by James Traub
Canning, Stratford, 261–262, 271, 279
Capitol building, 121–122
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 202–203, 207–209, 225, 242
The Catechism of Reform (Bentham), 210–211
Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de, 167, 169–171
censure motion, 417, 422, 443–446, 457, 489–490, 493–495
Channing, William Ellery, 437, 442, 448–449, 465
Chaumont, Jacques Le Ray de, 39–40
USS Chesapeake, 149
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 371
Choate, Rufus, 473
Christianity
Amistad passengers, 475
Anti-Masonic Party, 411–412
civic virtues stemming from Christian virtues, 11–13, 15
JQA’s funeral, 529
JQA’s Harvard professorship, 138–139, 143
JQA’s increasing study of, 183–184
JQA’s prayers for the safety of his country, 161
JQA’s reconciliation with death, 535
JQA’s religious background, 6
Second Great Awakening, 409, 430–432
territorial expansion, 512–513
civil war, expectation of, 405, 465
classical education
Abigail Adams’s, 8–9
Charles’s correspondence with JQA, 339–340, 385–386
education for citizenship, 14–15
Harvard commencement, 49
JQA’s application to Harvard, 40–41
JQA’s education, 27
JQA’s Harvard oratory, 143–144
JQA’s love of theater, 35–36
JQA’s preparation for college, 36–37
JQA’s reflection on ambition and humility, 70–71
Latin translations, 104
Clay, Henry, 514
Anti-Masonic Party, 410
attempts to blacken JQA’s reputation, 267–270
cabinet appointment, 317
censuring Jackson, 417, 422
desire for retirement, 364
1824 presidential campaign, 264–267, 293, 301–308
1832 election defeat, 412
foreign policy, 237–238
infrastructure development, xiv
Jackson’s dislike of, 238–239, 370
JQA as secretary of state, 208
JQA’s cabinet formation, 318, 330, 337
JQA’s death, 526
JQA’s election campaign, 370–371
JQA’s internal improvements, 323
Louisa’s opinion of, 250
Monroe administration, 236, 244
Monroe Doctrine, 282, 285–286
national bank bill, 496
nullification, 405
Pan-American Congress, 346–347, 349–351
Polk’s election over, 511
runoff election, 310
South American policy, 342–343
Spain’s South American colonies, 256–258
state role in refashioning America, 327
tariff cuts, 400
tariff imposition, 366, 369
tariff legislation, 368
Treaty of Ghent, 187–191, 193–195
views on the Spanish colonies, 255–256
Whig control of the Senate, 423
Clinton, DeWitt, 288, 294, 304
coat of arms, 208–209
Coffin Hand Bill, 369
colonialism
JQA’s attack on British policy, 256–257, 261–262
Monroe Doctrine, 279–284
Spain, 215–216, 219
US refusal to seek colonies, 274
See also Spain
Committee on Manufactures, 399, 403–406
Confederation Congress, 39
Congress
abolition bill, 453–454
abolitionists petitioning, 399, 428–430, 433–434, 441–446, 449–450, 463–464, 487–494
aggression bill and trade embargo, 151–152
Alien and Sedition Acts, 100
Amistad case, 472–473
annexation of Texas, 499–500
censuring Jackson, 416–417
Clay’s attempts to blacken JQA’s reputation, 268–270
determining the US president, 303–304
dilapidation of the city, 121–122
divisiveness of slavery, 506–507
1824 presidential election, 266, 297–298
final days of JQA, 522–526
Florida controversy, 238–239
Giddings heading the anti-slavery cause, 494–495
Jackson-Calhoun-Old Radical agenda, 366
John Tyler’s administration, 484–485
JQA’s death and funeral, 528–531
JQA’s South American policy, 344–345
legislative powers, 319
Mexican American War, 436
Monroe Doctrine, 281–286
newspaper laws, 265
nullification doctrine, 394–397, 402–407
opposition control under JQA, 361–362, 371
Oregon Territories, 512
Pan-American Congress, 350
power to regulate slavery, 433–435
resolve against French incursion, 98
slave states controlling, 483–484, 494–495
slavery and abolitionism, xv
slavocracy, xi
Smithsonian Committee, 518–519
tariff legislation, 366–369, 399–401, 416
Texas annexation, 456–459
trade embargo against Britain, 141, 153–159
Whig control, 423
young John Adams’s fist fight, 364
See also gag rule; political career, JQA’s
Conscience Whigs, 516, 535–536
Constitution, US
American support for the French Revolution, 63–65
determining the US president, 303–304
gag rule, 435
“hereditary slavery” amendment proposal, 465
Louisiana Purchase, 126–128
right of petition, 430
Constitutional Convention, 239, 252–253
constitutions, state, 24–25, 59–61
Continental Congress, 7, 15–16, 24, 171
Continental System, 166, 170–171
Cook, Orchard, 157–158
“corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay, 308, 317, 354–356, 362, 370
cotton production, 366–367
Crawford, William H.
