Lorca
Page 82
G, II
, 324; Aub, 311–12; “Protector of
The Public,”
Rafael Martinez Nadal interview with Nicholas de Jongh,
The Guardian
, international edition, October 3, 1988, 20; Altolaguirre,
Obras completas
I, 289; Luis Cernuda, “A un poeta muerto,” in
El compañero. Los poetas de la Generacion del
27 en homenaje a Federico García Lorca (Granada: Excma. Diputación Provincial, 1985), 24; Auclair, 98; Peñón, 111–12, 180.
“los ambiguos”:
El Duende
(Madrid), June 25, 1933, 21.
“Sodom on the road”:
Peñón, 186.
“They say you poets …
poets}”:
Moisés Pérez Coterillo, “En Galicia con E. Bianco-Amor, y al fondoLorca,”
Reseña
73 (March 1974), 17–18.
“They say it’s good”:
“‘Vengo de torero herido a dar 4 conferencias,’ dice García Lorca,”
Crítica
(Buenos Aires), October 14, 1933, 10.
FGL attends
Yerma
rehearsals:
José Caballero, “Con Federico en los ensayos de
Yerma,” ABC
(Madrid), December 29, 1984, Saturday Cultural section, I; Mario Hernández, introduction to FGL,
Yerma
, 28; Auclair, 284, 296. On FGL’s chronic tardiness and
unreliability, see Ontañón, “Semblanza”; María Teresa León,
Memoria de la melancolía
(Barcelona: Laia-Picazo, 1977), 198; María Teresa León, “Federico y Margarita,”
El Nacional
(Caracas), October 11, 1956; author interview with José Caballero; Auclair, 38; Eduardo Blanco-Amor to FGL (November 15, 1934), AFFGL; Ontañón and Moreiro, 119; Morla Lynch, 58–60.
Talk of
Yerma
permeates Madrid press:
El Pueblo
(Madrid), December 8, 1934, 3;
El Sol
(Madrid), December 28, 1934, 2.
FGL at final dress rehearsal:
José Caballero, “Con Federico en los ensayos de Yerma,”
ABC
(Madrid), December 29, 1984, Saturday Cultural section, I; Rodrigo,
Margarita Xirgu
, 205–6; José Luis Salado, “Antes del estreno,”
La Voz
(Madrid), December 29, 1934, 3;
Defensor de Granada
, December 30, 1934, 1;
Heraldo de Madrid
, December 31, 1934, 4; Rivas Cherif, January 13, 1957.
“We must return to tragedy”:
Juan Chabás, “Federico García Lorca y la tragedia,”
Luz
(Madrid), July 3, 1934, in OC, III, 536.
Yerma:
All passages are taken from FGL,
Yerma
, in
OC
, II, 478–526.
“with the timidity”:
Alfredo Muñiz, “En los umbrales del estreno de
Yerma,” Heraldo de Madrid
, December 26, 1934, in OC, III, 548.
“poems”:
Victor Ruiz Iriarte, “Teatro. La nueva tragedia:
Yerma,” Labor
(Madrid), January 5, 1935, AFFGL; Ramón J. Sender, “El poeta en la escena. Sexta representación de Yerma,”
La Libertad
(Madrid), January 5, 1935, 1, AFFGL.
FGL’s tends niece:
Rodrigo, “La Huerta de San Vicente,” 828–29.
“The work is Federico’s own tragedy”:
John B. Trend,
Lorca and the Spanish Poetic Tradition
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), 23n.
“I want to take topics” and “In this world I am … accept it”:
Alardo Prats, “Los artistas en el ambiente de nuestro tiempo,”
El Sol
(Madrid), December 15, 1934, in OC, III, 545.
Xirgu’s friendship with Azaña:
Rodrigo,
Margarita Xirgu
, 181–83.
Yerma’s
opening night:
Morla Lynch, 431–36; Auclair, 284–89; Eduardo Blanco-Amor, “Federico, otra vez; la misma vez,”
El País
(Madrid), October 1, 1978, vi; Ricardo Gullón, “Yerma, ayer y hoy,”
ABC
(Madrid), December 29, 1934, Saturday Cultural section, I; José Caballero, “Con Federico en los ensayos de Yerma,”
ABC
(Madrid), December 29, 1984, Saturday Cultural section, I; “El estreno de la obra de García Lorca constituye un éxito extraordinario,”
Defensor de Granada
, December 30, 1934, 2; Rodrigo,
Margarita Xirgu
, 207–8.
