Battle Cry of Freedom
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on Kansas, 147, 157
and Lecompton, 166–68
on Dred Scott decision, 177–78, 179n, 180
contest with Lincoln in 1858, 181–88, 198, 218
and federal slave code issue, 195
on John Brown, 211
and 1860 election, 213–16, 223–32, 703
and secession, 252
on Lincoln's inaugural address, 263
supports war for Union, 274
Douglass, Frederick, 185, 794
on fugitive slave law, 84
and 1856 election, 160
on nonviolence, 203, 204
and John Brown, 205
and 1860 election, 228
opposes concessions to secessionists, 251
urges wartime emancipation, 354
criticizes Lincoln, 505, 509
praises Emancipation Proclamation, 558
on black soldiers, 564
on freedmen's policy in Louisiana, 711
attends inaugural reception, 840
Draft, see Conscription
Dred Scott v. Sandford: background, 170–73
justices' opinions, 174–76, 181
public reaction, 176–80, 183, 188
Drewry's Bluff, battle of: (1862), 427
(1864), 724
Du Pont, Samuel, 371
Dudley, Thomas H., 547, 555
Durant, Thomas J., 705
Dwight, Timothy, 41
Eads, James B., 393
Early, Jubal, 743
at Chancellorsville, 640–41, 644
gets corps command, 734
stops Hunter in Valley, 739
invasion of Maryland, 756–58, 813
routed by Sheridan at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, 777
and Cedar Creek, 779–80, 858
East Tennessee: unionism in, 304, 512
guerrilla and military actions, 305–6
Union capture of Knoxville and Chattanooga, 670
Eaton, John, 710
Economy, U.S.: and economic development, 6–7, 9–10
and labor, 10–11, 13–15, 17–18, 21–26
and transportation revolution, 11–13
and "American system of manufactures," 15–18
and education, 18–21
women and, 33–34
in the South, and slavery, 39, 91–102
and Panic of 1857, 190–93
difficulties in Confederate economy, 437–42
productivity of northern wartime economy, 449
Civil War and transformation of American economy, 452–53, 816–19
Education: and economic growth, 18–21
and literacy, 19–20
in South, 20–21, 40–41, 94
and social mobility, 29–30
role of women in, 35–36
and nativism, 132, 135
land-grant colleges, 193–94, 451
of freedmen during Civil War, 371, 498
Elections, C.S.A.: congressional (1863), 689–92, 696
state election, in North Carolina (1864), 698
Elections, U.S.A., congressional: of 1846 and 1847, 4, 48
of 1854, 126–30, 140
of 1858, 188
of 1862, and emancipation issue, 505–9, 557, 560
and war issues, 535, 560–61
results of (1862), 561–62, 689, 858
Elections, U.S.A., presidential: (1848), 4, 58–64, 104
(1852), 4, 107, 117–19, 131
(1856), 153–62
of 1860, 194, 195, 201
Democratic conventions in 1860, 213–16
Republican convention, 216–21
campaign and election, 222–33, 506
(1864), abortive candidacy of Chase and Frémont, 713–15, 716
renomination of Lincoln, 716–17
impact of military events on, 718
Confederate hopes for election of Peace Democrat, 721, 743
postponement of Democratic convention, 765
Republicans depressed, 770–71
Democrats nominate McClellan, 772
impact of Atlanta on, 773–76
and of Sheridan's victories, 777–78, 780–81
Republicans exploit copperhead activities, 781–83, 788, 791
Democrats exploit race issue, 788–90
soldier opinion of McClellan, 803
soldier vote for Lincoln, 804–5
meaning of Lincoln's reelection, 806
Elections, U.S.A., state: in 1863, 597–98, 599–600, 684–88
soldier vote in, 688
Ellet, Alfred, 418
Ellet, Charles, 417–18
Ellet, Charles, Jr., 418
Emancipation of slaves: condition for admission of West Virginia, 303–4
