Eleanor of Aquitaine
Page 51
89 “Touring the Blachernae”: Odo de Deuil, p. 65.
90 “Her fortunes transformed”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 174.
91 “Conscientiously she organized”: Odo de Deuil, p. 67.
93 “Odo tells us”: Ibid., p. 67.
93 “One day”: Ibid., p. 75
94 “It was feared”: Ibid., p. 83.
94 “The victorious Turks”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 168.
95 “Louis, nevertheless”: Odo de Deuil, p. 91.
96 “Most likely Conrad”: Ibid., p. 99.
96 “Although you do not fear”: Ibid., p. 105.
96 “Eventually he came across”: Ibid.
96 “Perchance”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 174.
97 “Filled with joy”: Ibid., p. 175.
98 “Harassed at every step”: Odo de Deuil, p. 111.
99 “At noon”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 175.
99 “Although there was no avenue”: Odo de Deuil, p. 119.
99 “William of Tyre”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 176.
100 “His royal bodyguard”: Odo de Deuil, p. 119.
100 “No aid came”: Ibid., p. 117.
100 “With tremulous voice”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 177.
100 “By many of the Franks”: These charges would pursue Eleanor down to modern times. “The freaks of Queen Eleanor and her female warriors were the cause of all the misfortunes that befell King Louis and his army, especially in the defeat at Laodicea.” Strickland, vol. 1, p. 246.
101 “With this food”: Odo de Deuil, p. 129.
102 “Let us, the king insisted”: Ibid., p. 131.
102 “It is not difficult”: Ibid., p. 133.
103 “It was more like”: Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 76; Munro, p. 19.
104 “Thirteen years earlier”: Runciman, vol. 2, p. 199.
104 Raymond’s reception of the Crusaders: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 180.
107 “While Louis had been”: In justice to Louis, it should be noted that as a rule the Capetian kings were faithful husbands; only two bastards were recorded for the fourteen kings of their dynasty (Fawtier, p. 52).
108 “Undoubtedly he recalled”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 52.
108 “How Louis initially reacted”: Ibid., p. 53.
108 “So when Louis objected”: Ibid.
108 “Five years earlier”: James, Letters, p. 371.
109 “Louis could not deny”: Their kinship was extremely complicated. Another way of reckoning was that Eleanor’s great-grandmother Aldeardis was an aunt of Louis’s mother, Adelaide.
109 “However deeply moved”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 53.
109 “He boldly persuaded”: Ibid.
110 “The archbishop would say”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 180.
110 “The anonymous chronicle”: Minstrel of Reims, p. 258.
111 “The chronicles provide”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 53.
111 “Louis’s arrival in Syria”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 181.
The Unwanted Crown
112 “At the Jaffa Gate”: William of Tyre, ‘vol. 2, p. 183.
113 “John of Salisbury”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 53.
114 “At this time, Frankish Syria”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 182.
114 “In mid-May”: Ibid., p. 185.
114 “Among the Crusaders”: Ibid., p. 181.
115 “This was, to put it mildly”: Runciman, vol. 2, p. 281.
115 “On Saturday, July 24”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, pp. 187-190.
116 “Arab historian”: ibn-al-Qalanisi, trans. in Gabrieli, p. 59.
117 “On both sides”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 194.
117 “Slowly the crusading army”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 58.
118 “Thinly disguised”: Delisle, vol. 15, pp. 509—510.
118 “O eternal God”: Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 102.
118 “She had climbed”: Ibid., p. 99.
119 “Many thinking men”: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., p. 11.
119 “Less charitable chroniclers”: Delisle, vol. 12, p. 88.
121 “Nevertheless, Eleanor’s determination”: Ibid., p. 53.
121 “The king was appealed”: Ibid., p. 60.
121 “Whatever adventures”: Delisle, vol. 15, p. 513.
121 “After we were welcomed”: Ibid.
122 “As William of Tyre”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 197.
122 “Wearied by killing”: Ibid.
123 “According to one of Louis’s letters”: Delisle, vol. 15, p. 518.
