Mind in Motion

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Mind in Motion Page 39

by Barbara Tversky


  of places, 70

  retrospective and prospective, 71

  for scenes, 50

  mental actions, 86, 88, 91–94, 187, 284

  mental animation, 97–98

  mental construction, 95–97, 95 (fig.)

  mental imagery, 61

  mental rotation, 88–94, 88 (fig.)

  connection between mental actions and physical ones, 91–94

  gender differences, 101

  gesturing and, 127

  as measure of spatial ability, 90, 99

  visual-spatial transformation, 89

  mental spatial framework. See spatial framework

  metaphor, 187, 220

  metaphoric gestures, 118–119

  mimicry, social, 111–112

  mind

  creativity and, 267–269

  enhancements, 282–283

  mind wandering, 268–269

  Mind in the Eyes test, 45

  mirror neurons, 21–23, 111

  mirroring, 21–23, 30–31, 66, 112

  moment-to-moment transitions, 245

  motion

  in comics, 246

  lines and, 228–230

  reading/writing order and, 225

  in space, 1–2, 283

  time as, 164

  motor resonance, 22, 23–25

  motor simulation, 23–24

  moving ego, 164–165

  moving time, 164–165

  music, 135–136, 135 (fig.), 211

  names for things, 36–39

  naming game, 36, 283

  narration in comics, 249

  narrative arc, 243, 246

  narrative voice, in stories, 239

  nature, world designed by, 278 (fig.)

  navigation, 72

  abilities, 102–103

  gender differences, 103

  neural underpinnings of, 68–71

  near, perspective and, 181

  networks, 283

  organization of, 156

  outside perspectives, 92, 141, 182

  partonomies, 159

  places and paths, 152–153

  representations, 161

  social, 162

  trees, 222, 283

  as trees, 161

  neurons, 15

  connections between, 156, 157

  mirror, 21–23, 111

  sensory, 11–13

  single-cell recordings from, 68

  trees and, 160–161

  nodes, as boxes, 155

  north, on maps, 197–198

  notation

  logic and physics, 209–211, 209 (fig.)–210 (fig.)

  music and dance, 211–212

  notation systems, 178–179, 206, 207–208

  notes, visual, 237, 237 (fig.)

  number line estimation, 129–130

  number systems, 174–175

  approximate, 174–175, 176, 177, 178, 208

  exact, 175, 177–179, 208

  numbers

  notation systems, 178–179

  symbols, 206

  tallies, 203–205, 204 (fig.)

  objects, segmentation, 243

  one-to-one correspondences, 120, 130–131, 134–135, 177, 179, 205, 208, 279, 285–287

  order/ordering

  by amount, 174

  direction of, 224–225

  implications of, 175–177

  by non-human animals, 173–174

  number systems, 174–179

  by quality, preference of value, 173

  space and, 165

  time and, 165, 170–172

  transitive inference, 176

  ubiquity of ordering, 172–174

  ordered lines, 180

  organizations, perspectives in, 183–184

  outside perspective, 182

  overview

  in organizations, 183–184

  perspective, 147, 148, 273–274

  provided by maps, 182–183

  page, putting thought on, 67, 97, 123, 126, 130, 132, 147, 148, 167, 168, 170–171, 181, 190, 191, 201, 206–208, 211, 224, 229, 241–244, 247, 253, 257–275

  Paleolithic map, 194–195, 195 (fig.)

