[>] "midnight movers": Léger, Le Journal, p. 291.
Jean Grave published: F7 13053, Moreau, 1897; Le Figaro, Jan. 18, 1894; La Révolte, Apr. 7, June 11, and Dec. 17, 1892.
[>] Père Peinard: Edward Peter Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget, the Anarchist Movement, and the Origins of Revolutionary Trade-Unionism in France, 1880–1901" (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1973), esp. p.189.
[>] "kif-kif": Sonn, "Marginality and Transgression," p. 131; Père Peinard, Mar. 20–27, 1892; Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," pp. 194–96.
[>] a miners' strike in Decazeville: Roger Langlais, éd., Père Peinard (Poitiers, 1976), p. 31, from Dec. 15, 1889.
seven judicial condemnations: Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," pp. 242ff.
Zo d'Axa then became: Endehors, a presentation by J.-P. Courty, Paris, 1974; Halperin, Félix Fénéon, p. 245.
[>] an editorial, "First Shout": Jean-Jacques Lefrère and Philippe Oriol, Zo d'Axa: Un patricien de l'anarchie (Paris, 2002), pp. 14–17, 21. anarchist Félix Fénéon: Halperin, Félix Fénéon, pp. 252–53, 268–270; Ba 1115, "Léon," May 15, 1894.
Charles Malato, another anarchist: "Charles Malato," in Dictionnaire biographique de mouvement ouvrièr français: 1871–1914, Jean Maitron, ed. (Paris, 1973).
"the noisy, vapid, and often dubious individuals": Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," p. 330.
[>] a transformation in Émile: L'Écho de Paris, Feb. 20, 1894.
Émile's "indominable will": Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," p. 328.
"To those who say": Walter Laqueur, A History of Terrorism (New Brunswick, 2006), p. 127: "High strung like a violin string, the anarchists weep and moan for life, so relentless, so cruel, so terribly inhuman. In a desperate moment, the string breaks."
"thanks to his coolness": Ba 1115, Mar. 13, 1894.
[>] Émile found a position: Ba 1115, police reports, May 31 and Aug. 4, 1892.
different anarchist groups: Richard D. Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics in Fin-de-Siècle France (Lincoln, Neb., 1989), pp. 84–86.
"it is a beautiful dream": Roderick Kedward, The Men Who Shocked an Era (London, 1971), p. 112.
returned to "compete barbarism": Joll, The Anarchists, p. 149.
[>] Enemy of the People: Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 76.
"Oh, the songs of Bruant": Uri Eisenzweig, Fictions de l'anarchisme (Paris, 2001), p. 177.
"lively as dynamite": Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 168.
"anarchists without throwing bombs": Laqueur, A History of Terrorism, p. 111.
[>] "idle word-spillers": David C. Rapoport, "The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism," in Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, Audrey Cronin and James Ludes, eds. (Washington, 2004), p. 50.
"Permanent revolt": André Nataf, La vie quotidienne des anarchistes en France, 1880–1910 (Paris: Hachette, 1986), p. 76; see also Ze'ev Iviansky, "Individual Terror," Journal of Contemporary History, 12 (1977), pp. 43–63; Guérin, Anarchism, pp. 44–45; Fleming, "Propaganda by the Deed," pp. 12–13.
"Yes, we are guilty": Ibid., p. 18.
"We who ... seclude ourselves": Joll, The Anarchists, p. 134; Fleming, "Propaganda by the Deed," pp. 22–23.
[>] "professional risk": Joll, The Anarchists, p. 111; Carl Levy, "The Anarchist Assassin and Italian History: 1870s to 1930s" (unpublished paper).
"men of courage": Fleming, "Propaganda by the Deed," pp. 13–15.
"lonely sentinels": Ibid., pp. 13–14.
[>] "two vicious germs": Ba 1115, Feb. 27, 1894; Émile Henry, Feb. 27, 1894, double cells nos. 1 & 2, Conciergerie.
"no anarchist forgot": Kedward, The Men Who Shocked an Era, p. 59.
