The Holocaust: A New History
Page 57
39 See Rees, Charisma, p. 22. The passage quoted here also includes previously unpublished testimony from Fridolin von Spaun.
40 Previously unpublished testimony.
Chapter 2: Birth of the Nazis
1 Robert Waite, Vanguard of Nazism, W. W. Norton, 1969, p. 206.
2 Rudolf von Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam. Urkundliches aus der Frühzeit der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung, Deukula-Verlag Grassinger, 1933, pp. 41–3.
3 Ibid., pp. 57–60.
4 Joseph Howard Tyson, Hitler’s Mentor: Dietrich Eckart, his Life, Times, & Milieu, iUniverse, 2008, p. 50.
5 Ibid., p. 15.
6 Auf gut deutsch. Wochenschrift für Ordnung u. Recht, ed. Dietrich Eckart, vol. 1, 1919, no. 2, p. 18.
7 Ibid., vol. 2, 1920, no. 30/34, p. 392.
8 Balthasar Brandmayer, Meldegänger Hitler 1914–1918, Walter, 1933, pp. 71–2. In English in Laurence Rees, The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler, Ebury Press, 2012, p. 13.
9 Joachim C. Fest, Hitler, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974, p. 133.
10 Quoted by Margarate Plewnia, Aufdem Weg zu Hitler, Schünemann Universitätsverlag, 1970, p. 67. She in turn quotes Albert Zoller, Hitler privat – Erlebnisbericht seiner Geheimsekretärin, Droste, 1949, p. 118. In English in Rees, Charisma, p. 47.
11 Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944, Phoenix Press, 2000, p. 217, night of 16–17 January 1942.
12 Ibid.
13 Tyson, Hitler’s Mentor. See also Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn (eds.), Hitler. Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen 1905–1924, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1980, p. 117. Otto Dietrich, 12 Jahre mit Hitler, Isar Verlag, 1955, p. 178. BArch NS 26/514, Letter of Gottfried Grandel to the main archive of the NSDAP, Freiburg i. B., 22 October 1941.
14 Ernst Deuerlein (ed.), Der Aufstieg der NSDAP 1919–1933 in Augenzeugenberichten, Rauch, 1968, p. 60. In English in J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919–1945, vol. 1: The Rise to Power 1919–1934, University of Exeter Press, 1983, p. 14.
15 Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn (eds.), Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen 1905–1924, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1980, p. 366, speech by Hitler at a NSDAP meeting in Rosenheim, 21 April 1921.
16 N. H. Baynes (ed.), Speeches of Adolf Hitler: Early Speeches, 1922–1924, and Other Selections, Howard Fertig, 2006, p. 17, speech of 12 April 1921.
17 Ibid., p. 42, speech of 18 September 1922.
18 Ibid., p. 13, speech of 12 April 1922.
19 Ibid., p. 30, speech of 28 July 1922.
20 Ibid., p.17, speech of 12 April 1922.
21 Ibid., p. 21, speech of 28 July 1922.
22 A. Hitler, ‘Rathenau und Sancho Pansa’, Völkischer Beobachter, 13 March 1921, p. 2.
23 Previously unpublished testimony.
24 Rees, Charisma, pp. 30–31.
25 Previously unpublished testimony.
26 Previously unpublished testimony.
27 Sönke Neitzel, Tapping Hitler’s Generals: Transcripts of Secret Conversations 1942–45, Frontline Books, 2013, p. 67, words of General Ludwig Crüwell.
28 Baynes (ed.), Speeches of Adolf Hitler, pp. 15–16, speech of 12 April 1922.
29 Ibid., p. 42, speech of 18 September 1922.
30 Peter Longerich, Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 13.
31 ‘An die Brüder der USP., MSP., KPD.’, Deutscher Sozialist, Folge 1, 4 June 1920, in Julius Streicher, Ruf zur Tat. Aufsätze aus den Kampfjahren 1920–1922, Verlag Der Stürmer, 1937, pp. 11–13. Also see Randall L. Bytwerk, Julius Streicher, Cooper Square Press, 2001, p. 10.