Government censor approves Yerma:
Antonio Gago Rodó, “Los ejemplares de cuatro estrenos de García Lorca (1927–1934),”
BFFGL
18 (December 1995), 101.
Yerma
receives mixed reviews:
Fernández Cifuentes, 163–69, 180–81; Auclair, 290; Ramón J. Sender, “El poeta en la escena. Sexta representación de Yerma,”
La Libertad
(Madrid), January 5, 1935, 1, AFFGL; Enrique Díez-Canedo, “Yerma, el poema trágico de Federico García Lorca, obtuvo un extraordinario éxito en el Español,”
La Voz
(Madrid), December 31, 1934, 3; Ian Gibson,
Un Irlandés en España
(Barcelona: Planeta, 1981), 196–7;
Informaciones
(Madrid), December 31, 1934, 8;
La Nación
(Madrid), December 31, 1934, 11; Eduardo Haro review in
La Libertad
, December 30, 1934, AFFGL; Luis Araujo Costa, in
La Epoca
(Madrid), December 31, 1934, 5; Melchor Fernández Almagro review in
El Sol
(Madrid), December 30, 1934, 8;
Ahora
(Madrid), December 30, 1934, 41;
Heraldo de Madrid
, December 31, 1934, 4;
El Pueblo
(Madrid), January 1, 1935, 3; “El arte escénico en 1934. García Lorca cierra el año con un alarde magnífico de inspiración y de técnica,”
La Tierra
(Madrid), December 31, 1934, AFFGL; “Español: Yerma,”
ABC
(Madrid), December 30, 1934, 53;
El Debate
(Madrid), December 30, 1934, 4, and January 3, 1935, 6; “La temporada teatral,”
Gracia y Justicia
(Madrid), January 5, 1935, 8; Arturo Mori, “Crónica de Madrid.
Yerma,” El Pueblo
(Valencia), January 4, 1935, AFFGL; [Eduardo Blanco-Amor],
“Yerma
en el Español,”
Ciudad Madrid
(Madrid), January 9, 1935; “Paris: El Sr. Oulmont habla de
‘Yerma’
y de Margarita Xirgu,”
El Sol
(Madrid), January 27, 1935, 1.
Public response to
Yerma:
Auclair, 291; Morla Lynch, 455; “Barcelona. La moral de
Yerma,” El Día Gráfico
(Madrid), September 15, 1935, 13; Luengo; Mario Hernández, introduction to FGL,
Yerma
, 11; Alberti,
La arboleda perdida
, 312–13; Corpus Barga, “Tragicomedia.
Yerma
y la política,”
Diario de Madrid
, January 6, 1935; Isaac Pacheco, “La vida y el teatro. Las pasiones naturales,”
El Liberal
(Bilbao), January 4, 1935, and
El Luchador
(Alicante), January 2, 1935, AFFGL; “De madrugada en el Español,”
E
l Pueblo
(Madrid), February 3, 1935, 3.
“May it please you to know”:
Martín, Federico García Lorca, heterodoxo, 399–400.
“As you know, I’m liberal”:
Carmen Diamante, “Recuerdo,”
Retama
3 (Cuenca, [May] 1986), 14.
“conservative,” “politically insurgent” and “I’m a Christian”:
Luengo.
Catholic paper disapproves of
Yerma:
El Siglo Futuro
(Madrid), December 31, 1934, and January 1, 1935.
Granada officials ban
Yerma:
Rodrigo,
Margarita Xirgu
, 217.
24. Theater of Poets: 1935
“audacious … disappointed” and “greatest feelings”:
“Después del estreno de
Yerma” El Sol
(Madrid), January 1, 1935), in OC, III, 552.
FGL lists plays:
Heraldo de Madrid
, January 17, 1935, 5; Mario Hernández, introduction to FGL,
La casa de Bernarda Alba
, 13–14; OC, II, 808.
“crudeness … archangels”:
Luengo.
“I have no interest”:
Proel.
“must capture”:
Nicolás González Deleito, “Federico García Lorca y el teatro de hoy,”
Escena
1 (Madrid, May 1935), in OC, III, 563.