124 Meeting at Tusculum: John of Salisbury, Hist. Pont., pp. 61—62, 81.
126 “Some miles southeast”: Delisle. vol. 15, p. 518.
127 “To the king returning”: Gervaise, vol. 3, p. 349.
128 “To her consternation”: Some of Eleanor’s recent interpreters have preferred to conclude that she was already pregnant when she arrived at Tusculum (Kelly, p. 70). This seems unlikely because for several years, and especially once the matter of a divorce was broached in Antioch, abstinence from any physical relations between Eleanor and Louis was certainly total. By then, Eleanor wanted nothing more to do with Louis as a husband, and she would hardly have run the risk of another pregnancy.
128 “To those who later recalled”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 291.
130 “If luck failed”: Fawtier, p. 50.
131 “With him at Barfleur”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 306.
131 “The king embarked”: William of Malmesbury, vol. 2, p. 496.
132 “The small boat”: Ibid., p. 497.
132 “Prince William”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 307.
132 “Most appalled”: Ibid., p. 383.
133 “Two years after the birth”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 1, p. 482.
134 “He was, wrote Walter”: Walter Map, p. 296.
134 “Headstrong, intolerant”: Gesta Stephani, p. 91.
134 “Men said”: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 200.
134 “In the north country”: Richard of Hexham, p. 152.
135 “In the Isle of Ely”: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 199.
135 “The best description”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 400.
135 “Judging from a letter”: James, Letters, p. 474.
136 “Once, he had met”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 309.
Stalking the Planta Genesta
138 “There were Frankish”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 108.
142 “This appalling blasphemy”: Robert of Torigni, p. 162.
142 “His close-cropped”: Walter Map, pp. 297, 302.
143 “William of Newburgh tried”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 93.
144 “On the other hand”: Walter Map, p. 297.
146 “According to Gerald”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 300. After 1184, Gerald became a royal chaplain at Henry’s court and as such was an eyewitness. to the last years of his reign. Disappointed, however, over the king’s refusal to confirm his election to the see of St. David’s, he took a belated revenge by composing a lengthy tract, De Principis Instructione (For the Instruction of Princes), viciously detailing the follies and vices of Henry and his sons.
146 “That night, Geoffrey”: Robert of Torigni, p. 163.
147 “In late September”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 104.
147 “In Eleanor’s lifetime”: Migne, vol. 212, p. 1057.
147 “The Minstrel of Reims”: Minstrel of Reims, p. 258.
148 “On March 21, 1152”: Delisle, vol. 12, p. 127.
148 “A chronicler of a later century”: Bouchet, p. 141.
149 “Near the city of Blois”: Salmon, p. 135. Later that year. Theobald of Blois was betrothed to Eleanor’s two-year-old daughter, Alix. They were married in 1164.
151 “Under the direction”: Walter Map, p. 298.
151 “Anything he had once heard”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 215.
151 Map’s description of Matilda and Henry: Walter Map, pp. 62, 298-299.
; 152 “Although fairly slender”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 214.
152 “Constantly in motion”: Peter of Blois, in Migne, vol. 207, p. 66; Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 160; Walter Map, pp. 213-214; Ralph Niger, p. 169.
153 “Since we know”: Robert of Torigni, pp. 164-165; Richardson, p. 194.
153 “Burning with hatred”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 175.
154 “Backed by his brother”: Robert of Torigni, p. 165.
154 “At a furious rate”: Ibid., pp. 169—170.
154 “Bereft of hope”: GestaStephani, p. 149.
155 “At the Abbey of Saint-Maixent”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 111.
155 “It was at Fontevrault”: Round, Cal. Doc., p. 375.
157 “In the midst”: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 113—114.
157 “A man who detested”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 291.
158 “It has been suggested”: Richard, vol. 2. p. 115.
159 “The castle of Angers”: Marks, p. 156.
159 “The son of an archer”: Ibid., p. 161.
160 “The duchess of Aquitaine”: Hill and Bergin, vol. 1, p. 38.
