[>] "audacious and determined": Ba 1115, Z.2 from London, Dec. 21 and 25, 1892.
"even somewhat intimate": Ba 1115, "Zob," Dec. 6, 1892.
[>] "to demonstrate his satisfaction": Ba 1504, Z.1, Oct. 17, 1894. "a solitary and fanatic": Ba 77, Aug. 11, 1892; Ba 1509, Sept. 16, 1894, "Diabolical Plots: Their Organization and Execution," written by a London inspector of police.
The "betrayer" also revealed: Ba 1115, letter from Orleans, Dec. 8 and of [smudged] Lacalee [?] or could be Zévaco, Dec. 10, 1892.
"Well! Although he": Rochefort, The Adventures.
[>] "The bombs of Barcelona": Malato, "Some Anarchist Portraits," pp. 331–32.
Fiquefleur-Équainville: Ba 1115, Mar. 27 and 28 and May 2, 1894; Ba 1503, Jan. 26, Feb. 2, 17, 27, Mar. 13, Apr. 8, 15, May 27, and June 1, 9, 27, 1893, Radical, May 4, 1894; Ba 1503, "Léon," Apr. 15, 1894.
[>] to be back in Paris: F7 12516, report of Apr. 11, 1893; Ba 1115, minister of the interior, Feb. and Mar. 21, 1893, police report, Apr. 14, "Thanne," Aug. 16 and Sept. 2; police report, Oct. 26 (or Dec.), 1893; Ba 1085, reports of Oct. 14, 1892 and Sept. 25 and Dec. 8, 1893, Feb. 24 and Mar. 13, 1894, and La Révolte, Dec. 3, 1892; Ba 1115. Int. Feb. 20, Mar. 14, 21, 25, Apr. 12 and 21, 1893; F7 12516, Apr. 11 and Ba 1115, Apr. 14, 1893; Ba 1115, police report, May 23, 1893; "Thanne," Mar. 24, 1893; Ba 1115, Duthion, Feb. 17.
[>] the Belgian Workers' Party: Ba 1115, report of Pratz and Thiéry, Feb. 21, 1894; Le Journal, Feb. 27, 1894; Longoni, Four Patients, p. 152; Franz van Kalken, Commotions populaires en Belgique, 1834–1902 (Brussels, 1936), pp. 133–40; Janet Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Émile Vandervelde: Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford, 1995), pp. 27–29; E. H. Kossmann, The Low Countries, 1/80–1940 (Oxford, 1988), p. 344; Jules Destrée and Émile Vandervelde, Le socialisme en Belgique (Paris, 1903), pp. 146–51; Louis Bertrand, Histoire de la démocratie et du socialisme en Belgique depuis 1830, vol. 2 (Brussels, 1907), pp. 491–94.
[>] "Ah! You didn't tell me": Halperin, Félix Fénéon, p. 394.
he was not a thief: Ba 1503, June 16, 1893.
in early July 1893: Ba 1115, police report, Feb. 15 and Mar. 4, 1894; Ba 78, July 6, 1893.
arrived in London from Paris: Ba 1115, Aug. 3 and 6, "Thanne," Sept. 2, 1893; Z.6, Aug. 18 and 19, Ba 1509, Jan. 12, 1894, "Populo."
"Émile Henry?": Ba 1115, Aug. 7, 1893 and Feb. 8, 9, and 10, 1894.
[>] Léon-Jules Léauthier: Ba 1115, "Z.6," London, Aug. 16, 18, and 22 or 23, and Sept. 2, 1893; "Z.6," Aug. 6, 1893; Oct. 26 (or Dec.), 1893; Ba 1085, report of Oct. 14, 1892, Sept. 25 and Dec. 8, 1893; Feb. 24 and Mar. 13, 1894; and La Révolte, Dec. 3, 1892; Ba 1509, "Z.6," Feb. 19, 1894. Francis told the police that Henry was still in London at the beginning of September. Ba 1503, Nov. 23, 1893.
The day before the attack: Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 165–75; Maurice Garçon, Histoire de la justice sous la Hie République, I (Paris, 1957), p. 233; Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, pp. 121–22, quoting L'Éclair, Dec. 18, 1893, and 256.
The police intensified: Ba 77, list of anarchists, Apr. 1, 1892, etc., Mar. 23 and Aug. 11, 1892; Ba 1115, police report, Aug. 3, 16, 18, 21, and 23, 1893; "Z.6," Aug. 19, 1893; Ba 1509, "Z.6," Feb. 19, 1894. One report had Matha returning to London only on Aug. 19 from Paris, "where he left the brother of Fortuné."