Frémont's edict in Missouri, 352–53, 356–58
military necessity argument, 354
contrabands, 355
growing northern support for, 494–96
laws for, 496–500
enforcement in field, 501–2
McClellan deplores, 502–3
political issue, and Democratic opposition, 505–10, 592, 594–95, 608–9, 684–88
and Lincoln's reconstruction policy, 699, 703–6, 712–13
and peace issue in 1864, 768–71
Maryland achieves, 805
issue at Hampton Roads conference, 822–23, 823–24n
Confederate debate on, 831–36
and Kenner mission, 837–38. See also Confiscation
Emancipation Proclamation
Thirteenth Amendment
Emancipation Proclamation (Sept. 1862), 357, 489
Lincoln's decision to issue, 502–4
delays announcement, 505, 510
issuance after Antietam, 545, 557–58
response to, 557–58, 567
and army, 558–60
and 1862 elections, 560–61
endorsed by House, 562
final Proclamation issued, 563, 703
Democratic attacks on, 594–95
voter endorsement in 1863, 688
legal force of, 706, 841–42
moral force of, 832, 858
Emerson, John, 170
Emerson, Luther O., 491
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 51, 204, 209
Ericsson, John, 374, 378, 393
Evans, George Henry, 193
Evans, Nathan ("Shanks"), 341
Everett, Edward, 221, 222
Ewell, Richard S.: in Jackson's Shenandoah Valley campaign, 454, 456, 458
gains corps command, 648
Pennsylvania invasion and Gettysburg, 653–56, 659–61
at the Wilderness, 726
breakdown from stress, 734
Ewing, Thomas, 785–86, 787
Ezra Church, battle of, 754–55
Fair Oaks, battle of, 461–62, 464, 641
Fanon, Frantz, 203
Farragut, David Glasgow, 552
remains loyal to Union, 281–82
capture of New Orleans, 419–20, 427, 623
fails to capture Vicksburg, 420–22
Port Hudson campaign, 637
battle of Mobile Bay, 761, 775
Fehrenbacher, Don, 174
Fessenden, William Pitt, 124, 443–44, 446
Filibustering, 203
in Cuba, 105–10
and William Walker, 110–16
fear of, in secession crisis, 253
Fillmore, Millard: and Compromise of 1850, 74–76
and fugitive slave law, 82–83, 85
fails of renomination, 117
American party nominee in 1856, 154, 156–57, 216, 217
Finance of war: in Confederacy, 437–42, 443, 615–17
in Union, 442–48, 452–53, 593–94
election issue in 1863, 690, 693. See also Inflation
Finley, Clement A., 482
"Fire-eaters," (southern nationalists), 69
on Compromise of 1850, 76
and fugitive slave law, 86
and Lecompton, 166
&
nbsp; strategy in 1860, 234–35
urge attack on Fort Sumter, 273
Fisher's Hill, battle of, 777
Fitzhugh, George, 196–97, 199
Florida, C.S.S., 315, 547, 682
Floyd, John: corruption of as sec. of war, 226
operations in western Virginia, 301–3, 372
Confederate general, 328
at Fort Donelson, 398, 400–401
Foote, Andrew H., 392, 395
and capture of Fort Henry, 396
and Fort Donelson, 398–401, 406
Island No. 10, 415
Foote, Henry S., 68
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 276, 628, 787
at Fort Donelson, 401–2
and Shiloh, 412–13
raids foil Union advances in Tennessee, 513–14, 515–16
raids in Grant's rear, 578
and in Rosecrans's, 579
at Chickamauga, 674
quarrels with Bragg, 676
threats to Sherman's supply line, 723
Fort Pillow massacre, 748, 794
Brice's Crossroads, 748
Tupelo, 749
raids in Tennessee, 807, 808
and Hood's invasion of Tennessee, 812, 813, 815
and Wilson's raid, 825
Fort Donelson, Union capture of, 397–402, 406, 407, 415, 580
consequences of, 403–4, 413–14, 428
Fort Fisher, battles of, 819–20, 821, 838
Fort Henry, Union capture of, 395, 396–97
consequences of, 403–4, 428