160 Bernard’s view of Eleanor: Ibid., pp. 42-43, 50-52.
160 “I am not one to scorn”: Ibid., p. 52; trans. by Marks, p. 166.
161 Henry’s invasion: Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 290—291.
161 “It was, the chronicles tell us”: Gesta Stephani, p. 157.
162 “On August 17”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 155.
162 Treaty of Winchester: Delisle and Berger, vol. 1, p. 61.
162 “He understood, too”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
162 “Around Easter”: Ibid.
163 “In the previous year”: Walter Map, p. 299. Henry’s other known illegitimate son, William Longspee or Longsword. may also have been born during his 1153—54 visit to England.
165 “Toward the end of October”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 159; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
165 “Still, people hoped”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 297.
165 “The weatherbeaten youth”: Gerald of Wales. DPI, p. 157.
166 “The royal vessel landed”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
167 Description of London: William Fitz Stephen, pp. 2-13.
168 “There daily you may find”: Ibid., p. 5.
168 “Eleven days later”: Gervase of Canterburv. vol. 1, p. 159.
168 “Immediately afterward”: English Historical Documents, vol. 2, p. 407.
169 “Once Henry and Eleanor”: Henry of Huntingdon, p. 296.
169 “As for Eleanor”: Strickland, vol. 1, p. 255.
Queen of the English
170 “Some made sleds”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 11.
170 “Around the entrance”: In the twelfth century, the official language of England was Norman French. I presume that eventually Eleanor was able to understand something of what was said when subjects addressed her in English.
170 “Ever since Christmas”: Gervase of Canterbury. vol. 1. p. 160.
171 “Otherwise the chronicles”: Eyton. p. 85. n. 5. In addition to Emma. Henry had another illegitimate sister. Aldewide.
172 “Theobald had assured him”: Brooke and Brooke, p. 88.
172 “Thomas was a slender”: Icelandic Saga, trans. in English Historical Documents, vol. 2, p. 704, n. 6.
172 “Born in London”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 14.
174 “The assignment”: Ibid., p. 19.
174 “In early June”: Hall, Court Life under the Plantagenets, p. 57-59.
175 “Roger of Hovedon”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 256.
175 “They became inseparable”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 20.
175 “In contrast to his master”: Migne, vol. 207, pp. 195-210.
175 “Various anecdotes”: William Fitz Stephen. pp. 24—25.
176 “He ordered his hall”: Ibid., pp. 18—21.
176 “So sumptuous”: Ibid., p. 25.
177 “It was said that he adored”: John of Salisbury, Materials, vol. 2, p. 302.
177 “And in a letter”: Materials, vol. 7, p. 307.
179 “He delighted beyond measure”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 214.
180 “Whoever promises”: Richard Fitzneale, p. 122.
181 “Working with Richard”: Caenegem, p. 460.
182 “The pipe rolls show”: Pipe Roll 2 Henry II, p. 4; Pipe Roll 3 Henry II, p. 71.
182 “During her first four years”: Pipe Roll 2 Henry II, p. 34.
182 “Perhaps at this time”: Holmes, p. 31.
182 “In the end”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 114.
183 “In July”: Eyton, p. 18.
183 “In England”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 102.
184 “The various subdivisions”: Richard, vol. 2, pp. 151-153.
184 “That fall, however”: Ibid., pp. 122-123.
186 “Owain’s forces”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 107.
187 “On September 8”: Eyton, p. 30.
187 “A woman of Saint Albans”: Norgate, Richard, p. 2. Richard’s milk brother, Alexander Neckam, would become known as the author of a treatise on natural science.
187 “A prophecy attributed”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 67.
188 “When Henry promised”: Peter of Blois, Letter 14, in Migne, vol. 207, pp. 48-49.
189 “He was slow”: Walter Map, p. 303.
189 “But even though the discomforts”: Ibid., p. 298.
189 “The meat, half-cooked”: Peter of Blois, Letter 14, in Migne, vol. 207, pp. 48-49.
189 “By December”: Eyton, pp. 29-41.
190 “A writ issued”: Ibid., p. 40.