  paragraphs, prose segmented by, 244

  parity rule, 127

  partonomies, 77, 78, 159, 160

  parts, words describing, 185

  past, referring to, 190–191

  paths

  asymmetric arrows and, 232

  on maps, 202, 228

  networks, 152–153

  in route descriptions, 144–145

  through time, 165

  patterns, 2, 156–157, 185, 277, 279, 284–288

  people, 39–49

  describing, 40

  eyes, 45–46

  faces and emotion, 41–45

  recognition of faces, 40–41

  perception

  action and, 16–19, 21–23, 24

  animacy, 23

  biases and, 55–57

  constructive, 266

  continuum from perception to action, 105–106

  embodiment, 23

  enhancements of, 282

  impeded by biases, 169

  inference versus, 55

  linked to meaning by segments, 216

  memory override of, 64

  mind override of, 55–57

  number systems, 174–175

  representations from, 87–88

  perceptual regrouping, 264–267

  performance, map design and, 203

  periphery, 156, 226

  perspective, 180–184

  absolute, 147

  allocentric, 143, 146–148, 149, 153, 165–166, 183–184

  bird’s-eye, 147

  on body orientation, 92–94, 92 (fig.)

  calendar, 166

  choosing between yours and mine, 145–146

  distant spatial, 181

  egocentric, 65–66, 142–146, 153, 183–184

  embedded, 274

  frames and, 247, 249

  insider, 10, 92–94, 141, 182, 273

  language differences and, 150–151

  maps and, 195, 197–198

  mixing, 149–150

  near and far, 181

  in organizations, 183–184

  outsider, 92, 141, 182

  overview, 147, 148, 273–274

  route, 144

  shared, 142, 143

  spatial reasoning, 81–83

  survey, 147, 148, 166

  switching, 153, 270–271

  taking other, 60, 63–66, 65 (fig.)

  talk and thought about space, 142–153

  on time, 165–166

  ways to find new, 273–274

  perspective taking, 268, 270–271

  and creativity, 270–271

  empathetic, 269

  increasing accuracy of prediction, 271–273

  petroglyph, 189 (fig.), 214–215

  physics

  Feynman, 210–211, 210 (fig.)

  gestures and, 127, 129

  pictograms, 194, 236

  pictures

  associations to, 14

  remembered better than words, 242

  words contrasting with, 249–250

  places

  brain cells associated to, 68–72

  memory and organization of, 70

  networks, 152–153

  parts and, 159

  recognition, categorization, and understanding of, 49–51

  in route descriptions, 145

  point-light videos, experiments with, 24–25

  points/pointing, 36, 112, 113, 117–118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 129, 131, 136, 137, 144, 145, 151, 179, 180, 184, 196, 229, 230, 243, 283, 284, 285

  aliases of, 156

  as basic building blocks, 157

  on diagrams, 156, 157, 191, 230, 236

  on maps, 199, 202, 227, 228

  as stationary, 228

  power, mapping of, 226

  practice

  mental rotation improvement with, 91

  spaced versus massed,
266

  spatial ability, 99, 103–105

  prediction, 271–273

  preferences, 173

  map design and, 203

  ordering and, 224–225

  prepositions, with spatial meaning, 226

  primates, imitation in, 283

  Principle of Correspondence, 193–194, 201, 208, 210, 235

  Principle of Use, 193–194, 201, 208, 210, 235

  prismatic glasses, experiments with, 16–17

  problem-solving strategies, gestures and, 121, 125, 127–130

  process, idea of, 271

  production, map design and, 203

  production, preference, performance (Three Ps), 203, 231, 239

  propositions, 186, 210

  prosopagnosia, 41

  proximity, 1, 75–76, 187

  qualities, as ordering principle, 173

  quantity, as ordering/organizing principle, 175–176, 224–225

  rats, navigation experiments with, 68–69

  reading/writing direction, mapping and, 223–225

  reasoning, from diagrams, 209–211, 209 (fig.)–210 (fig.)

  reference frames. See frame of reference

  reference points, 80–81

  regrouping, 264–267

  relationships, words describing, 185

  representations

  described, 87–88

  formats and properties of, 87–88

  perceptions and, 87–88

  sources of, 87

  worldly expressions of thought, 193

  rhythm, 26, 29, 31

  role-playing, as perspective taking, 273

  Rosling, Hans, 53–54, 280

  rotation, 74–75

  rotation, mental, 88–94, 88 (fig.)