Fort Pickens, in secession crisis, 263, 266, 268, 270, 273n
Fort Pillow: Union capture of, 417
Forrest's attack and massacre of black soldiers, 748 and n, 793, 794–95
Fort Stedman, battle of, 845
Fort Sumter: and secession crisis, 263, 264–74, 576
northern response to firing upon , 274–75, 308
southern response, 276–78, 294
Union attack in 1863, 646
Fort Wagner, battle of, 686–87
Foster, Stephen, 491
Fox, Gustavus V.: and Fort Sumter, 268–69, 270, 271, 273
asst. sec. of navy, 313
France: and question of Confederate recognition, 383, 384, 650–51
and blockade, 385
and mediation moves in 1862, 546, 548, 553–56
Mexican adventures of, 683–84
and Kenner mission, 837–38
Franklin, battle of, 812–13
Franklin, William B., 537, 543, 571–72, 584
Fredericksburg, battle of, 571–74, 592, 596, 655, 735, 759
Free-labor ideology: and social mobility, 27–29
and slavery, 39–40, 55
Free Soil party: birth of, 61–62
election of 1848, 63–64
after election, 67 and n, 138
and Compromise of 1850, 76
in 1852, 119
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 123–24
absorbed by Republicans, 126
Freedmen: at Port Royal, 371
policy toward, and reconstruction issue in Louisiana, 706–7
in future of South, 709–12
question of land for, and Sherman's Order No. 15, 841–42
Freedmen's aid societies, 498, 709–10
Freedmen's Bureau, 710, 842, 859
Freedom, see Emancipation Liberty
Freeport doctrine, 178, 183–84, 214
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 155, 353
Frémont, John C.: and California, 49
1856 presidential candidacy, 155–62
military commander in Missouri, 350–51
emancipation edict, 352–53, 356–58, 499
relieved of command, 354, 394
given western Virginia command, 424–25
and Jackson's Shenandoah Valley campaign, 455–60, 488, 641
resigns command, 501
1864 presidential candidacy, 715
withdraws candidacy, 776
Fugitive slave law, 40, 71 and n, 75, 77
background, 78–79
operation of, 80–81, 88, 117, 119–20
northern resistance to, 81–86, 119–221
southern insistence on enforcement, 86–87
and Uncle Tom's Cabin, 88–89
Fulton, Robert, 12
Furman, James, 243
Gadsden, James, and Gadsden Purchase, 108
Gaines' Mill, battle of, 466–68, 471, 476, 733, 812
Garner, Margaret, 120–21
Garnett, Robert S., 300–301
Garrett, John W., 287
Garrison, William Lloyd, 84, 204
burns Constitution, 120
indicts Republican racism, 159
on John Brown, 203
and 1860 election, 227
on outbreak of war, 312
criticizes Lincoln, 505
hails Emancipation Proclamation, 558
at Republican national convention, 716
Geary, John W., 161, 162, 163
German Americans: and nativism, 7, 131, 138, 141, 142
and temperance, 134
vote in 1860, 217, 218, 223
unionism of, in Missouri, 291
growing antiwar opposition of German Catholics, 493
underrepresentation in Union army, 606
Gettysburg, campaign and battle of, 338, 471, 609, 610, 636, 647–48n, 653–63, 676
consequences of, 664–65, 682, 684, 685, 691, 695, 719, 745, 831, 858
aftermath, 666–67
Lincoln's address, 859
Gibbon, John, 282
Gibbons, James S., 491
Giddings, Joshua, 61, 68, 124, 142
Gilmer, John, 261, 263
Gilmore, James R., 767–68
Gist, States Rights, 812–13
Gladstone, William E., 548, 552, 556
Glendale, battle of, 469
Gordon, John B., 726, 845, 850
Gorgas, Josiah: sides with South, 282
achievements as chief of ordnance, 319–20, 320n, 380, 857
on Gettysburg and Vicksburg, 665
on battle of Nashville, 815
sees no hope, 816
on revival of war spirit, 825
Granger, Gordon, 674
Grant, Ulysses S., 84n, 282, 325, 483, 559