6. Two Bombs
[>] August Vaillant, an unemployed: Ba 141, Auguste Vaillant; André Salmon, La terreur noire (Paris, 1959), pp. 294–98; Maitron, Histoire de mouvement, pp. 212–17; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 98–133.
[>] "Here's some news. 'The Aquarium' ": Leyret, En plein faubourg, p. 155.
[>] police obtained information: F712516, Dec. 11, 1893.
On Intellectual Complicity: M. P. Fabreguettes, De la complicité intellectuelle et des délits d'opinion: De la provocation et de l'apologie criminelle de la propaganda anarchiste (Paris, 1894–95), PP- 6, 19–22, 34–35, especially chapter 8.
propaganda "by ideas": Guillaume Loubat, Code de la législation contre les anarchistes (Paris, 1895), p. 188.
[>] "scoundrelly" or "shameful" laws: Ba 1500, Jan. 5, 1894; Loubat, Code de la législation, passim; Machelon, La République, pp. 413–14, 436–40; Journal Official, Dec. 19, 1893; Manevy, Sous les plis, p. 140. See Eisenzweig, Fictions, pp. 300–302; searches, F7 12508.
[>] replicated in Italy and Spain: Levy, "The Anarchist Assassin," p. 10, noting that in Italy the anarchist attacks "opened the way for a reconciliation of the 'Extreme Left' (the socialists and the radicals) with the liberals, a turning point in Italian history"; George Eisenwein, "Sources of Anarchist Terrorism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Spain" (unpublished paper), pp. 9, 15. examined a dead rat: Ba 66, Girard, Dec. 23, 1893.
suspicion of being anarchists: F712504, Apr. 27, 1894, prefecture of police, "hang as a menace": Jensen, "Daggers, Rifles, and Dynamite," p. 138.
[>] Those arrested in Paris: Ba 1500; Machelon, La République, pp. 418–19, 432; Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 20; F712508; Halperin, Félix Fénéon, p. 51; 432; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 140–45.
"personal friendship": Ibid., p. 101.
involved in a swindle: Fitzgerald, "Émile Pouget," p. 262; F713053, Moreau, commissaire special, "Anarchisme en France," 1897.
the overreaching efforts: La Libre Parole, Jan. 28, 1894.
[>] "staying at his side": F712504, Apr. 27, 1894, prefecture of police.
Vaillant went on trial: Ba 79, Jan. 29 and 30, 1894; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 108–33; Leyret, En plein faubourg, pp. 156–60.
[>] "a desolate stupefaction": Ibid., pp. 159–60.
[>] a Parisian family: Manevy, Sous le plis, p. 60.
"in the air" of the faubourgs; Leyret, En plein faubourg, pp. 153–54; Ba 79, Feb. 1, 1894.
Anything could happen next: Ba 79, Jan. 29, 1894.
the watchmaker's shop: Ba 1115, "Notices sur Émile Henry," Feb. 13, 1894.
[>] the Villa Faucheur: Le Figaro, Feb. 16, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 17, 1894; L'Écho de Paris, Feb. 18, 1894; Le Matin, Feb. 16, 1894.
"Émile Dubois": L'Intransigeant, Feb. 17, 1894.
[>] The police grew increasingly: Ba 1115, "Populo," Jan. 15, 18, 23, and 24, 1894; "Léon," Feb. 4 and 6, 1894.
"Léon," an ace: Ba 1115, Feb. 11–12, 1894.
Adrienne Chailley: Ba 1115, "Léon," Feb. 8, and "Thanne," Feb. 8 and 9, 1894.
[>] "your friendship bothers me": Maitron, Le mouvement anarchiste, p. 239, citing a conversation with Madame Matha, July 28, 1946.
"for quite a while": Ba 1115, "Léon," Feb. 10 and 11, 1894; L'Intransigeant, Feb. 17, 1894.
[>] The bomb thrown on February 12: Ba 141, testimony; L'Intransigeant and L'Éclair, Feb. 14–15, 1894; Le Matin, Feb. 13, 1894; Le XIXe Siècle, Feb. 14, 1894; L'Événement, May 21, 1894; Ba 1115, police reports, Feb. 13 and Mar. 27, 1894; Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 213–43.
[>] His clothes had been torn: Ba 1115, reports of guards, Feb. 18, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 15, 1894.
[>] notified the prefect: L'Éclair, Feb. 15, 1894.
[>] the Café Terminus had been blocked: Le XIXe Siècle, L'Intransigeant, L'Éclair, Feb. 14, 1894.
taken into the receiving room: Ba 1113, police report, Feb. 13, 1894.
