Chicago on the Make

by Andrew J. Diamond

  African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 80, 81. See also Carey, Archibald

  Afro-American Student Association, 197

  Airport Homes (public housing), 156

  Albany Park, 315

  Albert, Derrion, 268–269, 270, 282

  Alford, Alfonso, 196

  Algren, Nelson, City on the Make, 140–141, 294

  Alinsky, Saul: Archdiocese of Chicago as major donor of, 159–160, 161–162; background of, 160; Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), 158–159; Harrison-Halsted organization and tradition of, 157; Industrial Areas Foundation, 159; and intergroup relations, 58; Organization for a Southwest Community (OSC), 160; and organized labor, limitations of, 160–161; Reveille for Radicals, 158–159; and state-sponsored countersubversion, 12; and Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO), 162–164, 179, 180; and University of Chicago, 211; UNO claim to be modeled on, 301–302

  Alliance to End Repression, 212

  All-Negro radio show, 71

  Alpha Suffrage Club, 80

  alterity, strategies of, 175

  Altgeld Gardens (public housing), 257–258, 268

  Alvarez, Anita, 337

  Alvarez, David, 261

  Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen (AMCBW), 25

  Amalgamated Transit Union, 325

  American Civil Liberties Union. See ACLU

  American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 293

  Americanization, 27, 40, 42, 43, 44–45

  American Nazi Party, 201, 203

  American Protective Association, 43

  Ameritech, 283

  Amoco, 233, 283

  Amoco Building, 362n25

  Anderson, Louis B., 77

  Andersonville neighborhood, 320

  Anglo-Saxonism, 29, 51, 114. See also whiteness and white identity

  Ann Arbor, MI, 204

  anti-Catholicism, 41, 43, 52

  antilynching movement, 80, 89–90

  anti-Semitism, 208, 275–276

  antiwar movement, 204, 205, 207

  Aon Center, 362n25

  Apex Club, 67, 70

  Appomattox Club, 80, 85, 87

  Arab and Assyrian community, 317, 318, 373n123

  Aramark, 330, 331

  architecture, 6; Beaux Arts, 23; Chicago School, 6, 21–22; International Style, 232; Mies van der Rohe, 137, 228, 232; Prairie School, 47; sense of place, and tourism, 297–298. See also Burnham, Daniel; skyscrapers

  Area 2 police torture of black suspects, 7, 279, 335

  Arendt, Hannah, On Violence, 218, 219

  Argyle (aka New Chinatown, Little Vietnam), 315, 319

  Armour, 20

  Armour, J. Ogden, 28, 30

  Armour, Philip, 31

  Armour Square: antiblack violence, 111–112; Chinese community in, 315

  Armstrong, Frank H., 30

  Armstrong, Louis, 65, 66, 89, 90, 91, 91, 92; “(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue,” 92, 351n70; “Big Butter and Egg Man,” 92; “Heebie Jeebies,” 92; “S.O.L. Blues,” 92; “Struttin’ with Some Barbecue,” 92; “Sunset Café Stomp,” 92

  arson and bombings: against African Americans, 38, 46, 78, 112, 124; against Puerto Ricans, 175; “shoot to kill” order of RJD, 138, 203, 208, 210; by white gangs, and ethnoracial hierarchy, 45

  art: community mural movement, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18; public art, skyscrapers and, 232, 363n38. See also music

  Art Institute of Chicago, 31, 329

  Arvey, Jacob “Jack,” 55, 113–114

  Asian community: cabinet of RMD including, 288; ethnoracial enclaves of, 314–315, 317, 318–319; Latino-Asian dissimilarity (segregation), 314; nationwide, 172

  Associated Business Club (ABC) of Chicago, 64, 67, 69

  Associated Negro Press (newswire), 67, 79, 117

  Assyrian and Arab community, 317, 318, 373n123

  AT&T, 233

  Atlanta, GA, 249

  Atlantic Era, 16

  Auditorium Hotel, 30, 31

  Auditorium Theater, 31

  Austin (neighborhood), 47

  Austin High School, 284

  Austin, Junius C., 59–60, 64, 82, 84, 88

  Avondale, 317–318

  Axelrod, David, 265, 365n78

  Ayers, Thomas G., 234

  Bach, Ira, 146–147

  backlash. See white backlash

  Back of the Yards: Canaryville hostility to, 41; heterogeneity of, 24; mental health clinic closures, 326; Mexican community and, 313

  Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), 158–159

  Baker, Houston, 90

  Baldwin, Davarian, 66, 70

  Baldwin, James, 109; urban renewal as “Negro removal,” 142, 143, 310

  Baltimore, 266, 345n19, 366n14

  Bangladesh, immigrants from, 319

  barbecue, right to, 299

  Barksdale, David, 196

  Barnett, Claude A., 67, 79

  Barrett, James, 27

  baseball, 46, 71

  basketball, 285, 289–290, 331–332

  Bates, Beth Tompkins, 84

  Bates, David H., 26

  Bauler, Matthias “Paddy,” 55

  Baxter Laboratories, 97

  beautification: R.M. Daley and, 266, 285, 289, 305, 308; and Plan of Chicago (1909), 33; and uplift of the laboring classes, 33

  Begin, Menachem, 253

  Bell, Lamar, 196

  Ben Franklin store, 60, 61

  Benito Juárez High School, 297

  Benito Pablo Juárez García (mural), 314

  Bennett, Larry, 287, 344n10

  Bennett, William, 269, 273

  Benson, Al, 116

  Berkeley, CA, 204

  Bernhardt, Sarah, 1

  Bernstein, David, 239

  Berry, Chuck: “Johnny B. Goode,” 119; “Maybellene,” 119; “Rock and Roll Music,” 119; “Roll Over Beethoven,” 119

  Best, Wallace, 64

  Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, 82

  Bevel, James, 190

  Big Star (restaurant), 304–305

  Bilandic, Michael, 242, 250, 261

  Billboard magazine, coining “rhythm & blues,” 118

  Bill Haley and the Comets, 119, 166

  binary racial order, development of, 45–46, 47, 58, 173

  Bindman, Aaron, 123–124

  Binga, Jesse, 60, 70–71, 80, 86; and black capitalism, 62, 64, 67, 69, 75–76, 82, 90

  Binga State Bank, 67

  Birmingham, AL, 177, 178

  Black Belt: location of, 24, 38; map of, 39; and 1919 race riot, 38, 40; and WWII housing shortage, 104, 108–109, 112. See also Black Metropolis

  Blackboard Jungle, The (1955), 166

  black capitalism: antiunionism of, 79–85; banks, 62, 67; black church alliance with, 64, 81–82; corruption and embezzlement in, 60; and culturalization of politics, 69, 78–79, 85, 87; and economization of the Black Metropolis, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; and entrepreneurial spirit, 62–63, 78; and individualism vs. collective strategies of racial struggle, 61–62, 75; insurance business, 71, 74–75; lack of progress in white business world, 60–61; and linked fate, 75, 349n31; Negro Business Exposition (1938), 59–60, 62, 64, 88; and public assistance, lack of, 78; and race men/race heroes, black businessmen as, 60, 61, 66–67, 67, 69, 71, 74–75, 78, 80; Southern migrants and, 116–117; types of businesses in, 61, 63, 348nn1,10; as uplifting the race, 59, 61, 64–65, 67, 69, 75, 81, 86; and white-owned businesses patronized by black community, 62. See also Black Metropolis; Bronzeville; minority-owned businesses; real estate market

  black church: alliances with black businesses, 64, 81–82; as critical of civil rights movement, 178, 189; and National Negro Congress (1936), 88; openness to Randolph and working-class solidarity, 82; opposition to Randolph and the BSCP union, 80–82; social justice movement and, 82; storefront churches, 63–64, 115, 222

  black cultural expression: black middle-class disapproval of, 65–67, 69, 72, 90–91; Chicago as fountai
n of, 65, 117; policy wheel revenues as funding, 71; white stereotyping of, 69. See also music

  Black Disciples. See Disciples (gang)

  black gangs: ACT organization and, 186; antimachine activities of, 197; Black Panthers and, 197, 214–215; and black power movement, 182–183, 185–186, 187, 190, 192, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–200; federal funding for youth services and projects, 196–197, 198–199, 210; female branches of, 187; First Annual Gangs Convention (1966), 190; junior/midget divisions of, 187, 188; Martin Luther King and Chicago Freedom Movement attempt to enlist help of, 187–188, 189–195, 200; and labor protests, 236, 364n46; leadership talents in, 187, 195–196; LSD alliance, 236, 364n69; membership numbers and recruitment, 186–187, 188; nation added to names of, 187; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 185; police brutality and, 186–187; police/government sabotage of youth/community service programs of, 197–199; police Red Squad warnings to stay away from Democratic Convention, 213; and political organizations, transformation into, 277–278; and youth services and projects, 196–200. See also gangs; white gangs and athletic clubs