Émile read Kropotkin's: Ba 1115, "notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894; Ba 1115, Émile Henry, Feb. 27, 1894.
"all belongs to all": Peter Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread (New York, 1927), p. 3.
[>] "highest expression of order": Nataf, La vie quotidienne, pp. 32–33.
published in La Révolte: La Révolte, Feb. 5–11, 1892.
4. Dynamite Deeds
[>] On Ravachol's early life: Jean Maitron, éd., Ravachol et les anarchistes (Paris, 1964), pp. 46–73, dictated as he awaited execution. See Ba 1132, dossier Ravachol.
[>] For several months in 1898, in Fourmies: Raymond Manevy, Sous les plis du drapeau noir (Paris, 1949), pp. 134–36.
[>] "At the top": Kedward, The Anarchists, pp. 54–56; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 2–5.
described the "martyrdom": L'Endehors, Sept. 1, 1891.
[>] "the life of a policeman": Ba 77, Aug. 3, 1891.
"all seemed to point": L'Endehors, Dec. 27, 1891.
the theory and practice of dynamite use: F712830–31.
[>] In 1875 a law: F7 12830–31.
deadly new "infernal machines": F712, 830–31, minister of foreign affairs, lune 18, 1883, drawing from the Sunday Herald, May 27, 1883.
[>] "The Science of Revolutionary Warfare": Louis Adamic, Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America (New York, 1931), p. 45.
[>] "in the pocket without danger" and Most: Ibid., pp. 46–47.
"the good stuff!": Ibid., pp. 45–48; loll, The Anarchists, p. 123.
"At last a toast to science": Laqueur, A History of Terrorism, p. 56.
"Do you want some dynamite?": Fleming, "Propaganda by the Deed," p. 16.
such as the "Dynamitards": Ba 75, July 9 and Oct. 17, 1886.
[>] dance to the "Dynamite Polka": Varias, Paris and the Anarchists, p. 39.
the Haymarket affair: James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded-Age America, pp. 141, 169–72, 203–8; Laqueur, A History of Terrorism: "It was a violent age, when public opinion freely held that workers who went on strike for higher wages and shorter working hours should be shot" (P- 59).
[>] The image of the bodies: Félix Dubois, Le péril anarchiste (Paris, 1894), PP. 55–59.
[>] Ravachol's bombs: Ba 1132; F712504; Woodcock, Anarchism, pp. 310–11.
[>] "hoped for and counted on": Ba 77, Mar. 13 and 31, 1892.
[>] the journalist Zo d'Axa: Jean-Jacques Lefrère and Philippe Oriol, Zo d'Axa: Un patricien d'anarchie (Paris, 2002), pp. 46–47, 55–61, 66.
Meunier and Jean-Pierre François: Ba 140, extract of report: Dec. 17, 1892; Ba 1115, "Thanne," Aug. 16 and Sept. 2, and Nov. 2, 1893; police report, Oct. 26 (or Dec.) 1893; Ba 1085, report of Oct. 14, 1892 and La Révolte, Dec. 3, 1892, Sept. 25 and Dec. 8, 1893; Feb. 24 and Mar. 13, 1894; Ba 1509, Sept. 16, 1894. Ravachol's trial took place: Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 8–27.
[>] "If I killed": Woodcock, Anarchism, p. 309.
"To be happy": Varennes, De Ravachol, p. 47.
[>] "the murder of Ravachol will open": Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, pp. 17, 165.
"the peal of thunder": Ibid., p. 17.
[>] Ravachol as "a redeemer": Varias, Paris and the Anarchists, pp. 84–85.
Ravachol, a "violent Christ": Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 260; L'Endehors, July 24, 1892.
"noble bearing " before death: Daniel Gerould, Guillotine: Its Legend and Lore (New York, 1992), pp. 94, 195–97.
[>] Ravachol's "dandy adaptation": Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," p. 242, from Père Peinard, Jan. 1–8, 1893.
"Ravachol, an Anarchist?": Ba 77, July 20, 1892; Lefrère and Oriol, Zo d'Axa, p. 70.
elusive anarchist lurking: Eisenzweig, Fictions, pp. 155, 279.