[>] the "anthropomorphic" department: Ba 141, Feb. 13, 1894, 2:30 A.M.; Observations anthropométriques in Ba 1115, noting various small scars, and giving his height at five feet, three inches.
to see Judge Meyer: F7 12517; Le Matin, Feb. 13, 1894.
He invoked "legitimate defense": Ba 1115, fichier, and reports of Feb. 13, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 15, 1894.
Two of the guards: Ba 1115, report of Feb. 14, 1894, and chef de service of the Conciergerie, Feb. 14, 1894, 2:30 A.M.
[>] striking similarities: Ba 1115, "Léon," Feb. 13, 1894, and report of Feb. 14, 2:00 A.M.
Vaillant, whose execution: Le Matin, Feb. 13, 1894.
a "ridiculous bomb": Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 16, 1894.
Émile's bomb: Ba 1115, Feb. 13, 1894, chef de service; Le Jo
urnal, Feb. 22, 1894.
[>] The door had been forced: Le Figaro, Feb. 16, 1894; L'Intransigeant, Feb. 17 and 18, 1894; Ba 1215, police, "Léon," Apr. 27, 1894; Ba 1115, Mar. 22–23, 28, Apr. 1 and 27, 1894; F713053, Moreau, commissaire spécial, "L'anarchisme en France," 1897.
a photo of Émile: Le Figaro, Feb. 16, 1894.
material for making more bombs: L'Intransigeant, Feb. 18, 1894; Le Gaulois, Feb. 15, 1894; Le Gil Bias, Feb. 16, 1894.
[>] "scandalous scenes": Belle France, Feb. 13, and Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 15, 1894.
The press immediately seized: La Lanterne and L'Événement, Feb. 14, 1894.
7. The Trial
[>] "our so troubling and complex": Le Matin, Feb. 15, 1894.
The Anarchist Peril: Félix Dubois, Le péril anarchiste (Paris, 1894).
When part of the scenery: Ernest A. Vizetelly, The Anarchists: Their Faith and Their Record (London, 1911), p. 164.
[>] "a new Poland": L'Intransigeant, Feb. 14, 1894.
offering insurance policies: Sonn, "Marginality and Transgression," p. 130.
more searches of residences: Le Gaulois, Mar. 3, 1894; L'Intransigeant, Feb. 26, 1894; Guillaume Loubat, Code de la législation contre les anarchistes (Paris, 1895), p. 188.
Martial Bourdin: La Patrie, Feb. 19, 1894.
"moneyed bourgeois": DiPaola, Italian Anarchists, p. 47; Oliver, International Anarchist Movement, p. 101.
The police showed up: Ba 1115, police report, Feb. 15, 1894.
[>] Three journalists made their way: Le Petit Temps, Feb. 16, 1894.
merely vulgar insults: Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 20, 1894.
[>] "I am transfigured!": Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 23, 1894; Ba 1115, Feb. 16, 1894.
the marquise de Chamborant: Ba 1115, Feb. 15 and 17, 1894; Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 24, 1894.
"his easy gusto": Débats and République Française, Feb. 15, 1894.
On February 17, a magistrate: Ba 1115, telegram, Feb. 17, 1894; L'Intransigeant, Feb. 19, 1894; Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 20, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 20, 1894.
[>] he had left the bomb: Ba 1115, Feb. 21, 1894; Ba 77, Apr. 2, 1892.
My dear little Mother: Ba 1115, Feb. 19, 1894.
[>] "He has avenged his father!": Martin A. Miller, "Ordinary Terrorism in Historical Perspective," Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 2, 2 (2008), p. 140.
moved by seeing her: Ba 1115, Feb. 21, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 22, 1894.
"Don't speak to me about it": Ba 1115, Feb. 21, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 22, 1894.
[>] piece number 462: La Libre Parole, Mar. 20, 1894.
Hornbostel initially insisted: L'Éclair, Feb. 22, 1894; Ba 1115, Feb. 23 and Mar. 13–14, 1894.
During a reconstruction: Ba 1115, Feb. 26 and 28, 1894, commissaire de police; telegram, Feb. 28, 1894.
"always threatens exhausted brains": La Petite République and L'Éclair, Apr. 26, 1894.
[>] The relative comfort: Ba 1115, police reports, Feb. 22 and 25, Mar. 7–12, 15–16, 20, 30, and Apr. 5, 1894; Le 19e Siècle, Mar. 31, 1894; Le Gaulois, Apr. 14, 1894; Reg Carr, Anarchism in France: The Case of Octave Mirbeau (Montreal, 1977), pp. 65–66.