32 Bytwerk, Streicher, p. 2.
33 StAN, Polizeipräsidium Nürnberg-Fürth 541, doc. 187, Copy of a judgment against Streicher, court of lay assessor at the district court Schweinfurt, for an offence against religion, 5 September 1922.
34 Ibid., doc. 103, Report from 22 December 1922 on the meeting of the National Socialists on 21 December 1922 in the Kulturverein in Nuremberg.
35 Ibid., City Council of Kitzingen to the state police department Nuremberg-Fürth, 16 May 1922, ‘Remarks from the meeting of the Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft in the Kolosseumssaal in Kitzingen on 7 May 1922. From a speech by the elementary teacher J. Streicher from Nuremberg’.
36 Hitler’s Table Talk, p. 154, night of 28–29 December 1941.
37 Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, vol. 12, p. 308, 115th day, Friday 26 April 1946. Also Bytwerk, Streicher, p. 15.
38 Ibid., Nuremberg, and also Rees, Charisma, p. 49.
39 Deuerlein (ed.), Aufstieg, p. 146. In English in Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 1, pp. 25–6.
40 Peter Viereck, ‘Stefan George’s Cosmic Circle’, Decision, October 1941, p. 49.
41 Rees, Charisma, p. 76.
42 Werner Jochmann (ed.), Nationalsozialismus und Revolution. Dokumente, Europäische Verlags-Anstalt, 1963, pp. 88–9, Hitler Memorandum of 7 January 1922. In English in Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 1, p. 23.
43 Baynes (ed.), Speeches of Adolf Hitler, p. 40, Hitler speech of 28 July 1922.
44 BArch N 1126/8, Leseliste No. 107.
45 BArch N 1126 141 K, Himmler’s diary entry for 12 January 1922. Originals in Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
46 Ibid., entry for 24 June 1922.
47 Ibid., entry for 22 November 1921.
48 Ibid., entry for 27 May 1922.
49 Ibid., entry for 7 June 1922.
50 For example, at the December 1924 general election, the biggest party was the Social Democrats with 26 per cent of the vote. They were opposed to the anti-Semitic policies of the Nazis, as were parties like the German People’s Party with 10.1 per cent, the Communist Party with 9 per cent and the German Democratic Party with 6.3 per cent.
51 Rees, Charisma, p. 37.
52 Albrecht Tyrell (ed.), Führer befiehl … Selbstzeugnisse aus der ‘Kampfzeit’ der NSDAP. Dokumentation und Analyse, Droste, 1969, pp. 281–3. In English in Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 1, pp. 34–5.
Chapter 3: From Revolution to Ballot Box
1 Words of Ernst Hanfstaengl, quoted in article in Der Spiegel by Jan Friedmann, 23 June 2010: http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/adolf-hitler-s-time-in-jail-flowers-for-the-fuehrer-in-landsberg-prison-a-702159.html.
2 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Houghton Mifflin, 1971, pp. 118–19.
3 Ibid., pp. 180–81.
4 Ibid., p. 57.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid., p. 63.
7 Ibid., p. 59.
8 Ibid., p. 65.
9 Ibid., pp. 62–3.
10 Ibid., p. 206.
11 Ibid., p. 305.
12 Aldous Huxley, ‘Notes on Propaganda’, Harper’s Monthly Magazine, December 1936.
13 Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 679.
14 Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944, Phoenix Press, 2000, 25 October 1941, p. 87.
15 Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 65.
16 First published in Völkischer Beobachter, 22 April 1922. Also see Laurence Rees, The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler, Ebury Press, 2012, p. 29.