  route

  as egocentric, 183–184

  perspective, 144, 145, 146, 152, 165, 166, 182, 183

  as sets of directions, 51, 79, 92, 94, 113, 114, 144, 145, 148, 152, 182, 183, 202, 203, 228, 232, 285

  route descriptions, 144–145, 146

  route maps

  cognitive design guidelines for, 202–203

  elements of, 227–228

  production, preference, performance, 203

  rubber arm, experiments with, 18–19

  Rubin, Gideon, 4

  Rules of Thumb

  for assembly instructions, 219–220

  for map design, 201–203

  scenes, 49–50

  change blindness, 50–51

  splitting, 247

  schematic maps, 199

  scripts, 85–86

  scrutiny, comics and, 242–243

  Second General Fact Worth Remembering, 123

  seeing, words of, 184

  segmentation, 216, 243–245

  self-regulation, 169

  semantic congruity, 175–176

  semantics

  of arrows, 233

  of diagrams, 220–237

  empirical, 227

  sensation, action and, 16–19, 30

  sensory input, 11–13, 15

  shape

  for recognizing and categorizing things, 35

  words describing, 185

  similarity

  cognitive reference points and, 81

  as distance in conceptual space, 79

  size, words describing, 185

  sketch maps, 145, 227–228, 228 (fig.), 285

  sketches

  architects, designers, 262–266

  cocktail napkins, 262

  dance sequences, 138

  new interpretations of, 264–267, 265 (fig.)

  smiling, 42–43

  social glue, gestures as, 136–140

  social judgments, 73, 79, 82

  social mimicry, 111–112

  social networks, 162

  space

  actions in, 115–116, 130, 277, 288

  around us, 59–83

  of the body, 9–31

  forms in, 285–286

  gestures and, 122

  language and, 184–187

  mapping abstract concepts to, 224

  marks in, 220, 226–227

  in math, 208

  moving in, 283

  order and, 165

  place in, 223

  talk and thought about, 142–153, 155–156

  time and, 163–165

  spatial ability, 98–106

  acquiring spatial skills, 103–105

  assembly ability, 217–218

  gender differences, 101

  genetic and environmental influences on, 99

  improvement with practice, 99

  measuring, 99–101, 100 (fig.)