“man of national tradition” and “theater of love, adventure”:
OC, III, 56.
FGL addresses audience at
Peribáñez:
Antonio Espina, “Escena y bastidores,”
El Sol
(Madrid), January 26, 1935; FGL, “Presentación de
Peribáñez o el Comendador de Oca-ña
, de Lope de Vega, representado por el Club Teatral Anfistora,” in OC, III, 251–53.
“necessary anachronism”:
Enrique Díez-Canedo, “En el Capitol,”
La Voz
(Madrid), January 26, 1935, 3.
FGL and Ucelay visit Castile:
Auclair, 222–23; Antonio de Obregón,
“Peribáñez y el Comendador de Ocaña
, de Lope de Vega. Hablando con García Lorca,”
Diario de Madrid
, January 26, 1935, in OC, III, 553; Margarita Ucelay, “Federico García Lorca y el Club Teatral Anfistora: el dramaturgo como director de escena,” in Soria Olmedo, 61–62.
FGL witnesses lamb slaughter:
Auclair, 222; Neruda,
Passions and Impressions
, 62–63.
FGL and Xirgu present “actors-only” Yerma:
“Escena y bastidores,”
El Sol
(Madrid), January 30, 1935, and February 1, 1935, 2. FGL’s talk was published in the Madrid press (see “La
Yerma
extraordinaria de Margarita Xirgu y unas cuartillas admirables de García Lorca,”
El Liberal
[Madrid], February 3, 1935, 5). Passages from the talk are taken from OC, III, 254–57.
Azaña attends
Yerma:
La Libertad
(Madrid), February 21, 1922.
“Success never satisfies”:
Armando Bazán, “Con el poeta García Lorca en Madrid,”
Todos
I, I, (Castellón, May 1935), in OC, III, 560.
Blood Wedding
produced in New York:
Morla Lynch, 363–64; Christopher Maurer, “Bach and
Bodas de sangre,”
in
Lorca’s Legacy: Essays on Lorca’s Life, Poetry, and Theatre
, eds. Manuel Durán and Francesca Colecchia (New York: Peter Lang, 1991), 107; Adams, 170–72;
The New Republic
, February 27, 1935, 78; Luis Fernández Cimentes, “García Lorca y el éxito: el caso de
Bodas de sangre,”
in Soria Olmedo, 87; Christopher Maurer, “Adelfa amarga en Nueva York,”
El País
(Madrid), August 19, 1986, VII; Río, “Federico García Lorca,” 208, citing
The New York Sun
, February 12, 1935; Percy Hammond review in
New York Herald Tribune
, February 12, 1935, 16; “‘Bitter Oleander’ and ‘The Eldest’ Presented in Broadway Playhouses,”
New York Post
, February 12, 1935, 11; Robert Benchley review in
The New Yorker
, March 2, 1935; Mario Hernández, introduction to FGL, Bodas de sangre, 60, citing “Campo de armino y Bodas de sangre, en inglés, no agradan,”
Ahora
(Madrid), February 26, 1935. For FGL’s remarks on the production, see J. Palau-Fabre, “D’una conversa amb García Lorca,”
La Humanitat
(Barcelona), October 4, 1935, in OC, III, 603.
“You’re going to find yourself”:
José L. Salado, “Con Lola Membrives a prósito del lorquismo puro,”
La Voz
(Madrid), February 7, 1935, 5.
FGL delivers radio talks to Argentina:
FGL,
Alocuciones argentinas
, 9; OC, III, 260–68.
“Because now it’s
my
turn”:
On FGL’s financial status, see “Información teatralLola Membrives está muy contenta con el éxito de
‘Bodas de sangre’
en el Coliseum,”
La Voz
(Madrid), March 6, 1935, 3; Auclair, 278; Guillén, “Federico en persona.”
“I realize you must be giving”:
Carlos Morla Lynch to FGL (March 12, 1935; November 26, 1935), AFFGL.
“Now, yes”:
Guillén, “Federico en persona.”
“shackle … true to yourself” and “That’s the secret”:
Proel. On FGL and money see also Peñón, 90.
“if I don’t, I’ll rot inside”:
“Garcia Lorca ante el teatro, sus recuerdos de Buenos Aires,” Radio interview broadcast by Transradio Española from Madrid to Buenos Aires (May 1935), in OC, III, 566.