17 A remark in conversation with General Ludendorff. See Wilhelm Breucker (Ludendorff’s adjutant), Die Tragik Ludendorffs, Rauschenbusch, 1953, p. 107; also in English in J. R. C. Wright, ‘Above Parties’: The Political Attitudes of the German Protestant Church Leadership 1918–1933, Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 78; also see Rees, Charisma, p. 135.
18 Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich, Phoenix Press, 1995, p. 150. Also see Rees, Charisma, pp. 135–6.
19 Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I: Aufzeichnungen 1923–1941, vol. 9, K. G. Saur, 1998, pp. 233–5, entry for 8 April 1941. Also see Rees, Charisma, p. 138.
20 Max Domarus, Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945, vol. 2, 1935–1938, Bolchazy-Carducci, Hitler speech of 23 November 1937, p. 980.
21 Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 232.
22 Ibid., p. 316.
23 Ibid., p. 255.
24 Ibid., p. 654.
25 Konrad Heiden, Introduction, ibid., p. xv.
26 Roger Moorhouse, His Struggle: Hitler in Landsberg Prison, 1924, Endeavor Press, 2015. Kindle edition, location 556–600.
27 Otto Leybold, Governor of Landsberg Prison, ‘Report on Adolf Hitler’, September 1924, at http://alphahistory.com/nazigermany/hitlers-prison-report-1924/.
28 Moorhouse, His Struggle, Kindle edition, location 625–31.
29 Kurt Lüdecke, I Knew Hitler, Jarrolds, 1938, pp. 217–18. Also see Rees, Charisma, p. 66.
30 Report, Der Nationalsozialist (TLeipzig), vol. 1, no. 29 from 17 August 1924, quoted in Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn (eds.), Hitler. Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen 1905–1924, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1980, p. 242.
31 Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini: A Biography, Vintage, 1983, p. 172. Also see Rees, Charisma, p. 64.
32 Previously unpublished testimony.
33 Previously unpublished testimony.
34 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I, vol. 1/1, K. G. Saur, 2004, pp. 116–17, entry for 31 March 1924.
35 Ibid., p. 312, entry for 8 June 1925.
36 Ibid., p. 50, entry for 14 November 1923.
37 Ibid., p. 121, entry for 10 April 1924.
38 Ibid., p. 147, entry for 10 June 1924.
39 Laurence Rees, The Nazis: A Warning from History, BBC Books, 1997, p. 33.
40 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I, vol. 1/1, p. 108, entry for 17 March 1924.
41 Ibid., pp. 108–9, entry for 20 March 1924.
42 Ibid., p. 201, entry for 19 August 1924.
43 Ibid., p. 253, entry for 23 December 1924.
44 Ibid., pp. 326–7, entry for 14 July 1925.
45 Ibid., Teil II: Diktate 1941–1945, vol. 2, K. G. Saur, 1996, pp. 498–9, entry for 13 December 1941.
46 Ibid., Teil I, vol. 1/1, p. 108, entry for 17 March 1924; pp. 326–7, entry for 14 July 1925.
47 Peter Longerich, Goebbels, Vintage, 2015, pp. 62–3.
48 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I, vol. 1/2, K. G. Saur, 2004, pp. 55–6, entry for 15 February 1926.
49 Ibid., p. 73, entry for 13 April 1926.
50 Gerhard L. Weinberg (ed.), Hitler’s Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf, Enigma Books, 2006, p. 234, Kindle edition, location 3978.
51 Ibid., p. 234, location 3986.
52 Ibid., p. 129, location 2367.
53 Völkischer Beobachter, no. 35, 12 February 1927, quoted in Detlef Mühlberger, Hitler’s Voice, vol. 1: Organisation and Development of the Nazi Party, Peter Lang, 2004, p. 240.
54 Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags, vol. 395, docs 13717–18, 24 March 1928. Also in Peter Longerich, Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 15.
55 Previously unpublished testimony.
56 Albrecht Tyrell (ed.), Führer befiehl … Selbstzeugnisse aus der ‘Kampfzeit’ der NSDAP, Gondrom, 1991, pp. 235–6. In English in J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919–1945, vol. 1: The Rise to Power 1919–1934, University of Exeter Press, 1983, p. 55.