"the conspiracy of silence": L'Endehors, Nov. 27–Dec. 4, 1892.
"La Ravachole": Jean Maitron, ed., Ravachol et les anarchistes, pp. 75–76; Almanach du Père Peinard 1894.
[>] "Dame Dynamite": Natat, La vie quotidienne, p. 141.
[>] a rapidly increasing threat: Ba 508–10.
"profession of judge": Jean Grave, Quarante ans de propagande anarchiste (Paris, 1973), pp. 280–82.
hundreds of scrawled messages: Ba 508–510.
[>] "to wipe out the
work": Jean-Pierre Machelon, La République contre les libertés? Les restrictions aux libertés publiques de 1879 à 1914 (Paris, 1976), p. 405.
"Such acts," he said: Maitron, Le mouvement anarchiste, I, p. 240; Pierre Miquel, Les anarchistes (Paris, 2003), p. 206.
Montbrison or Saint-Étienne: A. D. Loire, 1M 533, telegram, June 23, 1892;
Ba 1115, June 22 or 23, 1892, and police report, Feb. 15, 1894.
[>] [>], rue Marcadet: Ba 1115, prefect of police, Aug. 4 and police report, Oct. 26, 1892.
"Since a temple has burdened it": Sonn, "Marginality and Transgression," p. 125.
destroying Sacré-Coeur: Ba 77, July 18, 1892; Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 82.
[>] Guillaume Froment could savor: Zola, Paris, p. 451.
These men shared a hatred: Ba 1115, Apr. 13, 1893, police report, Mar. 24, 1894.
Salle du Commerce: Ba 78, prefecture of police, Apr. 20, 1893; Lefrère and Oriol, Zo d'Axa, p. 51; Ba 1115, "Notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894.
[>] One speaker set the tone: Ba 77, May 30, 1892; Ba 1115, May 30–31 and June 4, 1892 and "Notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894.
[>] "dictated by fear": Ba 77, July 3, 1892; Ba 1115, "Notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894.
[>] "as are those who are no longer": Émile Henry, Coup pour coup (Paris, 1977), p. 23.
the offices of L'Endehors: Lefrère and Oriol, Zo d'Axa, pp. 60–61.
Fortuné continued to be a regular: Ba 1502, posters and police report, July 11; Ba 77, July 3, 5, 11, 20, and 27, and Aug. 17, 1892.
[>] enough nitroglycerin: Ba 1132, "Zob," July 6, 1892; Ba 77, July 16, 1892; police report, Feb. 15, 1894.
Émile spent much of July: Ba 77, June 8, 1892, and Ba 1115, police reports, Nov. 22, 1892, and Feb. 16, 1894.
concept of "propaganda by the deed": Maitron, Histoire du mouvement, pp. 220–21; Halperin, Félix Fénéon, p. 268.
[>] Errico Malatesta expressed: L'Endehors, Aug. 21 and 28, 1892; Pietro DiPaola, "Italian Anarchists," pp. 57–60; La Révolte, Feb. 16, 1892; Ba 1509, "Léon," Apr. 13, 1894: "Malato, Malatesta, and Kropotkin have clearly announced that they are against propaganda by the deed."
[>] "a model employee": Ba 1115; "Notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894, and police report, Feb. 15, 1894; L'Écho de Paris, Feb. 16, 1894; La Libre Parole, Feb. 16, 1894.
5. Carnage at a Police Station
[>] The Carmaux strike: Rolande Trempé, Les mineurs de Carmaux, 1848–1914, I (Paris, 1971), pp. 323–24, 401–7, and II, pp. 551–71; Joan W. Scott, The Glassworkers of Carmaux: French Craftsmen and Political Action in a Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), pp. 91, 112–16, 130–35, 139–42.
[>] the Russian anarchist Souvarine: Émile Zola, Germinal (New York, 2004), p. 144.
"insolent triumphs": Joll, The Anarchists, p. 118.