abolitionism and piracy, 295–296
1824 presidential campaign, 264–265, 288, 292–293, 295, 300–301
intervention in Greece, 276
Jackson’s misconduct, 222
JQA administration, 370–371
JQA’s dislike of, 234
Monroe administration, 236, 243
Republican presidential nomination, 208
runoff election, 309–311
Spain’s colonial pretensions in South America, 220
Cuba, 275–276, 279–280, 342–344, 348, 350
Cushing, Caleb, 444, 446, 485, 488, 498
Dana, Francis, 25, 28–30, 40
Deane, Silas, 20–21, 70
death threats against JQA, 462–463, 485–486
Decatur, Stephen, 328
Declaration of Independence, 61, 63, 256–258, 335, 395–396, 490, 508
A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (Adams), 47
democracy
absolutist doctrine of the French revolutionaries, 98–99
American support for the French Revolution, 63–65
Bentham’s admiration of social equality and, 210
democracy promotion doctrine, 69
Jeffersonian governance, 123, 132–133
JQA’s abhorrence of, 62–63
Masons as enemies of, 409–410
presidential election, 287
Democratic Party
Adams’s minority report, 407
congressional retrenchment, 496–497
formati
on of, 354–355
gaining strength, 408
Jackson administration, 422
newspaper support, 369
opposition control, 361
single-party systems, 422
tariff legislation, 366
Denmark, 162–163, 166–167, 170
depression, JQA’s, xvii, 52–54, 57–58, 182
Dermot MacMorrogh (Adams), 392–393, 402
Dickens, Charles, 517
diplomatic career, JQA’s
appointment to Prussia, 89–90, 92–95
appointment to Russia, 159–161, 164–169, 174–175, 177–178, 192
appointment as minister to England, 201–211
avoiding political hot spots, 92–93
French and British blockades in Northern Europe, 162–163
impact on his parents and children, 162–163
JQA’s conviction of the importance of diplomacy, 499
JQA’s seniority, 170
Louisa’s role in, 94–96
See also secretary of state
Directory, French, 98–101
disunion, fears of, 153, 158–159, 195
domestic policy, xiv–xv, 232–233
Duane, William J., 416
duels, 249, 349–350
Dwight, Timothy, 125
earthquake, Washington, DC’s, 365
Eaton, John H., 351, 388
economic development, 459. See also infrastructure investment
economic diplomacy, 260–261
economic recession and Shays’ Rebellion, 46–48
education
as civic duty, 11–14
astronomical research, 518
military academy proposal, 324–326
of Abigail Adams, 8–9
of John and Abigail Adams’s children, 10–11, 13–14
of JQA’s children, 116, 160, 175–176, 226–227, 252
of Louisa Johnson Adams, 82
Smithson bequest, 518–519
education, JQA’s
Abigail’s expectations of, 12
at Harvard, 40–46, 48–50
eclectic nature of, xvi
in France, 21–22, 24
in Holland, 27
in Paris, 22–23, 25
learning German in Prussia, 103–104
linguistic ability, 84
preparation for college, 41–42
reading law, 48–49, 51–52
through experience and observation, 28–30, 34–35
Ellis, Henry, 517–518
Emancipation Proclamation, 438
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 420
England. See Britain
Enlightenment ideals, 23
Erie Canal, 326
Essex Junto, 120, 125, 149, 151, 154–156, 195, 232, 269, 384
eulogies for JQA, 532–535
Europe
JQA’s political and philosophical observations, 72–73
Monroe Doctrine, xiv, 275, 279–280, 285–286, 341
republican movements in, 276–279
See also diplomatic career, JQA’s; specific countries
European conflict. See Britain; France; Russia; Spain
Everett, Alexander H., 237
Everett, Edward, 144, 390–391, 399, 514
executive power, 351–352, 422
expansionism, American
Clay’s advocacy for, 237–238
disunion debate, 132–134
Florida conflict, 209, 219–225, 228–231, 238–239, 248–249, 260, 499
Louisiana Purchase, 220
Manifest Destiny, xiii–xiv, 190, 501–502, 511–512
Mexico and Oregon, 511–513
Missouri Compromise, xv, 241–246, 483–484, 501
Texas annexation, 501–502
Treaty of Ghent, 189–191
expansionism, French, 68–69
Farewell Address, Washington’s, 78, 285–286
federal lands, disposition of, 395, 406–407
Federalist Party
American Anglophilia, 140–141, 148–149, 154
demise of, 133
1824 presidential election, 294–295, 304
fears over French attack, 97–98
government reform, 325
Jeffersonians split from, 60
JQA’s congressional career, 125
JQA’s defection from, 150–151, 153–154
JQA’s political worldview, 119–120
JQA’s presidential candidacy, 308–309
JQA’s senate win, 115
JQA’s view of the impending French Revolution, 77–79
Louisiana Purchase, 126–127
Massachusetts convention, 59
Monroe’s overtures to, 232–233
New England factionalism, 209
opinion of Adams, 128–129
Publicola essays, 61–62
trade embargo against Britain, xii, 140–142, 155–156