57 Uriel Tal, ‘Political Faith’ of Nazism Prior to the Holocaust, Tel Aviv University, 1978, p. 28. Rees, Charisma, pp. 81–2.
58 Max Domarus, Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945, vol. 1: 1932–1934, Bolchazy-Carducci, 1990, p. 112, Hitler speech, 27 January 1932.
59 Previously unpublished testimony.
60 Previously unpublished testimony.
61 Rees, Nazis, p. 74.
62 Previously unpublished testimony.
63 Rees, Nazis, p. 46.
64 David Redles, ‘Nazi End Times: The Third Reich as Millennial Reich’, in Karolyn Kinane and Michael A. Ryan (eds.), End of Days: Essays on the Apocalypse from Antiquity to Modernity, McFarland, 2009, pp. 173–96, here p. 182.
65 Der Angriff, 9 September 1929, quoted in Longerich, Goebbels, pp. 91–2.
66 Nds. HStAH, Hann. Des. 310 I A, Nr. 35. In English in Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 1, p. 76.
67 Status report of the district president of Hanover to the Interior Minister of the Reich for the months of December 1934/January 1935, 4 February 1935, in Klaus Mlynek (ed.), Gestapo Hannover meldet … Polizei- und Regierungsberichte für das mittlere und südliche Niedersachsen zwischen 1933 und 1937, Verlag August Lax, 1986, p. 315. Original source of Mlynek: Nds. HStAH, Hann. 180 Hannover Nr. 799, ff. 191–203.
68 Laurence Rees, Selling Politics, BBC Books, 1992, p. 24.
69 Previously unpublished testimony.
70 Lion Feuchtwanger, ‘Wie kämpfen wir gegen ein Drittes Reich?’ (How Do We Struggle against a Third Reich?), Welt am Abend, 21 January 1931. In English in Anton Kaes, Martin Jay and Edward Dimendberg (eds.), The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, University of California Press, 1994, p. 167.
71 Heinrich Mann, ‘Die deutsche Entscheidung’ (The German Decision), Das Tagebuch, vol. 12, no. 51, 19 December 1931. In English in Kaes, Jay and Dimendberg, Weimar Republic Sourcebook, pp. 164–6.
72 Previously unpublished testimony and Rees, Nazis, 1997, p. 171.
73 Strasser speech, Berlin Sportpalast, 23 October 1931, CV-Zeitung. Blätter für Deutschtum und Judentum. Organ des Central-Vereins deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens e. V., Berlin, 11 December 1931, vol. X, no. 50, p. 572.
74 Otto Meissner, Aufzeichnung über die Besprechung des Herrn Reichspräsidenten mit Adolf Hitler am 13. August 1932 nachmittags 4.15, quoted in Walther Hubatsch, Hindenburg und der Staat. Aus den Papieren des Generalfeldmarschalls und Reichspräsidenten von 1878 bis 1934, Musterschmidt, 1966, p. 338. In English in Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 1, p. 104.
75 Max Domarus, Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945. Kommentiert von einem deutschen Zeitgenossen, vol. 1: Triumph, R. Löwit, 1973, p. 158, Meissner to Hitler, 24 November 1932.
76 Konrad Heiden, Adolf Hitler. Das Zeitalter der Verantwortungslosigkeit. Eine Biographie, Europa-Verlag, 1936, p. 278.
77 Jewish Telegraphic Agency report, 3 August 1934.
78 Evening Standard interview, 16 May 1933. Also see Jewish Telegraphic Agency report of the same date.
79 Völkischer Beobachter, Norddeutsche Ausgabe, vol. 46, no. 6, 6 January 1933, p. 1. Also Domarus, Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen, vol. 1, p. 175.
