Book Read Free

Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940-1941

Page 90

by Ian Kershaw


  Moscow, German advance on

  Mosley, Oswald

  Mukden Incident see Manchuria

  Müller, Heinrich, head of Gestapo

  Munich Agreement

  role of Mussolini in

  Mussolini, Benito and Abyssinian war

  and Anglo-French approach (1935)

  British view of

  character

  grandiose visions

  vanity of

  control of state ministries

  and cult of the Duce

  decision-making

  deposition and execution

  and France

  and Germany: anger at German occupation of Romania

  confidence in German victory

  state visit (1937)

  support for remilitarization

  and Greece: ambitions for decision to attack

  invasion of

  and Hitler

  resentment of

  and King Victor Emmanuel

  Mussolini, Benito–cont. limits to power of

  meetings with Hitler

  Brenner Pass (March 1940)

  Brenner Pass (October 1940)

  Florence (October 1940)

  and Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression

  Pact

  personal policy-making

  possibility of British negotiation with

  rejection of Roosevelt’s offer of mediation

  relations with armed forces

  rise of

  and Salò Republic

  vision as mediator between

  Germany and Britain

  and war: alternatives to intervention

  commitment to intervention

  decision to enter

  enthusiasm for

  postponement of

  and Yugoslavia

  Nagano Osami, chief of Japanese naval General Staff

  commitment to war

  and negotiations with America

  war preparations

  Nagasaki

  Nanking, Chinese nationalist government in

  Napoleon Bonaparte, invasion of Russia

  Nazism antisemitism of party members

  demonization of Jews

  and genocide of Jews

  outrages

  Netherlands German invasion

  see also

  Dutch East Indies

  Neurath, Konstantin von, German Foreign Minister

  New Guinea

  New York Times

  New Zealand

  Nomura Kichisaburo, Admiral, Japanese ambassador in Washington

  as Foreign Minister

  and negotiations between Japan and

  America

  and proposed meeting of Konoe and Roosevelt

  Non-Aggression Pact (Hitler–Stalin)(August 1939)

  to buy time for Stalin

  north Africa

  British offensive in

  German campaign in

  Italian campaign in

  Operation Torch

  see also

  Egypt; Libya

  Northern Rhodesia

  Norway, German invasion of

  nuclear weapons see atomic bombs

  Oikawa Koshiro, Japanese Navy Minister

  and alliance with Axis powers

  and negotiations with America

  oil American embargo on Japan

  American exports

  Dutch East Indies supplies

  Japanese dependence on imports

  Romanian

  Okamoto Kio Puku, General

  Operation Barbarossa

  intelligence warning to Stalin

  Operation Dynamo (evacuation of Dunkirk)

  Operation Sealion (German invasion of Britain)

  Oran

  Oshima Hiroshi, Japanese ambassador in Berlin

  and declaration of war

  Ott, General Eugen, German ambassador to Tokyo

  Oumansky, Konstantin, Soviet ambassador in Washington

  Outer Mongolia, Japanese clashes with Soviet troops

  Pacific, war in

  ‘Pact of Steel’ (May 1939)

  Palestine

  Panay, USS gunboat, Japanese bombing of

  Paresci, Gabriele, press attaché at Italian embassy

  Pariani, Alberto, Italian Under-Secretary for War

  Paris, German occupation

  Paris Peace Conference (1919)

  Pavlov, General D. G.

  Pearl Harbor

  attack on

  casualties

  German reaction to

  preparations for

  Peking, skirmish at Marco Polo bridge (1937)

  Pershing, General John J.

  Persian Gulf

  Petacci, Claretta

  Pétain, Marshal Philippe

  meeting with Hitler

  Philippines Japanese attack on

  neutrality of

  Phillimore, Lord

  Pirelli, Alberto

  Poland

  division of

  elimination of Jews from

  German invasion

  German non-aggression treaty (1934)

  Jewish ghettos

  Ponomariov, Nikolai Vasilievich

  Portugal

  press German right-wing

  Japan

  Soviet

  see also

  public opinion

  Pricolo, Francesco, Italian air force chief of staff

  Prince of Wales, HMS

  Pripet marshes

  murder of Jews in

  Prytz, Bjorn, Swedish chargé d’affaires in London

  public opinion Britain

  Germany

  Italy

  Japan

  West, anti-Japanese

  see also

  United States of America

  Raeder, Grand Admiral Erich

  and Greer

  incident

  recommendation of ‘peripheral strategy’

  and war with United States

  Rankin, Jeannette, US Representative

  Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)