[>] "great popes of socialism": Anne-Léa Zévaès, "Sous le signe de la dynamite: Émile Henry," Vendémiaire, Dec. 30, 1936 and Jan. 6, 1937.
at 11, avenue de l'Opéra: L'Écho de Paris, Feb. 26, 1894; Ba 1115, Dec. 1, 1892, and Feb. 13, 1894; Ba 140, police reports, Nov. 9 and 12, 1892; F7 12516, Nov. 8, 1892; Le Figaro, Mar. 15, 1894; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 221–23.
[>] "the cowardly assassins": Bulletin Municipal Officiel, Nov. 12, 1892; Ba 1115, police report, Nov. 11, 1892.
[>] a boat to London: Zévaès, "Sous le signe"; Ba 1115, Nov. 22 and 26, 1892, the latter a copy of Henry's letter to Dupuy.
[>] [>] possible suspects: Ba 140, police reports, Nov. 9, 10, and 12, 1892; Ba 1115, Apr. 12, 1894; Le Journal, Feb. 17, 1894; Ba 1115, Nov. 22, 1892. He left his room on quai de Valmy on Oct. 31.
[>] Émile's precipitous departure: Ba 1115, Nov. 22–23, 1892.
police interviewed Émile's boss: Ba 1115, Nov. 22 and Dec. 1, 1892.
[>] Also on the list: Ba 140, "Individus signalés comme ayant pu participer à l'explosion de la rue des Bons-Enfants"; telegram, Nov. 8, 1892,11:55 a.m.; police reports, Nov. 10, 11, 23, 1894; 4M 582, commissaire spécial, Mar. 20, 1895.
attended anarchist meetings: Ba 77.
The police followed up: F7 12504, F7 12516, Nov. 9. 1892, Apr. 11, 1893, and Apr. 27, 1894.
[>] the "firecracker": Langlais, Père Peinard, pp. 111–14.
[>] leave behind "this trinket": Flor O'Squarr, Les coulisses de l'anarchie (Paris, 1892), pp. 34–35.
[>] Avengers of Ravachol: F712512, Nov. 8–11, 1892.
on the eve of a trip: Ba 1115, police reports, Dec. 14–16, 18, 1892.
"the pretty little dance" and view from London: Ba 1115, "Zob," Dec. 21, 1892, copy of Émile's letter of Dec. 7; "Léon," Feb. 17, 1894.
[>] "I will bite": Ba 1115, report of "Zob," Dec. 21, 1892.
About four hundred French: Constance Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles in London Before 1914" (unpublished dissertation, Université de Paris XIII, 2007), pp. 251–52, basing this figure on the estimate of Charles Malato.
Italians living in London: DiPaolo, "Italian Anarchists," pp. 34–47, 89–91; L'Éclair, Mar. 3, 1894, interview with Inspector Melville, putting the number of French anarchists at about a thousand; John Sweeney, At Scotland Yard: Being the Experiences During Twenty-Seven Years of Service of John Sweeney (London, 1904), p. 243.
[>] "The Anarchists are 'criminals'": Ibid., pp. 219–24; Commonweal, Nov. 25, 1893.
"first wave" of modern terrorism: Rapoport, "The Four Waves," pp. 46–73.
[>] "The entire world is my country": Thanks to Carl Levy for providing this quotation.
important anarchist hubs: Rapoport, "The Four Waves," pp. 2–3.
could be found in Spain: Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, pp. 278–79.
immigration to London increased: Richard Bach Jensen, "The International Campaign Against Anarchist Terrorism, 1880–1914/1930S" (unpublished paper), p. 10.
immigrants generated xenophobia: See Michael Collyer, "Secret Agents: Anarchists, Islamists, and Responses to Politically Active Refugees in London," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28, 2 (March 2005), pp. 278–303, noting the association of anarchism in London with Jewish immigration (p. 280); Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 414.
[>] ticket for a dance: DiPaolo, "Italian Anarchists," p. 15.
"Anarchist-hunter[s]": Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, p. 204.
[>] a veritable obsession: Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 298–300.