"absolute equality": Henry, Coup pour coup, p. 33; Guérin, éd., No Gods, No Masters, p. 397; Ba 1115, Émile Henry, Feb. 22, 1894.
Sometimes Émile walked: Ba 1115, Mar. 28–30, Apr. 1, 4, 12–14, 16–17, and 20, 1894; Le 19e Siècle, Mar. 31, 1894; Longoni, Four Patients, p. 154; La Lanterne, Mar. 5, 1894; L'Intransigeant, Feb. 19, 1894.
[>] newspapers debated the significance: Henri Ribeyre, "Chronique politique," La Revue Blanche, 6, Mar. 1894; Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 252; Le Figaro, Mar. 27; La Patrie, Feb. 22; Le Soleil, May 6, 1894, which added that Henry was "a materialist and atheist ... the natural product of our Judeo-Freemason society, of our frivolous and corrupt society, without beliefs, ideals, and faith."
[>] bomb exploded in Lyon: Le Figaro, Feb. 25; L'Intransigeant, Mar. 31, 1894. "What do the waves": Herbert, The Artist, p. 124.
The explosion at the Foyot: Halperin, Félix Fénéon, pp. 3–4, 275–76; Ba 142, reports, Mar. 26, Apr. 4, 5, 11, 13, 25, and June 25, 1894; L'Écho, Apr. 7, 1894; Herbert, The Artist, p. 124; La Libre Parole, Apr. 17, 1894; Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics, p. 234.
[>] "Once more, the idea": La Libre Parole, Apr. 17, 1894.
Girard, the chemist: Ba 1115, Mar. 13–14, 1894.
[>] covered by a woman's wig: Ba 1115, Feb. 23, 1894.
"had never had relations": Ba 1115, Mar. 8, 1894.
Ten francs arrived: Ba 1115, Mar. 9, 1894.
anarchist Philibert Pauwels: Ba 1215, Jan. 14, 1885; Oct. 14 and 27, 1887; Mar. 21, Nov. 17, and Dec. 9, 1890; Mar. 9, Apr. 25–26, May 1, 3, 5, 7, July 15, 17, 21, 22, 27, Aug. 1, 8, 25, 28, and Dec. 31, 1891; act of expulsion, Apr. 28, 1891; minister of the interior, Dec. 19, 1891, and Jan. 28, 1892; Jan. 11, 19, 23, 28, Feb. 10, 13, Mar. 26, May 10, 17, and Dec. 9, 13, 29, 1892; Oct. 6, 1893 (report of X.2); Feb. 27 and Mar. 11, 16, 17, 18, 20–21, 24, 27, 28, 1894; procès-verbal, Aug. 7; Pauwels, Aug. 8; prefect of police, Apr. 23, 1892; Le Matin, Mar. 17, 1894, Le Temps, Sept. 18, 1894; prefect of Gironde, Mar. 21, 1894; Le Gil Bias, Mar. 18, 1894; minister of the interior, Dec. 19, 1891; prefect of police, Apr. 23, 1892; Le Matin, Mar. 17, 1894, Le Temps, Sept. 18, 1894; Le Journal, Mar. 18, 1894; Ba 142, Feb. 21; Le Matin and France, Feb. 21; L'Éclair, Feb. 22; La Patrie, Feb. 27, 1894; Ba 142; L'Éclair, Mar. 17, 1894; Le Journal, May 10, 1894; letter of "Étienne Rabardy," 69, rue Saint-Jacques, n.d.; Le Matin and Le Figaro, Mar. 16, 1894; La Patrie and Greffier, May 11, 1894; Le Figaro, Mar. 21, 1894.
[>] each side of the courtroom: See Katherine Fischer Taylor, In the Theater of Criminal Justice: The Palais de Justice in Second Empire Paris (Princeton, 1993), especially pp. 31–33, 43–48, 6sff; Le Matin, Apr. 16, 1894; Association de la Presse Judiciaire, The Paris Law Courts: Sketches of Men and Manners (New York, 1894), PP-180–201.
The jury sat: Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 312–43; Albert Bataille, Causes criminelles et mondaines de 1894: Les procès anarchistes (Paris, 1895), pp. 50–93; L'Intransigeant, Apr. 29, 1894; Le Figaro, Apr. 28 and 29, 1894; Ba 141, minister of the interior, Feb. 24, 1894; L'Éclair, Apr. 3, 1894; La Patrie, Apr. 25, 1894.
[>] thereby identifying accomplices: Ba 1115, Feb. 23 and 26, Mar. 7, 11–16, 24, 1894; L'Éclair, Feb. 21, 1894; Le Matin, Feb. 23, 1893; Ba 140, police reports, Feb. 14, and prefect of police, Feb. 15, 1894; L'Intransigeant, Feb. 16, 1894: Le 19e Siècle, Feb. 16, 1894.
