The Last Armada
Page 39
Culture of Honour: My view. For more on C of H, see notes to Ch 25; dispute over precedence, A4M
Soon after… the prediction: Mor Itin v3 p82; pac O’G v2 pp62-63
Nora Hickey quote: Hickey p19
Of course… last stand: rec silke p144; rec, Thuiller Hist. of Kinsale p29; rec Hayes-McCoy p147 and p164
In 1916…: Slaughter: F. O’Sullivan, History, pp67-70
Damian Shiels: Shiels, Damian, (2007) The Kinsale Battlefield Project, in IPMAG newsletter, Vol VI, Winter 2007
Chapter 32: ‘Honourable Terms, or a Thousand Deaths’
In a two-hour sortie… big guns: Mor Itin v3 p83 and p110
‘a volley…’: Mor Itin v3 p83
Zubiaur reported…: CSPS 840 f714, Jan 29 1602
Blount wasn’t…: CalCarew p195
Ho’N had 4,000-5000: My rough estimate, based on original force of 6,200 to 6,500 less Kinsale deaths and deserters. No-one knows for sure
Return to your…: CSPI p284
Ho’N switching: pac O’G v2 p96
‘Ill luck…’: O’Cleary p317
‘Many very brave…’: PdZ-King, Jan 15 1602; rec, Epistolario p99
Led by Donal Cam: OSB.
Honour sacrifice, guard territories: O’Cleary p321
My brother… : OSB
‘Rage and anger…’: O’Cleary p321
Survivor Guilt: See DSM-IV, ‘Associated Features and Disorders [of PTSD]’ which refers to ‘painful guilt feelings about surviving when others did not survive…’ Also rec, Neeb, Kathryn (2005) Fundamentals of Mental Health Nursing Philadelphia: FA Davis, p191; Valent, P (2007) Survivor Guilt in Fink George (ed) (2010) Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster Oxford: Academic Press p623-625; and Leys, Ruth (2007) From Guilt to Shame Princeton: Princeton University Press pp 100-106. For symptoms, see UK National Health website www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001923
accessed 30/01/2014
When O’Donnell finally… Innishannon: All O’Cleary p321 and a4m
Returning with 20,000, CSPI p284.
‘With reluctance’: a4m, also see pac O’G v2 p96
Ho’D at Castlehaven: CSPS 840 f718, Feb 21 1602; pac O’G v2 p64
PdZ ‘encouraged them’ etc: PdZ to King, Jan 15 1601; rec Epistolario p99; rec, Silke p148
Donal Cam ‘courage’: OSB
Ho’N’s bid to submit, CB’s reaction: pac O’G v2 p96 and pp98-100; also rec, Silke p147; I am willing, pac O’G v2 p96
Meanwhile George… he ordered: My analysis. Report with Boyle, see ch 1
March home, Sheale: CSPI p285 Rivers in flood: Mor Itin v3 p103
‘A troop…’: CSPI p275
Five days after… force us out: All Bust. Oviedo concedes that hunger was the greatest killer in Kinsale (letter to King, Jan 27). However, García Hernán (p8) believes the evidence shows that the Spanish did not have a problem with provisions.
