The Dreyfus Affair: The Scandal That Tore France in Two
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President of France, February 1899–February 1906.
Matton, Captain Pierre
Italian specialist in the Statistical Section. Played a minor role in the Panizzardi telegram.
Maurel, Colonel E.
Presiding judge at the first court martial.
Maurras, Charles
Nationalist writer and journalist.
Mayer, Captain Armand
Jewish officer killed by the Marquis de Morès in a duel.
Mercier, General Auguste
Minister of War, December 1893–January 1895.
Merle, Commandant Émile
Judge at second court martial.
Meyer, Arthur
Jewish convert to Catholicism; editor of Le Gaulois.
Monnier, Pauline
Née Romazzotti. Wife of a civil servant in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, mistress of Colonel Georges Picquart.
Morès, Marquis Antoine de
Co-founder with Jules Guérin of the Ligue Antisémitique. Killed the Jewish Captain Armand Mayer in a duel in 1894.
Müller, Major
Chief of German military intelligence, the Nachrichtenbureau.
Mun, Comte Albert de
Right-wing deputy and monarchist who supported Pope Leo XIII’s ralliement – the acceptance of a republican form of government.
Münster von Derneburg, Graf Georges-Herbert
German Ambassador to France.
Nisard, Armand
Director of Political Affairs at the French Foreign Office, the Quai d’Orsay.
Ormescheville, Major Besson d’
Judge advocate (investigating magistrate) at the first court martial held in Paris. Cross-examined Alfred Dreyfus on 14 November 1894.
Paléologue, Maurice
Assistant to Armand Nisard at the French Foreign Office with responsibility for liaison with military intelligence (the Statistical Section). Witnessed Dreyfus’s degradation in 1895 and was both witness and observer at his second court martial in Rennes.
Panizzardi, Major Alessandro
Military attaché at the Italian Embassy in Paris. Friend and lover of Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen.
Parfait, Captain
Judge at the Rennes court martial.
Paty de Clam, Commandant Ferdinand du
Officer of the General Staff. Ordered by his cousin, General de Boisdeffre, to investigate the bordereau and subsequently to build up a case against Alfred Dreyfus.
Pays, Marguerite
Esterhazy’s mistress; previously the mistress of the journalist Ponchon de Saint-André, alias Boisandré of La Libre Parole.
Péguy, Charles
Socialist poet and essayist. Ardent Dreyfusard. Later converted to Catholicism. Close friend of Bernard Lazare.
Pelletier, Eugène
Handwriting expert. Judged that the handwriting of the bordereau was not that of Alfred Dreyfus.
Pellieux, General Georges de
Commander of the army in the department of the Seine. Ordered by General Saussier to conduct the investigation into Esterhazy after he was accused by Mathieu Dreyfus of being the traitor. Became a convinced anti-Dreyfusard.
Picard, Captain Ernest
Jewish officer marked down at the École de Guerre at the same time as Dreyfus.
Picquart, Colonel Georges
Succeeded Colonel Sandherr as head of the Statistical Section in July 1895. Attended the first court martial as representative of the Ministry of War.
Poincaré, Raymond
Minister of Finance at the time of Dreyfus’s arrest. Belated Dreyfusard. President of France during the First World War.
Profillet, Major
Judge at the second court martial at Rennes.
Reinach, Joseph
Radical politician and early Dreyfusard. Nephew of Baron Jacques de Reinach, compromised by the Panama Canal scandal. Wrote Histoire de l’Affaire Dreyfus.
Roche, Jules
Nationalist Deputy. Patron of Esterhazy. Possible Minister of War.
Rochefort, Henri Marquis de
Former Communard who escaped from the penal colony in New Caledonia. Nationalist and anti-Semite. Founded L’Intransigeant.
Roget, General Gaudérique
Assessor of Dreyfus at the École Militaire; chief of the Fourth Bureau of the General Staff; Adjutant to Cavaignac at the Ministry of War. Anti-Dreyfusard.
Rothschild, Baron Edmond de
Fellow pupil of Charles Walsin-Esterhazy at the Lycée Condorcet. Sent him 2,000 francs.
Sandherr, Colonel Jean
Chief of French military intelligence, the Statistical Section. Replaced by Picquart on 1 July 1895. Died in 1897.
Saussier, General Félix
Military Governor of Paris from 1884 and later Vice-President of Army Council, i.e. commander-in-chief designate in the event of war. Friend and patron of Commandant Maurice Weil.
Scheurer-Kestner, Auguste
Deputy for Haut-Rhin (Alsace) in National Assembly in 1871, last representative from Alsace before its annexation by Germany. Vice-President of the Senate and Senator for Life. Early Dreyfusard. Died in 1899.