Fillmore, Millard, 453
financial misconduct, allegations of, 365
First Amendment rights, 444
Fletcher v. Peck, 159
Florida, territorial battle over, 209, 219–225, 228–231, 238–239, 248–249, 260, 499
Force Bill, 404–405
foreign policy
abolitionism, 295–297
Clay’s attitude towards, 237
European war-centered diplomacy, 247–248
Holy Alliance aggression, 277–278
intervention in Greece, 276
JQA’s attack on British colonialism, 256–258
JQA’s conviction of US supremacy, 498–499
JQA’s first address to Congress, 325–326
JQA’s South American policy, 341–351
Monroe Doctrine, 274–275, 279–286
Russian negotiations over Alaska and Canada, 276–277
Spain’s colonial pretensions in South America, 218
Tyler’s bellicose policies, 497–501
See also secretary of state; specific countries
France
accusations of Jefferson’s conspiracy with, 153, 157
aggression against Spain, 281–282
American preparations for war against, 100–102
Batavian Republic, 69–72
British involvement in the Napoleonic Wars, 186–187
Clay’s conciliatory attitude, 423–424
Dutch surrender to, 68–69
invasion of Russia, 180–181
Jay’s Treaty, 74
John Adams’s diplomatic appointment, 16–21
JQA’s familiarity with, 32, 35–36
JQA’s return from Russia, 197–198
Monroe Doctrine, 281–282
Napoleon’s invasion of, 197–198
prognostication of the revolution, 73
quest for world domination, 96–98
republican movements in Europe, 278
Russia’s political role, 166–167
trade war with England, 148–149
treaty obligations, 423–424
Treaty of Paris negotiation, 23–26, 31–32
War of 1812, 176–177
weights and measures, 254
XYZ affair, 100–101
See also Bonaparte, Napoleon; French Revolution
Franklin, Benjamin, 16, 20–21, 24, 31–32, 36
Frazier, Mary, 55–58, 79, 82–83, 85, 130–131, 461
Frazier, Moses, 55
Frazier, Nathaniel, 110
Frederick Wilhelm III, 93–94, 165
Free Soil movement, 437, 535–536
free trade, 260–261
freed slaves, 451–452, 524. See also Amistad (slave ship) case
French Revolution, xiv, 36
American stance, 63–65, 73–77
British impressment of American sailors, 140–141
JQA’s political and philosophical observations before, 72–73, 75–77
JQA’s political worldview, 119–120
JQA’s warning to his father, 98–99
Pai
ne’s writings, 61
Frye, Nathaniel, 451
fugitive slaves, 520
gag rule, 430, 433–435, 441–442, 446, 453–454, 456, 463–464, 487, 506–511, 534
Gaines, Edmund, 320
Gallatin, Albert, 111, 121, 182, 185–191, 193–195, 234, 242, 275–276, 536
gardening, JQA’s enjoyment of, 360–361, 372, 388–389
Garrison, William Lloyd, 431, 437, 442, 455, 466–467
genealogy, JQA’s interest in, 272–273
Genêt, Edmond-Charles, 63–65, 75–76
Georgia, 319–322, 488
Ghent, Treaty of, xiii, 92, 186–197, 202, 267–269
Giddings, Joshua, 446, 463–464, 475, 477, 486, 489, 493–495, 506, 508, 516–517
Gilmer, Thomas, 488–489, 492–493
government reform, 325–326, 361–362
gradualists, 431
Great Britain. See Britain
Greece, political rebellion, 276, 282, 284
Green, Duff, 355–356, 364
Grimké, Angelina, 455, 458, 486–487
gubernatorial race, 412–413
Hague, JQA’s appointment to the, 68, 83–84
Hague, Treaty of the, 69
Haiti, 347–348, 351, 436
Hamilton, Alexander, 78, 115, 135
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 163
Hammond, Charles, 433, 447
Hancock, John, 53
Harrison, William Henry, 473, 480, 483–485, 496, 529
Harrow, Nancy, 137
Hartford Convention, 195, 402, 499–500
Harvard College
Charles Adams’s lackluster performance, 103
George Adams’s preparations for, 202
Henry Adams’s scholarship, 536
Jackson’s honor, 419
John Adams II’s removal from, 272
JQA’s address at, 53
JQA’s admission to, 40
JQA’s commencement from, 48–50
JQA’s education at, 42–46, 48
JQA’s love of astronomy, 523–524
JQA’s preparation for, 24, 36
JQA’s professorship, 138–140, 142–144, 150, 156–157
observatory report, 513
student unrest, 419–420
Talleyrand’s XYZ affair, 100
Hayne, Robert, 395–396
health, JQA’s, 53–54, 137–138, 150, 169, 205, 391–392, 441
Hellen, Nancy Johnson (sister-in-law), 123, 145, 172–173, 251, 332
Hellen, Walter, 123, 522
hereditary slavery, 465
History of England (Hume), 392
History of the American People (Wilson), 358–359
hobbies, JQA’s, 271
Holland, 26–27, 30–31, 34–35, 65–78, 83–84, 86–87
Holy Alliance, 256, 277–279, 281, 284
Hone, Philip, xvi, 533
human rights issue, slavery as, 244
Hume, David, 392
Hyde de Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, Baron, 230–231, 251
illness, Louisa Johnson Adams’s, 92–93, 104, 117–118, 150, 183–184, 250–251, 372, 521–522