900 sick, wounded: CSPS 840 f718, Feb 21 1602
‘They rail…’: CSPI p240
‘The poor Spaniards…’: Philalethes, Andreas (1602) An Answer Made By One Of Our Brethren
Águila asked, etc.: Bust; supported by CSPI pp 641-642; CalCarew pp 195-196
‘I pray…’: CSPI p272
Godolphin had excelled…: Stow, John (1631), Annals, cited in Gibson p86
Cornish raid: CSP Domestic, 1595-97 pp 78-81; Monson Vol 1 p313, pp 323-324; Duro pp 92-93; rec, Rowse, A. L. (1941) Tudor Cornwall London: Jonathan Cape; rec, Ward, Alastair (2004) Espana Brittania Shepheard-Walwyn p83+; rec, BBC Radio 4 documentary, Things We Forgot To Remember; rec, website www.west-penwith.org.uk/raid.htm, accessed 29/12/2013
JdA’s, CB’s quotes in negotiation: CalCarew pp195-197; CSPI pp641-642; Mor Itin v3 pp 88-92
JdA had 1,800 effectives: CSPS 840 f714, Jan 29 1602 (but CalCarew p197 says 2,000). Insurgent force now <5,000: See earlier note in this chapter
He had been deserted…negotiations: CSPI p642
It was important… in the town: Mor Itin v3 pp109-110; CalCarew p195 footnote
Weak, indefensible: CSPI pp641-642, and Bust; like Blavet, CSPI p243
Despite all… miserable town: pac O’G v2 pp83-84; CSPI p276
One week later… own expense: Mor Itin v3 p95; pac O’G v2 p91
Cecil reaction to deal: CalCarew p216
Oviedo reaction: Ov-King, Jan 26; rec, McBride pp113-114
1,800 and 5,000: See earlier note in this chapter
Archer, Mansoni reactions: Archer to Whyte in Jones Indictment p218; Mansoni Report, ibid p223
Donal Cam quotes: CSPS 840 f717 Feb 16 1602; CSPI pp 301-302
Chapter 33: ‘A Barbarous Nation for Which Christ Never Died’
An officer named… in their flesh: CSPS 840 f714, Jan 29 1602 NS
Young King… and thanks: CSPS 840 f715, Jan 30 1602 NS
Venetian report: CSPV f1048 and f1049, Jan 22 1602 NS
French invasion: CSPV f1035, Dec 24 1601, Marin Cavalli to Doge; CSPS 840 f713, end Dec 1601
As O’Donnell… relieve Don Juan: pac O’G v2 84-85; CSPS 840 f718, Feb 21 1602 NS
‘Good friends’: pac O’G v2 pp 84-85
‘Kind friendship’: CSPI p272
‘Truly… worse place’: CSPI p292; also Bacon, op.cit., p527. For more on JdA’s disenchantment see CSPI p438 and p642
Maudling quote: BBC News website www.bbc.co.uk, (Jan 6 2006) The Politics of Drinking in Power. Accessed Dec 29 2013
JdA suggests peace: Mor Itin v3 p139
Stolen letters episode: All pac O’G v2 pp101-103; CSPI p643
‘Don Diegos’: CSPI p276
Morejón’s roots: Mor Itin v3 p134
Gold chain: rec, Morgan BoK p130
Harvey-Lopez de Soto: pac O’G v2 pp129-134
Cecil doubted it: CalCarew p272
Gift of book: pac O’G v2 pp 248-249
Bullets in mouths: e.g., see Davis, Edward (1619) England’s Trainings, in Gleig, George (1832) Eminent British Military Commanders London: Longman
It was Feb 20… entire ordeal: CSPI p328; Mor Itin v3 p141; pac O’G v2 p136
Separate tally: Carew in CSPI p300
60-70 pc: My estimate. Original force was 4464 (CSPS 840 f712 Dec 17 1601) Returning survivors: 1400 or 1880 in Feb + 1200 in March = 2,600 to 3080. Separately, Silke (p156) estimates 2,200 + 440 = 2660 returned. Report by Spanish Council (CSPS 840 f714 Jan29 1602) says JdA had 1800 + 900 sick = 2,700 in January
Ho’N lost…: See note ‘Irish deaths’ to Ch 30
Spanish deaths: OSB reckons 500 and Oviedo (Jan 27 to King) says 400-500, but see my statistics above. More dying daily, CSPI p297
English deaths: OSB reckons 8,000; ‘eminent historian’ reckoning 10,000 is Standish O’Grady, see footnote to pac O’G v2 p256; PdZ reckons 3,000-4,000 ‘killed’ as opposed to died (CSPS 840 f714)
Carew was… winter siege: pac O’G v2 p256
Chapter 34: Dossier of Treason
CB under suspicion (generally): See p lxxiii of J. S. Brewer’s Introduction to CalCarew; CalCarew p221; Spedding, numerous references (see CB listing in Index) especially pp 170-171; CSPI Introduction pp xi-xii; CSPI p220; Mor Itin Volume Two pp354-355; Maclean Letters p85 footnote; and pp90-91; Bruce, multiple references, especially page xviii, and xxi to xxv (also see CSPI Preface lxxiii)
Essex-Ho’N truce: Camden History… p571-574
Carleton letter: CSP Domestic 1601-1603 pp134-135
Lords’ criticism: Mor Itin v3 p97
Even Secretary… heartbeat: CalCarew p216
CB negotiations with HO’N: pac O’G v2 p96 and pp98-100
CB bared soul: Letter to Cecil Feb 15 1602 in Mor Itin v3 p120
The childless Elizabeth… once and for all: Camden Annales (1635); threat to Cecils from James, rec Connolly p241
Penelope wrote to James: rec, Wilson p108; rec, Rickman p119
Blount firmly… Privy Council: rec, CB entry in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
‘We that… negligence’: Rare let
ter printed in p330 of (1663) Cabala, Sive Scrinia Sacra London: Bedell and Collins
Halfway… claim: Spedding, p168-170; rec, Strachey pp 228-229; rec, CB entry in Oxford Dict. Nat. Biog.