and Mexican War, 4–5
occupies Paducah, 296
on logistical shortages, 322–23
Union general, 329
and strategy, 332
on Mc-Clellan, 358
cooperation with navy in West, 392
qualities of leadership, 395–96, 419, 423, 857
capture of Fort Henry, 396–97
capture of Fort Donelson, 397–402, 406, 407
and Shiloh, 407–15
Corinth campaign, 416, 511
casualties in armies commanded by, 476
confiscation of slaves, 502
commander of Army of the Tennessee, 512, 515, 518
battles of Iuka and Corinth, 522–23
failure of first Vicksburg campaign, 577–79
maneuvers in winter 1863, 586–88, 593, 625, 626
question of his drinking, 588–90
and copperheads, 595
"Jew order" of, 622–23
spring 1863 campaign captures Vicksburg, 627–38, 645, 646, 650, 653, 669
goes to Chattanooga, 676, 677–80
plan for campaign against Mobile, 683
on black soldiers, 687n
and freedmen, 710
as presidential possibility, 715, 717
named general in chief, 718
on substitutes and bounty men, 720
strategic plans for 1864, 721–22, 724
battle of the Wilderness, 725–26
of Spotsylvania, 728–33
Cold Harbor asault, 734–37, 812
move to Petersburg, 739–41
criticism of for heavy casualties, 742, 759
defended by Lincoln, 743
Petersburg s
iege, 751, 756, 777, 778, 811, 826, 830
and Early's Washington raid, 757
sends Sheridan to the Valley, 758
battle of the Crater, 759–60
anger at southern violations of prisoner paroles, 792
and breakdown of prisoner exchanges, 793, 799–80
on McClellan's candidacy, 803
on soldier vote, 804
on Sherman's march to the sea, 807–8
prods Thomas at Nashville, 813
and Benjamin Butler, 820
and Hampton Roads peace conference, 822
plans Alabama campaigns, 825
breakthrough at Petersburg, 844–45, 846
and Lee's surrender, 848–50
weeps for Lincoln, 853
Greeley, Horace, 13, 42, 138, 224, 821
on territorial aquisition, 49
on slavery, 96
and temperance, 135
and Lecompton, 167
on tariff, 192
on John Brown, 210
and 1860 election, 217, 227
on secession, 251–52
"Forward to Richmond" editorials, 334
on 1st Bull Run, 347, 348
on military arrests, 436
and emancipation, 505
Lincoln's letter to, 510, 859
target of draft rioters, 610
"peace negotiations" in 1864, 762, 766–68
Greenhow, Rose O'Neal, 340, 434n
Gregg, William, 94, 96, 97
Grier, Robert, 172, 173, 179
Grierson, Benjamin, and Grierson's raid, 628
Grow, Galusha, 168, 496
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 3–4, 50
Guerrillas and guerrilla warfare, 307
in Missouri, 292, 783–88
in West Virginia, 303
in Virginia, 501
in Tennessee, 513, 515
Mosby and, 737–38
and Sheridan's Valley campaign, 778–79
Habeas corpus, writ of: in Union: Lincoln's suspension of, 287–90, 433–34, 436, 560
in Confederacy, suspended, 429, 433–35, 697, 693
and military arrests in 1862, 493–94
issue exploited by Democrats, 592, 597, 598–99, 716
Hahn, Michael, 707–8
Hale, John P., 67n
Halleck, Henry W., 826
commander of western department, 313, 367, 394, 498
on political generals, 328
military scholar, 331, 394
and attack on Fort Henry, 395
and Fort Donelson, 397, 402, 406
Corinth campaign, 415–17, 488
named general in chief, 488, 502, 524
western strategy after Corinth, 511–13
prods Buell, 518–19, 522
and McClellan, 525
and 2nd Bull Run, 528
Antietam campaign, 536
on emancipation, 559
prods McClellan, 568
McClellan wants removed, 569
and pontoons at Fredericks-burg, 570
and McClernand, 577
and Grant's "Jew order," 622–23
and Vicksburg campaign, 633
prods and reinforces Rosecrans, 670, 675