Schwartzkoppen, Lieutenant-Colonel Maximilian von
Military attaché at the German Embassy in Paris, 1891–7.
Schwob, Suzanne
Wife of Mathieu Dreyfus.
Straus, Geneviève (née Halévy)
Dreyfusard salonnière. Widow of the composer Georges Bizet; wife of the Rothschilds’ lawyer Émile Straus.
Targe, Captain Antoine
Officer charged with the final analysis of the Dreyfus file.
Teysonnières, Pierre
Handwriting expert. Judged that the handwriting of the bordereau was that of Dreyfus.
Trarieux, Ludovic
Minister of Justice in 1894. Founder and first President of the League of the Rights of Man.
Val Carlos, Raimundo Marquis de
Second military attaché in the Spanish Embassy in Paris. Supplied information to the Statistical Section.
Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre
Lawyer and politician. Prime Minister, June 1899–June 1902.
Walsin-Esterhazy, Commandant Marie-Charles-Ferdinand
See Esterhazy, Commandant Marie-Charles-Ferdinand Walsin.
Weil, Major Maurice
A Jewish officer serving on the staff of General Saussier. His wife was Saussier’s mistress.
Zola, Émile
Novelist and journalist who took up the cause of Dreyfus.
Zurlinden, General Émile
Minister of War, 5–17 September 1898. Later Military Governor of Paris.
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Notes
Preface
1 Michael Burns, Rural Society and French Politics, p. 7
2 Marcel Thomas, L’Affaire sans Dreyfus, p. 524
3 See Jacqueline Rose, ‘J’accuse: Dreyfus in our Times’, London Review of Books, vol. 32, no. 11, June 2010
4 Charles Péguy, Notre jeunesse, p. 14
5 Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 10
6 Ruth Harris, The Man on Devil’s Island, p. 376
7 Stephen Wilson, Ideology and Experience, p. xiii
8 Vincent Duclert, Alfred Dreyfus: l’honneur d’un patriote, p. 102
9 Alain Pagès, Emile Zola: un intellectuel dans l’Affaire Dreyfus, p. 282, quoted in Marie-Christine Leps, ‘Normal Deviance: The Dreyfus Affair’, Actes de Colloque
10 See David Seznec in David Canard, ed., Partir au bagne, p. 2
11 Pierre Dreyfus, Dreyfus: His Life and Letters, p. 13
12 Duclert, op. cit., p. 111
13 Leps, op. cit.
14 Jean-Louis Lévy internet interview
15 Quoted in Wilson, op. cit., p. xiii
16 Albert S. Lindemann, The Jew Accused, p. 94
17 Ruth Harris, op. cit., p. xvii
18 Michael R. Marrus, Times Literary Supplement, 20 and 27 August 2010, p. 29
19 Lindemann, op. cit., pp. 7–8
Chapter 1: The French Revolution
1 Christopher Hibbert, The French Revolution, p. 45
2 Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers, p. 39
3 Linda Colley, Britons, p. 369
4 Max Dimont, Jews, God and History, p. 210
5 Quoted in Michael Burns, Dreyfus: A Family Affair, p. 11
6 Duclert, op. cit., p. 33
7 Yakov M. Rabkin, A Threat from Within, p. 23
8 Abram Sacher, quoted in Edward H. Flannery, The Anguish of the Jews, p. 167
9 Flannery, op. cit., p. 167
10 Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 7, p. 666
11 Adam Zamoyski, Rites of Peace, p. 379
12 Count Ratti-Menton to Marshal Soult, quoted in Jonathan Frankel, The Damascus Affair, p. 24
13 Frankel, op. cit., p. 273
14 Ibid., p. 207
15 Lindemann, op. cit., p. 38
16 Frankel, op. cit., p. 390
17 Zamoyski, op. cit., p. 436
18 Burleigh, op. cit., p. 25
19 Ralph Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789–1914, p. 16
20 Burleigh, op. cit., p. 64
21 Hibbert, op. cit., p. 170
22 Burleigh, op. cit., p. 107
23 Ibid., p. 101
24 Ibid., p. 97
25 Ibid., p. 47
26 Gibson, op. cit., p. 44
27 Ibid., p. 60
28 Ibid., p. 52
29 Ibid., p. 121
30 François-René de Chateaubriand, The Beauties of Christianity, p. 277
31 Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War, p. 2
32 Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, Pages from the Goncourt Journals, p. 179
33 Wawro, op. cit., p. 66
34 Ibid., p. 309
35 Ibid., p. 279
36 D. W. Brogan, The Development of Modern France, p. 56
37 Ibid., p. 67
38 Wawro, op. cit., p. 310
39 Ibid., p. 311
Chapter 2: The Third Republic
1 Robert Anderson, ‘The Conflict in Education’, p. 51