Essex in Queen’s chamber, disgraced: Camden History… p574; rec, Strachey pp137-138
Vanished to Portsmouth: CSPI pp368-369
Blount who was… business ended: Declaration of Charles Danvers reproduced in pp333-337 of Spedding v2 Also see Spedding’s damning comment pp170-171
Penelope at court: rec, Wilson pp99-100; rec, Falls Mountjoy p114; ‘violating’ Camden Annales p535; courtiers fawning, rec, Rickman p119
Penelope letter, power of press: From Proceedings of the Earl of Essex (1601) in p178 of Spedding. Also see p199. Quotes, letter reproduced in (rec) Rawson p226 and Wilson pp101-107
This stuff… little finger: rec, Wilson pp 101-106; rec, Rickman p119; rec, P Rich entry in Oxford Dict. Nat. Biog.
Southampton visit to CB; ‘utterly rejected’: Testimony of C. Danvers; Spedding v2 pp171-2 and p171 footnote; Strachey pp229-230; rec, Falls, Mountjoy, p135.
Foppish etc: rec, pp 85-86 of Bryson, Bill (2007) Shakespeare London: Harper; ‘fair youth’, rec, Boyd, William (2005) Two Loves Have I in The Guardian newspaper 19/11/2005; courageous soldier, rec, Falls, Mountjoy p135
Essex’s financial plight: Letter from Essex to Elizabeth 22/9/1600; going mad, journal of Sir John Harington, cited in (rec) Dawson, Ian (1993) The Tudor Century Cheltenham: Nelson
Essex revolt: A Declaration Touching The Treasons [etc] in 1601; Camden Annales; Camden, History… v4 pp604-612; Spedding v4 pp244+
‘Stood for a while…’: Ross (1652)
Penelope dined with ringleaders, vacillating nobleman: rec, Rawson p244; rec, Wilson p112; rec, Rickman p119; rec, P Rich entry in Ox. Dict. Nat. Biog. Rawson (p222) says she was probably aware of CB’s ‘troops to Scotland’ plot too
‘Coward’ quote: Letter to CB from Nottingham 31/5/1601 cited in p17 of Goodman, Godfrey (1839) The Court of James I v2; also see Spedding pp236-237; and Wilson ch 9
‘Slave than sister’: Letter to Nottingham from P. Rich cited in Goodman p18 and Rawson pp 252-253
Before his execution… design: Ross; Camden Annales p35; Goodman p17; rec, Falls Mountjoy p153; rec, Rickman p121
CB mentioned, damning parts suppressed: Spedding v2 pp 291-292 and footnote; and pp325
On Feb 22… he admitted privately: Mor Itin v3 pp353-355
‘Dissembled, concealed’: Camden Annales p35
‘Lord Mountjoy… of the matter’: Camden, History… v4 p629
‘I am confident… this conspiracy’: Letter CB to Cecil Feb 24, CSPI 1600-1601
Private cook, beddings: rec Rickman p121; rec, Falls Mountjoy, p155
Fortunately… black eyes: Letter to CB from Nottingham, op. cit.