FGL’s shoes:
Morla Lynch, 460.
“romantic tenderness”:
Morla Lynch, 462–64.
“rest… temperament”:
“Abans de l’estrena. L’autor ens diu,”
La Humanitat
(Barcelona), December 12, 1935, in OC, III, 619.
FGL writes
Doña Rosita:
FGL,
Dibujos
, 239–40; Felipe Morales, “Conversaciones literarias. Al habla con Federico García Lorca,”
La Voz
(Madrid), April 7, 1936, in OC, III, 631; FGL,
Teatro inconcluso
, 179–81; Moreno Villa, 120–21; FM, 362; “Escena y bastidores,”
El Sol
(Madrid), May 23, 1935; EC, 813; Rodrigo, García Lorca: El amigo, 290, 317;
Doña Rosita:
All passages are taken from FGL,
Doña Rosita
, in OC, II, 527–79.
“profound drama”:
“Abans de l’estrena. L’autor ens diu,”
La Humanitat
(Barcelona), December 12, 1935, in OC, III, 619.
“maidens … Spanish spinster” and “How long”:
Massa; on
Rosita
as elegy, see also Morales, 203.
“elegy … for families” and “where there isn’t one”:
Luengo.
Sources for
Doña Rosita:
In his review of
Rosita
, critic Antonio de Obregcn noted that FGL often said, “I copy everything from life” (Antonio de Obregón, “Un estreno en el Principal Palace de Barcelona,”
Diario de Madrid
/>
, December 14, 1935, 2). On sources for
Rosita
, see FM, 85, 363–65; “Abans de l’estrena. L’autor ens diu,”
La Humanitat
(Barcelona), December 12, 1935, in OC, III, 619; Antonina Rodrigo, “La auténtica
‘Doña Rosita
la soltera,’”
El País Semanal
(Madrid), August 17, 1980, 4–5; Francisco García Lorca, prologue to FGL,
Three Tragedies
, 17–18; Auclair, 299.
“vulgar” and “ordinary”:
Morales, 209.
“magnificent bad taste”:
“La mort de la rosa,”
Ultima Hora
(Barcelona), December 13, 1935, 6.
“the whole tragic history … pretentiousness”:
FM, 367, trans.
GM
, 227; Massa.
“Perhaps”:
Morales, 203.
“if in certain scenes”:
Francisco García Lorca, prologue to FGL,
Three Tragedies
, 18.
FGL and Chekhov:
FM, 143; Helen Sheehy,
Eva Le Gallienne: A Biography
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 181–84. According to José Antonio Rubio Sacristán, FGL saw productions by Eva Le Gallienne during his stay in New York (author interview with Sacristán).
“tight-fitting skirts”:
Massa.
Blanco-Amor visits Granada:
Defensor de Granada
, June 19 and 20, 1935; Eduardo Blanco-Amor, “Evocación de Federico,”
La Nación
(Buenos Aires), October 21, 1956; Eduardo Blanco-Amor, “Federico, otra vez; la misma vez,”
El País
(Madrid), October 1, 1978, vi; Eduardo Blanco-Amor to FGL (September 22, 1935), AFFGL. For background on Blanco-Amor, see
G, II
, 234–36; Moisés Pérez Coterillo, “En Galicia con E. Blanco-Amor, y al fondo … Lorca,”
Reseña
73 (March 1974), 14–18; Guerra da Cal, 194; L. Pérez Rodríguez, “Cartas inéditas de Blanco-Amor a Lorca,”
La Región
(Orense), November 15, 1994.
“spiritual representative”:
Eduardo Blanco-Amor to FGL (November 29, 1935), AFFGL.
“artificial”:
José L. Franco Grande to Andrew A. Anderson (April 23, 1986); I am grateful to Andrew Anderson for having allowed me to consult this letter.
“tiny, gracious”:
Eduardo Blanco-Amor, “Evocación de Federico,”
La Nación
(Buenos Aires), October 21, 1956.
“For Eduardo”:
Eduardo Blanco-Amor, “Federico, otra vez; la misma vez,”
El País
(Madrid), October 1, 1978, vi.
Ruiz Carnero assaulted:
Defensor de Granada
, July 6 and 7, 1935;
G
,
II
, 370; Moisés Pérez Coterillo, “En Galicia con E. Blanco-Amor, y al fondoLorca,”