  Red Army

  air defences

  casualties

  counter-offensive

  defence strategy (war games)

  deficiencies

  effect of purges on

  expectation of direction of German attack

  and German invasion

  growing US optimism about

  lack of operational war plan

  lack of trained leadership

  and military intelligence of German preparations

  mobilization plans

  rearmament

  size of

  and Stalin Line fortifications

  Stalin’s speech to Military Academy

  strategic theory

  suggestion of pre-emptive strike

  underestimated

  and Winter War in Finland

  see also

  Soviet Union; Stalin, Joseph

  Reuben James, USS, sinking of

  Reynaud, Paul, French Prime Minister appeal to United States

  and approach to Mussolini

  expectation of defeat

  visit to London (26 May)

  War Cabinet reply to

  Rhineland, German remilitarization

  , Ribbentrop, Joachim von, Foreign Minister

  and declaration of war on United

  States

  and Italy

  and Japan

  on Pearl Harbor

  and Soviet Union

  Richardson, Admiral James O., US naval Commander-in-Chief

  Riga, killing of Jews at

  Roatta, General Mario, deputy chief of Italian army staff

  Robin Moor, USS

  Romania German troops in

  oil wells at Ploesti

  Soviet annexations

  Rome, Franco-Italian armistice

  Rommel, General Erwin

  Roosevelt, Eleanor

  Roosevelt, Elliott

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., US
President

  and 1940 presidential election

  and aid for Soviet Union

  appeals for peace (1939)

  and Atlantic convoys

  career and character

  and Churchill: correspondence with

  meeting with (August 1941)

  collective security initiative (1938)

  commitment to Britain

  commitment to neutrality (1939–40)

  and deal to lend destroyers to

  Britain

  decision to prepare for war

  and defence policy

  exploitation of Greer

  incident,

  [speech to nation]

  and hawks among advisers

  on Hitler

  and inevitability of war with

  Germany

  and Japan

  condemnation of (1937)

  declaration of war

  last-ditch negotiations (‘modus vivendi’)

  personal message to

  Hirohito

  and proposed meeting with Konoe

  reluctance to commit to war in Pacific

  and lend-lease deal

  idea for

  and Mussolini: proposed intercession with

  rebuff by

  and New Deal

  options available to

  personal role of

  political opposition to

  and possibility of negotiated peace

  and public opinion

  and debates over Iceland

  ‘quarantine speech’ (1937)

  reluctance to commit to war

  and Soviet Union

  speech on armed defence (October 1941)

  State of the Union address (January 1941)

  style of government

  on threat to America (December 1940)

  and ‘undeclared war’

  and war planning

  Roosevelt, Theodore, US President

  Rosenberg, Alfred, German minister for Eastern Territories

  Rosenman, Judge Samuel, speech-writer to FDR

  Rössler, Rudolf (‘Lucy’), Soviet agent in Lucerne

  Rosso, Augusto, Italian ambassador in

  Berlin

  Royal Air Force

  Royal Navy

  suggestion of removal to Canada

  Rundstedt, Colonel-General Gerd von

  Russo-Japanese war (1904–5)

  Saint-Germain, Treaty of

  Saionji Kinmochi, Japanese imperial adviser

  Sakhalin Island, Japanese occupation

  Salonika

  Sawada Shigeru, vice-chief of Japanese army General Staff

  Scholl, Lieutenant-Colonel Erwin

  Schönerer, Georg, Pan-German leader

  Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der, German ambassador in Moscow

  Schulze-Boysen, Harro (‘Starshina’), German communist agent

  Second World War course of

  legacy of

  ‘phoney war’

  Seychelles

  Shanghai, bombing of

  Shaposhnikov, V. M., chief of Soviet General Staff

  Sherwood, Robert, speech writer for Roosevelt

  Shetland Islands

  Shigemitsu Mamoru, adviser to

  Hirohito

  Shimada Shigetaro, Japanese Navy Minister

  Shirer, William, journalist

  Siberia, as potential colony for deported Jews

  Sidi Barrani, Egypt

  Simon, Sir John, British Foreign Secretary

  Sinclair, Archibald, leader of Liberal Party

  Singapore

  Japanese attack on

  Smolensk

  Sobibor camp

  social Darwinism

  Soddu, General Ubaldo, deputy head of Italian Supreme Command

  Somaliland

  Sorge, Richard (‘Ramzai’), Soviet agent in Tokyo

  South Africa

  South China Sea, Japanese expansion into

  South Tyrol

  Southern Rhodesia

  Soviet Union

  antisemitism in

  and Britain

 

‹ Prev