By March… by Essex: Mor Itin volume two pp356-357
Conspire and collude: See first ref in this chapter; also following refs
Dark allusions: Maclean Letters p90 footnote
‘Unworthy friends’: Letter Cecil-Carew Aug 13 1601 in CalCarew p124
Gentleman or devil: CSPI p85
‘It is sad… at home’: CSPI introduction, page xii
‘Kitchenmaid’: Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts 1589-1600 item 494, from Lambeth Palace Dec 3 1600; she uses the nickname again in July 1602 (Qu-CB letter from Greenwich 15/7/1602)
Wreck peace deal: CalCarew p215
Scandalous, Portsmouth: CSPI pp368-369
‘The emulation… removed’: CSPI p279
Chapter 35: A Dead Juan Walking
Irish schoolbook: i.e., Gwynn, Stephen Lucius, Mrs. (1904) Stories from Irish History, told for Children Dublin: Browne & Nolan. Thanks to (rec) Morgan’s BoK, p30 for drawing this to my attention
Pleasant passage, March 21: CSPI p363; pac O’G v2 pp247-248
His return to Coruña: Duro p221, Cordoba p140
Águila stepped… turn at Ireland: CalCarew p217; CSPI p363
Cordoba diary: Cordoba p140
Merchant claimed: CSPI p362
Venetian report: CSPV f1068, March 28 1602. Also see Coroba p136-137 and Duro p221
Mightily railed, great credit: CSP Domestic 1601-1603 p176
Carew intelligence: CalCarew p225
Men dying, dead: CalCarew p249; pac O’G v2 pp252-253; CalCarew pp324-325. Separately, JdA’s report to King in April said he returned with 1,500 fit soldiers and 700 sick (= 2,200) plus Lopez de Soto’s 400 foot soldiers = 2,600
‘Some few’…: CalCarew p217
End of Irish-bound Armadas: Historical fact. Also, rec, Silke (p161) who says Ireland was ‘written off’ in mid-1602
Two months beforehand… as a Spanish colony: O’Cleary p323; a4m; CSPS 840 f716, Feb 13 1602. ‘As colony’, also see Watson, Robert and Thompson, William (1792) The History of the Reign of Philip III Vol 1 Basle: Tourneisen, p92
5K, 10K, 13K troops: CalCarew p289; CSPI pp439-440; other port, CalCarew p324
Cecil reaction: CalCarew p272 and p324
Biron plot: Mor Itin v3 p174; background, rec, Biron entry in Encyclopaedia Brittanica
‘Another report… desperate’: CSPS 840 f732, Florence Conroy to King, Jan 13 1603
Ho’D’s anguish, death: O’Cleary p327
Blake: CalCarew p241 and pp350-351
‘Serpent’: CalCarew p370
10k ducats: CSPS 840 f730, Nov 2 1602
The Duke… move on: My analysis; see notes to Ch 4; also rec, Silke on Lerma’s attitude, p158 and pp170-171
‘These people… may be’: CSPS 840 f732 Jan 13 1603
‘I would… Majesty’: Count de Olivares in CSPS 840 f735 March 2 1603
Mansoni claim: Report to Rome, rec, Jones, Indictment p219
The Spanish had… depositions: CalCarew p220; rec, Silke p158
‘To say the truth…’: pac O’G v2 pp247-248
Flung into prison as some histories assert: eg, D’Alton p182. This is a persistent myth. JdA was merely ‘restrained in his lodgings’ pending inquiries (CSPI 1603-1606 p8). He wrote letters from his home near Avila – see AGS E 3145 and AGS GA Leg 3145, both March 1603 (rec, García Hernán pp532-533). Also, rec, Silke p167
Águila was not… to the King: Monson letter to Cecil Oct 4 1602 in p417 of (1910) Calendar of Ms of Robert Cecil London: HM Stationery Office. Also (rec) James Archer entry by C. J. Woods in Dictionary of Irish Biography (2009) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Archer’s criticisms, rec, Jones Indictment and Mangan Comment
‘God many times…’: Mor Itin v3 p144
Gifts, JdA letter: pac O’G v2 pp247-248
CB illness: Mor Itin p142; pac O’G v2 p139
Carew wanted share: CalCarew p243