[>] Girard, the omnipresent director: Ba 1115, Émile Henry, Feb. 27, 1894, Conciergerie.
[>] Hornbostel's defense was disastrous: Gérard A. Jaeger, Anatole Deibler, carnets d'exécutions, 1885–1939 (Paris, 2004), p. 121; Maitron, Histoire du mouvement, note 1, p. 226; Le Figaro, Apr. 29, 1894; Ba 1115, Apr. 28, 1894.
"his loss of the instinct": La Petite République, May 6, 1894.
[>] "is the life of anarchism": La Petite République, May 7, 1894.
"this final test ... a thousand kisses": Ba 1115.
On May 1, Émile wrote: Ba 1115, Apr. 24, 1894; Ba 1115, Apr. 24, 1894; Le 19e Siècle, Apr. 27, 1894, with Émile's letter; Émile Henry, Déclaration (Paris, 1894); Varennes, De Ravachol, pp. 233–34; Bataille, Causes criminelles, pp. 50–93, carried by Le Figaro, Apr. 28, 1894. On April 25, the police, who had searched in April the residence Fénéon shared with his mother, Marie-Louise, turned up again. As they neared the door, his mother got rid of the copy of the work Henry was preparing for his trial (Halperin, Félix Fénéon, pp. 276–79).
[>] "miraculous image": Le Journal, May 12, 1894.
"I don't want to see her!": Le Figaro, May 6, 1894.
Élisa Gauthey had become a star: Le Journal, May 17, 1894.
[>] By tradition, no one: L'Événement, May 22, 1894.
"If they cut off his head": L'Intransigeant, May 22, 1894.
the "national razor": Daniel Arasse, The Guillotine and the Terror (London, 1989), pp. 2–75, quote from p. 13.
[>] guillotined per year: Geo
rges Grison, Souvenirs de la place de la Roquette (Paris, 1883), p. 18.
to Anatole Deibler: Le Matin, May 21, 1894; 19e Siècle, May 22, 1894; Justice, May 22, 1894; L'Événement, May 22, 1894.
[>] "to put on a play": Bernard, Les deux Paris, pp. 137–38.
[>] "a solemnity of horror and majesty": Le Journal, May 22, 1894, "Un témoin de la guillotine"; L'Écho de Paris, May 22, 1894.
a mere "aristocrat of crime": La Libre Parole, May 22, 1894.
"Don't talk to me about anarchists": Le Gaulois, May 21, 1894.
[>] "as miserable as his machine": Gérard A. Jaeger, Anatole Deibler (1863–1939): L'homme qui trancha 400 têtes (Paris, 2001), pp. 74, 128.
Some of the workmen: Le Journal, May 21 and 22, 1894; Le Matin, May 21, 1894; L'Événement, May 21, 1894.
[>] Louis Deibler, with one or two: Jaeger, Anatole Deibler, carnets, pp. 15–25; Jaeger, Anatole Deibler (1863–1939), pp. 131, 274.
[>] The small procession: Le Journal, May 21 and 22, 1894; La Libre Parole, May 22, 1894.
[>] "Long live the Commune!": Le Matin, May 21, 1894.
"a humanization of customs": Le Journal, May 23, 1894.
Émile's body: 19e Siècle, May 22, 1894; Le Journal, May 21, 1894; Le Figaro, La Libre Parole, L'Éclair, La Petit République, and Le Journal, May 22, 1894; office of the prefect of police to the dean of the medical school, May 21, 1894; Goupil, May 21, 1894; Ba 1115, dean of the medical school, May 21 and 23.
[>] departed for Brévannes: L'Écho de Paris, May 22, 1894; 19e Siècle, May 22, 1894; L'Intransigeant, May 22, 1894.
[>] On May 24, Émile was buried: Ba 1115, reports of Descaves, May 24, and commissaire spécial to the prefect of the Seine-et-Oise, May 25, 1894.
"Who is next?": Leyret, En plein faubourg, p. 161.
8. Reaction
[>] "To those who say: hate": La Renaissance, May 20, 1896.
"A mortal enemy": Le Journal, Feb. 19, 1894, cited in Maitron, éd., Dictionnaire biographique.
"not that which lashes out": Ibid.,"Malato, Charles."
embarrassment to the anarchist cause: James Joll, "Singing, Dancing, and Dynamite," Times Literary Supplement, Sept. 10, 1976.
The Dynamite Club: How a Bombing in Fin-de-Siecle Paris Ignited the Age of Modern Terror Page 25