  Black Gangster Disciples. See Gangster Disciples (gang)

  black ghettos: businesses remaining in, 153; and defiance, posture of, 108; and heat wave (1995), 261–262; hyperghettos contrasted to, 354n52; middle-class housing as barrier to encroachment of, 149–150, 154, 228, 234–235, 301; 1919 race riot and centrality of, 45; postwar geographical and demographic growth of, 101–102; white identify formation and, 47. See also hyperghettos; public housing

  Black Lives Matter movement, 334, 336–337

  Black Metropolis: economization of, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; as inspiration during Great Depression, 64–65; insurance business, 71, 74–75; location of, 61; map of, 68; and migrants, 66; and “old settler” vs. “new settler” ideologies, 66; policy wheels (illicit lotteries), 70–74, 75, 105, 130; population growth and, 61. See also black capitalism; music; Stroll, the

  black middle class: as critical of the civil rights movement, 178; disapproval of black cultural expression, 65–67, 69, 72, 90–91; gentrification by, 13–14, 288–289, 298–299, 301; homeownership, 13–14, 85–86, 288–289, 361n71; incorporating via neoliberal policies, 288–289. See also black capitalism

  black nationalism: and Black Metropolis, 61; in local positions of authority, 297; and multiethnic coalition of Howard Washington, 253. See also black power movement

  Black Panther Party: assassination of Fred Hampton, 12, 184, 215–217; and black gangs, 197, 214–215; breakfast programs of, 217; Fred Hampton as chairman of, 214–215; perceived as threat by RJD and police, 217; “rainbow coalition” of, 12, 214–215, 217, 221, 250; reading lists of, 215; susceptibility to FBI infiltration, 215, 217; viewed as derailing civil-rights movement, 169

  black power movement: and black gangs in Chicago, 182–183, 185–186, 187, 190, 192, 192, 194–195, 197, 199–200; black nationalism, 61, 253; context of, 203; and failure of integrationist approaches, 180; Martin Luther King as opposing use of term, 190, 192; and nonviolence vs. militancy as philosophy, 180, 182–183, 185; police and FBI countersubversion of, 213–214, 215–218; and racial divide as increasing, 204; viewed as derailing civil-rights movement, 169, 180. See also black nationalism; Black Panther Party; countersubversion, state-sponsored

  black press: development of, 117; and Emmett Till murder, 137. See also Associated Negro Press (newswire); Chicago Defender

  Black P-Stones (gang), 122. See also Blackstone Rangers

  black resistance to racial oppression: bebop jazz and, 121; and election of Barack Obama, 293–294; as structure of feeling, 109; WWII and development of, 107–108, 109, 111–112. See also black power movement; civil rights movement

  Black’s Blue Book, 63, 85, 348n10

  Blackstone Rangers (gang): Martin Luther King’s attempt to enlist in nonviolence movement, 190–195, 200; leadership of, 187–188, 195–196; Main 21 governing body, 195, 214–215; membership of, 186, 187, 188; nation added to name of, 187; and police/government investigations, 197–199, 210; and protests for minority union membership, 236; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 214–215; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200. See also Black P-Stones (gang)

  black submachine politics: and bread-and-butter political style, reproduction of, 77–78, 131; Anton Cermak as establishing patronage distribution to, 52; and Daley’s actions during MLK assassination riots, 208–209; William Dawson as boss of, 188–189; death of Benjamin Lewis and, 189; Oscar DePriest as boss of, 76–77, 349n35; integration/civil rights as threat to power of, 130–131, 189; Martin Luther King opposed by, 188–189; “silent six” aldermen (Dawson), 188–189; Big Bill Thompson support, 40–41, 47–48, 71, 112–113; and Harold Washington replacement election, 256–257. See also Dawson, William; machine politics

  Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100), 335

  Blagojevich, Rod, 291

  Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act (1947), 143

  blight, redefined as “proper and productive economic use,” 148

  Blocks Together, 328

  blues and jazz: blues as white tourist attraction/niche market, 118, 119, 120; Chicago blues sound, 117–119; Chicago “melting pot” of, 65–66; classical black musicians forced into jazz, 120; Delta blues, 117; dress code of respectability and, 90–91, 91; entrepreneurial ethos and, 118–121; as floating signifier, 118; Harlem and bebop jazz, 120–121; lack of anticapitalist critique in, 92–93; lyrical content of, 89–90, 91–93; Maxwell Street flea market, as venue, 301; as morphing into other black music forms, 118–120; oppositional power of, 88–90, 92, 351n70; Southern migrants and, 116, 117–118. See also music