‘The bearer… sending’: CalCarew p248
Carew was not…kindness: CSPI p427
I render… myself: pac O’G v2 pp217-218
‘By Don… dream’: Mor Itin p140
Edney episode and his quotes about trial: CalCarew p333, p356; pac O’G v2 pp248-249 and pp251-252; CSPI pp 643-644
Chapter 36: The Trial
General note: An entire book could be written on the JdA trial alone: there are reams of complex accusations and rebuttals. I have tried to summarise the main charges based on the following documents, in order of importance: (1) Cristobal de Moura to War Council, April 1, 1603, listing 12 counts; (2) Ibarra to War Council, Sept 2 1602, listing five unanswered questions; and (3) Oviedo’s complaints to Ibarra on August 6 1602. JdA’s main defence is in his letter to the King on January 18, 1602. Silke (rec) presents a good brief analysis on p163; also rec García Hernán, p534, p498, p495 and p275. I have also incorporated Oviedo’s, Archer’s and Mansoni’s accusations from other sources and included relevant documents from CSPI, pac O’G v2 and CalCarew
The five topics: Ibarra-War Council, Sept 2 1602
Failure to capture Cork: also see CSPI p442
Failure to defend, cowardice: also see Archer letter to Whyte and Mansoni
Report, rec Jones Indictment pp 217-220; Oviedo letters, rec McBride pp111-116
The twelve charges: de Moura-War Council, April 1 1603
JdA’s defence document, great bravery: JdA to Ibarra from Avila, March 29 1603; JdA to King, Jan 18 1602
PdZ ‘worst place’: PdZ-King, Jan 15; rec Epistolario p99
Destination: War Council ruling July 12 1603. Also, rec, Silke p171
If Águila had marched…: CSPI p442
JdA hadn’t enough men: CSPS 840 f712, Dec 17 1601; also see CSPI p467, ‘12,000 needed’
Shoreline: pac (1810 ed) pp 342-343
‘The Irish… saddles’: CalCarew p263
‘Harnesses… horses’: CSPS 840 f696 Nov 28 1600
Oviedo quote: Ov-King, Jan 27; rec McBride p115
Archer quote: Letter to Whyte op. cit.
JdA’s quotes in defence: JdA-King, Jan 18 1602
Dereliction of duty: War Council ruling, April 12 1603. Also see Cordoba p137, CSPS 840 f719 Feb 22 1602.
Donal Cam letter: CSPS 840 f719
Lopez de Soto, timing: CSPI p441
‘I waited… to escape’: CSPI p641
‘One puff’: Quoted in Carleton, George (1624) A Thankful Remembrance
Ho’N explanation: In letter to King, Jan 16 1602; rec, García Hernán p37
Council verdict, JdA exonerated, minority opinion: War Council ruling from Valladolid, July 12 1603, with five points and a summary. Rec, García Hernán p564. Also see CSPI p573; Mor Itin v3 p313; CalCarew p316, p249; rec, Silke pp 171-173
PdZ was accused… he had trained: CSPI p573; CSPS 840 f714 Jan 29 1602; War Council report to King, Aug 3 1602; rec, Epistolario p104
Heredia: Carew ms, Lambeth Palace Library, MS 607 p203
‘Don Juan… of the King’: CSPI p573
Leading another mission: Mor Itin v3 p313; CalCarew p316 and p249; rec, Silke p172
Retired to El Barraco; quotes from Gil Gonzáles Dávila (1578-1658) pp 246-247; and Duro p221
He died: Gonzáles Dávila p247; Duro p221;
‘of grief’: pac O’G v2 p251
‘August 1602’: This date seems based on pac O’G v2 p251 and is probably a misunderstanding of ‘shortly after’
English records: eg, Mor Itin v3 p313
Writing letters: eg JdA to Ibarra from Avila, March 29 1603
JdA funeral, interment, chapel and bequests, ‘Juana’: Gonzáles Dávila p247. I am also grateful to (rec) Professor Juan Carlos Bermejo de la Cruz, who reproduces JdA’s Will in his website http://bermejoyclio.blogspot.ie (Accessed 01/01/2014). Summary and interpretation mine