duty’: Moral Philosophy and the Epistemology of Science in Nineteenth-Century America,” in ibid., 284.
42. Quoted in Bannister, Social Darwinism, 105.
43. “Machinery the Great Missionary,” Scientific American 12 (April 8, 1865): 231.
44. First quote in “Politicians,” Harper’s, January 11, 1873; second quote in “The Lessons of the Frauds Continued,” ibid., August 19, 1871.
45. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 500.
46. Quoted in Richardson, West from Appomattox, 122.
47. See Robert C. Williams, Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom (New York: New York University Press, 2006).
48. First quote in “Mr. Greeley and the Colored Citizens,” Harper’s, June 15, 1872, 467; Greeley quotes in Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 116.
49. “The Georgia Election,” Harper’s, October 19, 1872, 803.
50. Nast titled the first cartoon “Old Honesty,” Harper’s, July 20, 1872, 573; Greeley quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 508.
51. Quoted in Ron Powers, Mark Twain: A Life (New York: Free Press, 2005), 327.
52. Frederic Bancroft, ed., Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, 6 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), 2:311.
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