  mental rotation and, 90, 99

  scope of, 105–106

  uses of, 99, 102–103

  spatial alignment, 76–77

  spatial descriptions, shared perspective and, 143

  spatial framework, 73

  body-centered, 60, 66–67

  flattening, 66–68

  new environments, 64

  taking a different spatial perspective, 60, 63–66

  spatial hierarchies, 77–79

  spatial language of the designed world, 286–288

  spatial maps, 71–72

  spatial-motor reasoning, 93, 126, 128, 210

  spatial-numerical association of response (SNARC) effect, 176

  spatial position, use for calculations, 206

  spatial reasoning, 76–77

  alignment, 76–77

  common fate, 74–75

  grouping, 74, 75–77

  hierarchical organization, 77–79

  rotation, 74–75

  straightening, 80

  spatial schemas, 72–73

  spatial thinking, 57

  abstract thought and, 71–74

  directionality and, 62–63

  speech balloons, in comics, 249

  spiral, 106, 156, 169, 185, 191, 240, 277, 280, 288

  splash pages, 243

  spontaneous graphing, 223–226

  sports, spatial abilities and, 104

  spraction, 277, 288

  stars, mapping of, 195

  stories, 239–255

  comics, 240–255

  as discourse form, 239–240

  facts overridden by, 240

  straightening, and spatial reasoning, 80

  Stratton, George, 17

  structure, 2–3, 132–133

  subordinate categories of things, 37

  superforecasters, 271–273

  superordinate categories, 36–37, 49

  surveys, 152, 182, 183–184

  symbolic distance, 175

  symbolic thought, 190

  symbols

  for arithmetic operations, 206

  for numbers, 179, 206, 208

  for position in space, 206

  words as, 141

  synecdoche, 220

  system

  action, 12, 24

  address, 73

  causal, 123

  cognitive, 205

  complex, 132

  computer, 169, 283

  diagrammatic, 221

  dynamic, 132, 233–234

  geometry, 209

  mechanical, 97, 98, 101, 102, 123, 128, 223, 233–234

  mirror, 21, 23, 25, 30, 31, 66

  motion, 24

  navigation, 103, 152

  nervous, 18, 169, 176

  notation, 178–179, 206, 208, 211, 212

  number, 174–175, 176–179, 182, 205, 208

  self-regulatory, 169

  sensory, 11, 15

  STEM, 102, 160, 233–234

  transport, 198

  visual, 35

  T-O map, 197, 197 (fig.)

  tables, inferences from, 231–232

  talking

  about space, 142–153, 155–156

  about time, 170–172

  from an allocentric perspective, 147

  gestures and, 124

  linear nature of, 152

  mixed perspectives and reference fr
ames, 149

  thought and, 141–142

  tally, 203–205, 204 (fig.), 208

  taste, categories of, 43

  taxonomy, 77, 159–160

  teaching, 121, 129, 190, 237, 241, 260, 282–283

  technology, 270, 281–282

  themes, as organizing principle, 159, 279, 286

  thermostat, 169, 271

  things

  hierarchical organization, 36–39

  names/labels for, 36–39

  recognition, categorization, and understanding of, 35–39

  words describing, 185

  thinking/thought, 283–286

  as actions on ideas, mental actions, 86, 88, 91, 92, 94, 187, 284

  categorical, 224

  creative, 263

  dimensional, 224

  divergent, 266, 269

  gestures as aid to, 124–139, 284

  graphics, externalized and promoted by, 284–285

  language and, 90

  minimal unit of, 186

  putting into the world, 189–193

  revealed by gestures, 119–121, 125, 130–131

  symbolic, 190

  talk and, 141–142

  worldly expressions of, 191–193

  Three Ps (production, preference, performance), 203, 231, 239

  time

  allocentric perspective on, 165–166

  calendar perspective, 122, 164, 166, 170, 171, 182

  causality, 212, 214

  circular, 167–169

  directionality, 170, 213, 223–225

  distortions and biases, 166–167

  gestures and, 122–123, 133–134, 171

  language and, 164, 170–171

  on lines, 163–165

  measurement, 212–214

  as movement, 164–165

  moving ego, 164–165

  moving time, 164–165

  music notation, 211

  order and, 165, 170–173

  space and, 163–165

  unidirectional, 167

  toddler, 36, 131, 194, 241

  tool use, 17–18

  top-down cognitive strategy, 266–267

  trade-offs, 15, 39

  transactions, between mind and world, 206–207

  transformation order, 96–97

  transformations

  geometric analogies, 95–97, 95 (fig.)

  mental as internalized actions, 88

  mental rotation, 88–94

  of thought, 85–106

  transitions in comics, 244–245

  transitive inference, 172, 173–174, 176

  trees, 159–161, 222, 283

  turns, in route maps, 202, 227

  unintended discoveries, 264

  use, principle of, 193–194, 201, 208, 210, 235

  valence, 42, 47

  value, as ordering principle, 173

  verbal ability, 99

  vertical direction, value carried by, 223, 225

  vertical plane, 170–172

  visual explanations, 260–261, 260 (fig.)–261 (fig.)

  visual-spatial reasoning, 127

  visual-spatial transformation, 88–97, 98–99, 99–101, 105–106

  voice, emotion and, 47–48

  wall paintings, in Egyptian tombs, 215, 215 (fig.), 216

  when, brain’s processing of, 34–35

  where, sense of, 59–60

  Whorf-Sapir hypothesis, 151

 

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