[>] looked suspiciously upon comrades: Ba 140, police reports, Nov. 9, 1892, Mar. 26, 1893, and Feb. 21 and Mar. 26, 1894; Le Gil Bias, Feb. 16, 1894.
The Italian anarchist Rubino: Pietro DiPaola, "The Spies Who Came in from the Heat: The International Surveillance of the Anarchists in London," European History Quarterly, 37 (2), pp. 192–93.
reports that were misleading: See Richard Cobb, The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789–1820 (New York, 1972).
collected useful information: DiPaola, "Italian Anarchists," p. 257. David Nicol on Melville: Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, p. 226.
concerning anarchist publications: H. Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement in Late Victorian London (London, 1983), p. 79; F7 12518, "Les Dynamitards aux Panamitards," printed in London, ordered seized on Dec. 19, 1893; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 15–17.
police did succeed somewhat: Dominique Kalifa, Crimes et culture au
XIXe siècle (Paris, 2005), p. 12.
six anarchists were arrested: Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, pp. 209–20.
[>] "La Petite France": Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 260.
around Fitzroy Square: Hugh David, The Fitzrovians (London, 1988), pp. 81–82, 85, 88–89; Mike Pentelow and Marsha Row, Characters of Fitz-rovia (London, 2001), p. 8; Walter Besant, London North of the Thames (London, 1911), p. 406.
"where my banished friends": Pentelow and Row, Characters of Fitzrovia, p. 50; Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement, pp. 64–65; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 334.
[>] "a collection of poor devils": J. C. Longoni, Four Patients
of Dr. Deibler: A Study in Anarchy (London, 1970), p. 146, from Le Figaro, Feb. 17, 1894.
simply "vegetating," completely: Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 301.
street and fish: Charles Malato, Les joyeusetés de l'exile (Ossas-Suhare, 1985), p. 31.
Richards grocery store: Ibid., p. 47; Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," pp. 254–60; Ba 1504: Oct. 17, 1894 (Z.1.); Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 260. See also Jean Maitron, De la Commune à l'anarchie (Paris, 1894), p. 276.
a list of phrases: Malato, Les joyeusetés, pp. 174–75.
[>] edited by Charles Malato: Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," p. 331.
[>] "a little country": Ba 1115, "Z no. 2," Dec. 25, 1892.
When Émile arrived in London: Ba 1115, "Zob," Dec. 21, 1892; Ba 1509, Sept. 16, 1894; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," p. 258.
to the Autonomy Club: The term "shadow circle" is that of George Woodcock; Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 18–22, 210–11; Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, p. 216; Ba 1509, Jan. 25, 1894.
[>] The anarchist clubs did the best: Malato, Les joyeusetés, pp. 45–46, 96, adding that "so bitter was life in this little anarchist republic that those who composed it had only one desire: to leave"; DiPaola, "Italian Anarchists," pp. 220–31; National Archives of Britain, HO 144/587/B2840C, chief constable, Sept. 15, 1892.
discuss events back home: Murray Bookchin, The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936 (San Francisco, 1998), pp. 107–8; Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement, pp. 84–85. The bomb in the Liceo Theater can of course also be considered as an originating or at least defining moment in the origins of modern terrorism.
[>] paranoia that swept Paris: Jean-Pierre Machelon, La République, p. 405, quoting P. Boilley, "L'idée anarchiste," Revue Bleue, Dec. 23, 1893, P- 406; O'Squarr, Les coulisses, pp. 34–35, 97, 104–5, 116–18, 294; Georges Blond, La grande armée du drapeau noir: Les anarchistes à travers le monde (Paris, 1972), pp. 217–18; Ba 1115, Dec. 30, 1892; Varennes, De Ravachol, p. 7.
[>] The French journalist: Henri Rochefort, The Adventures of My Life, vol. 2 (London, 1896), pp. 400–401.
[>] The "associationalists": Bantman, "French Anarchist Exiles," pp. 213, 285, 294–95. Thanks also to Carl Levy.
The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siecle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror Page 24