  Board of Education (CBOE): the Art Institute and, 31; Jane Byrne appointments to, 250–251; closure of schools rubber stamped by, 333; minority appointees as president of (RMD), 288; and the politics of identity, institutionalization of, 221–222; and privatization of custodial and building maintenance services, 330; TWO lawsuit charging segregation, 180–181; TWO movement protests, 163. See also schools (Chicago Public Schools, CPS)

  Bobo, Lawrence, 236

  Boeing, 283

  bond issues, 35, 238, 295

  Bontemps, Arna, 88

  Boston, MA, 181, 320

  boxing, 46, 59, 245

  Boystown neighborhood, 295, 296, 320, 370n80

  Brach’s Confections, Inc., 283–284, 369n56

  Bradley, Tom, 249

  Bradley, Wallace “Gator,” 277–278, 280–281

  Brazier, Arthur, 163, 164, 197

  Breaking the Chains (mural), 220, 362n18

  Brennan, George, 47, 52

  Bretton Woods agreement (1945), 224, 240

  Bridgeport neighborhood: and black support for “Big Bill” Thompson, 40–41; Chinese community and, 315; and R.J. Daley, 134, 151; and Dan Ryan Expressway route, 151; Irish community and, 40, 41–44, 112, 134; and Edward J. Kelly, 112; Martin H. Kennelly and, 114; Mexican community and, 315; and packinghouse workers, 41; and Harold Washington election, 245

  Bridgeview (suburb), 317

  Brighton Park Neighborhood Council, 329

  Bronzeman magazine, 71

  Bronzeville: R.M. Daley and exploitation of cultural heritage, 295; mayor of (honorary), 114–115; mural movement and, 219–220, 220; name of, 115; Harold Washington and, 241–242. See also Black Metropolis

  Brooks, Deton, 209

  Brooks, Gwendolyn, 187; “The Blackstone Rangers,” 187; “We Real Cool,” 154

  Broonzy, Bill Bill, 118

  Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), 79–85, 87–88

  Brotherhood of Teamsters, 25–26, 28, 293

  Brown, H. Rap, 169, 220

  Brown, Oscar, 198

  Brown, Wendy, 11, 148, 344n12, 349n32

  Bryce, James, 1

  Bucktown neighborhood, 299

  Buddy Guy’s Legends (club), 118

  Bungalow Belt: R.J. Daley and management of reactions from, 200, 201, 208; development in the 1920s, 47; and
housing segregation, 47, 201, 208; and middle-class backlash against New Deal, 57; and school segregation, 181; and white backlash politics, 134, 201; and white identity formation, 47

  Burge, Jon, 279

  Burgess, Ernest, 294, 343n4

  Burke, Edward, 252, 256

  Burnham, Daniel: in Chicago School (architecture), 21–22; in City Beautiful movement, 33; First Regiment Armory, 18; Baron Haussmann/Paris as influence on, 16, 32; and Plan of Chicago, 32–36

  Burroughs, William, 207, 212

  Bush, Earl, 188

  Bush, George H.W., 269, 273

  Bush, George W., 133, 269, 311

  business community: antiunionist/antilabor, 26, 28–29, 30–31; and cultural institutions, 31; and progressivism, spirit of, 29–30, 31; progrowth agenda prior to RJD, 9–10, 53–58, 143–146; race-baiting by, 26, 29. See also deindustrialization; downtown agenda; global cities/global-city agenda; neoliberalization/neoliberalism

  Byrne, Jane: and black community, 250–251; defeated by Washington in primaries, 242–244, 256; election of 1977, 243–244; redrawing of ward map, 255

  Cabrini-Green Homes (public housing), 228, 251, 280, 308, 309, 310

  Café Lura, 318

  Calder, Alexander, Flamingo, 232

  California, TIF funds, 368n49

  Calloway, Cab, 66, 90; “Minnie the Moocher,” 92

  Calumet Community Religious Conference (CCRC), 257

  Calumet Park riot (1957), 168, 176, 358n21

  Cambodia, immigrants from, 315

  Campbell, William, 189

  Canaryville neighborhood, 41–44

  Canaryville School of Gunmen, 41

  capitalism: disaster capitalism, 327; spectacle of protest and, 227. See also black capitalism; downtown agenda; neoliberalization/neoliberalism

  Capone, Al, and gang, 53, 128, 130

  CAPS (Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy), 263, 289, 305

  Carby, Hazel, 90

  Carey, Archibald, 77, 80, 81, 82