190 “According to the pipe rolls”: Ibid., p. 42.
191 “The discipline”: Labarge, p. 46.
191 “At the same time”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 215.
192 “Two hundred and fifty footmen”: William Fitz Stephen, pp. 29-33.
194 “Now he proposed”: Robert of Torigni, p. 196.
195 “Not only was it granted”: Ibid., p. 198.
197 “Perhaps Walter Map”: Walter Map. p. 303.
197 “Henry was not so crass”: Robert of Torigni, p. 200.
198 “Not wishing to inconvenience”: Ibid., p. 202.
198 “Nevertheless, some years later”: Materials, vol. 5. p. 525.
199 “Within a week”: Robert of Torigni, p. 203.
199 “Foolish superstition”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 33.
Betrayals
203 “To judge from the pipe rolls”: Eyton, p. 51.
203 “For the repair”: Pipe Roll 6 Henry II, p. 49.
204 “After a difficult”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 303.
204 “On November 2”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 258.
204 “Having satisfactorily demonstrated”: William of Newburgh. vol. 1, p. 159.
205 “In a last pathetic letter”: John of Salisbury, Letters, p. 249.
206 “He strengthened”: Robert of Torigni, p. 209.
206 “Taking advantage”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 141.
207 “The fact that he had not”: Migne, vol. 207, p. 221.
210 “The chancellor, however”: Herbert Bosham, p. 180.
210 “Even though Eleanor”: Pipe Roll 8, Henry II, p. 43.
210 “You do not yet fully comprehend”: Herbert Bosham, pp. 180-181.
211 “According to Becket’s close friend”: John of Salisbury, Materials, vol. 2, p. 305.
211 “Richard, he demanded”: Herbert Bosham, vol. 3, p. 182.
212 “Putting off the secular”: William Fitz Stephen, pp. 37—39.
212 “By the eyes of God”: Guernes, p. 23.
213 “Becket’s tactless haste”: According to Eyton, p. 174, n. 1, Henry did not appoint another chancellor until 1173, although the duties of the office were unofficially assigned to others.
213 “As Eleanor could have predicted”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 43.
213 “Eleanor, too, was anxious”: Ibid., p. 41.
21
4 “Judging from the pipe rolls”: Pipe Roll 9 Henry II, p. 71.
214 “By this time”: There is no trace of any writs issued in Eleanor’s name after September 1163 (Richardson, p. 197).
214 “The king’s courtiers”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 41.
215 “By God’s eyes”: Edward Grim, p. 374.
215 “For some time now”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 141.
216 “At Woodstock now”: Edward Grim, p. 373.
217 “Before his listeners”: Materials, vol. 4, p. 202.
217 “My lord of Canterbury”: Ibid.
217 “Thomas pointed out”: Ibid.
218 “He was not demanding”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 26.
218 “What was done”: Ibid.
218 “By the eyes of God”: Ibid.
218 “The behavior of some clerks”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 141.
219 “The whole day passed”: Herbert Bosham, p. 274.
219 “Meeting Thomas”: “Roger of Pontigny,” pp. 27-29.
220 “Eleanor and Henry celebrated”: Eyton, p. 66.
221 “On January 25”: Ibid., p. 69.
221 “At which point”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 33.
222 “After the provisions”: Ibid., pp. 36—37.
222 “Becket’s reaction”: Ibid.
223 “He and Eleanor spent”: Eyton, p. 71.
224 “Henry’s taunts”: Herbert Bosham, p. 294.
225 “One chronicler states”: Ibid., p. 299.
225 “At the castle doorway”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 57.
226 “Where are you going?”: William of Canterbury, p. 39
226 “According to one chronicler”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 52.
226 “Others claim”: William of Canterbury, p. 39; Edward Grim, p. 399.
226 “When Henry learned”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 55.
226 “Be it known to you”: English Historical Documents, p. 734.
227 “Who was Archbishop”: Herbert Bosham, p. 332.
227 “Then the king of France”: “Roger of Pontigny,” p. 59.
227 “Christmas 1164”: Materials, vol. 6, p. 72.