Chapter 4: Consolidating Power
1 Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I: Aufzeichnungen 1923–1941, vol. 2/3, K. G. Saur, 2006, p. 119, entry for 30 January 1933.
2 Laurence Rees, Their Darkest Hour, Ebury Press, 2007, pp. 206–7, but also includes some previously unpublished testimony.
3 Previously unpublished testimony.
4 Previously unpublished testimony.
5 Excerpts from the diaries of Mrs Luise Solmitz, 4 January 1932 to 5 March 1933, in Werner Jochmann, Nationalsozialismus und Revolution. Ursprung und Geschichte der NSDAP in Hamburg 1922–1933. Dokumente, Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1963, pp. 400–32, here pp. 422–3.
6 Previously unpublished testimony.
7 Previously unpublished testimony.
8 Rees, Darkest Hour, p. 136. But also includes some previously unpublished testimony.
9 Previously unpublished testimony.
10 Max Domarus, Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945, vol. 1: 1932–1934, Bolchazy-Carducci, 1990, pp. 246–7, Hitler speech, 10 February 1933.
11 Ibid., p. 253, Hitler speech, 15 February 1933.
12 Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I, vol. 2/3, p. 137, entry for 28 February 1933.
13 Previously unpublished testimony.
14 Domarus, Hitler (English edn), vol. 1, pp. 298–302.
15 Völkischer Beobachter, no. 89, 30 March 1933, quoted in Max Domarus, Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945. Kommentiert von einem deutschen Zeitgenossen, vol. 1: Triumph, R. Löwit, 1973, pp. 251–2.
16 Laurence Rees, The Nazis: A Warning from History, BBC Books, 1997, p. 105.
1
7 Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 95–7.
18 Jürgen Matthäus and Mark Roseman (eds.), Jewish Responses to Persecution, vol. 1: 1933–1938, AltaMira Press/US Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2010, CV press release dated 24 March 1933, in CV-Zeitung, 30 March 1933, document 1-5, p. 15.
19 Rees, Nazis, pp. 71–2, together with previously unpublished testimony.
20 Ibid., pp. 72–3, together with previously unpublished testimony.
21 Previously unpublished testimony.
22 Previously unpublished testimony.
23 US Holocaust Museum figures, http://www.ushmm.org/.
24 Yahil, Holocaust, p. 92.
25 Previously unpublished testimony.
26 Previously unpublished testimony.
27 Reich Statistical Office Figures for 1933, quoted in J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919–1945, vol. 2: State, Economy and Society 1933–1939, Exeter University Press, 1991, p. 522.
28 StAN, LG Ansbach, Strafprozessakten, Große Strafkammer 50/34, Bär, vol. II, p. 185, Testimony of Kurt Adolf Bär, 14 April 1934.
29 Ibid., p. 63, Testimony of Marie Breinl, 4 April 1934.
30 BayHStA, StK 6410, pp. 100–101, 103–4, 105, 113, 127, 128, 146, 147, Verdict in the action against Kurt Bär and accomplices on violation of the public peace on 14 July 1934.
31 BayHStA, MInn 73708, p. 48, Report on the events in Gunzenhausen on 25 March 1934, by the senior prosecutor at the district court in Ansbach.
32 Ibid., pp. 15–16, Letter from the deputy of the Supreme SA leader of the government of Central Franconia, 27 March 1934.
33 BayHStA, StK 6410, p. 160, The Minister of the Interior of the Reich in Berlin to the state chancellery of the Free State of Bavaria in Munich, 25 July 1934.
34 Ibid., p. 73, Indictment, 11 August 1934, against Kurt Bär and two others for murder and attempted murder.
35 BayHStA, MJu 23436 Office of U.S. Chief of Counsel, APO 124 A, U.S. Army, Memo to: Commanding Officer, Company B, Third Military Government Regiment, APO 170, U.S. Army, subject: Murder of German Jewish Subject. From the interrogation of Dr Benno Franz Theodor Martin taken at Nürnberg on 19 October 1945.