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On the Front Lines of the Cold War

Page 54

by Topping, Seymour


  Talese, Gay. The Kingdom and the Power. New York: World Publishing Co., 1966.

  Trift, Susan, and Alex Jones. The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family behind The New York Times. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1999.

  Tuchman, Barbara. The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. New York: Knopf, 1984.

  INDEX

  Page numbers in italics refer to photographs. “ST” refers to Seymour Topping.

  Abel, Rudolf, 197n

  Abrams, Creighton, 264, 265, 267

  Abrams, Floyd, 358–59, 360

  Abt, Samuel, 330

  Abu Ghraib prison, 396

  Acheson, Dean, 78, 98, 100, 117–18, 127, 152, 172, 246

  Acupuncture anesthesia in surgery, 336–37

  Afanasyev, Victor, 3

  Afghanistan, 2, 241, 390, 392

  Agence France-Presse, 32, 87, 89, 342

  Agent Orange, 234

  Aidit, D. N., 281–84, 287–89, 295

  Air Force, U.S. See U.S. Air Force

  Al-Qaeda terrorists, 396

  Albanians, 202

  Alessandri, Marcel, 135–36, 143, 144, 147

  Algeria, 260

  Ali, Haj Marcus, 291

  Allen, Larry, 158, 160, 163–64

  Almond, Edward, 174

  Alsop, Joe, 206

  American Society of News Editors, 397

  An, Pham Xuan, following p. 224

  Angkor, 243–44, 261

  Anti–Vietnam war movement, 269, 271, 334, 361, 386–87. See also Vietnam War

  AP. See Associated Press (AP)

  Apple, Johnny, 387

  Arnett, Peter, 385

  Arnold, Martin, 362

  Asia Link Group, 377

  Asper, George, 385

  Associated Press (AP): Chinese journalists working with ST and, 107–10

  and fall of Nanking, 89

  financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 396

  and front page of New York Times, 322

  hiring of ST by, 2, 49–50

  Indochina bureau of, 125–26

  London office of, 158, 167, 190

  in Manila, 5–6

  Moscow office of, 196–99

  Paris office of, 163

  Peking bureau of, after Communist takeover, 117

  and Roderick, 33

  Saigon office of, 158, 163–64

  Shanghai office of, 60, 94

  and support of ST’s reporting of Chinese Civil War, 119

  Atom bomb, 3–4, 17. See also Nuclear weapons

  Attwood, William and Sim, 347–49

  Auriol, Vincent, 162

  Badger, Oscar, 87

  Bagdikan, Ben, 359

  Baker, Russell, 206

  Baldwin, Hanson W., 314

  Bali, 291–93

  Bancroft, Harding F., 331, 358–59

  Bangkok, 148–50

  Bao Dai, following p. 110, 125, 126, 131–32, 146, 152–55, 218, 384, 394

  Barr, David: and Chiang Kai-shek, 40–41, 47–48, 55, 78, 119

  on Chinese Nationalist generals, 42, 43, 119

  and Joint U.S. Military Advisory Group (JUSMAG) in Nanking, 35, 40, 45, 47–48, 175, 176

  and Korean War, 175, 176, 178, 179

  Barr, Ginny, 176

  Barrenco, José Migar, 215

  Barrett, David D., 20, 22

  Bassow, Whitman, 204

  Battle of Hong Kong, 297

  Bay of Pigs invasion, 205–6, 207, 212, 219

  Bazin, Marcel Marshal, 123

  Beaverbrook, Lord, 33

  Bedell Smith, Walter, 168, 185–87

  Beecher, William, 267–68

  Berkey, Russell, following p. 110

  Berlin, 190–94, 206–8, following p. 224

  Bernstein, Ted, 49

  Bethune, Norman, 16

  Bickel, Alexander M., 358–59

  Bigart, Homer, 159, 221

  Black, Hugo, 359

  Blum, Robert, 152–53

  Bo, Mai Van, 222

  Bonn, West Germany, 310, 311

  Borge, Tomás, 214

  Bosshard, Walter, 32–35

  Boudin, Leonard, 362

  Bowles, Chester, 261–62, 264, 267

  Bradlee, Ben, 359, 360

  Brazil, 216

  Brecht, Bertolt, 191

  Brezhnev, Leonid, following p. 224

  Brink, Francis G., 153

  Britain. See Great Britain

  Brown, Gordon, 4

  Browne, Malcolm, following p. 224, 382–83, 387

  Brownell, Herbert, 358

  Buckley, Christopher, 111–12

  Bundy, McGeorge, 227, 228, 229

  Bundy, William, 234–35, 237–40

  Bunker, Ellsworth, 263

  Burchett, Wilfred, 269, 312

  Burma: CIA operation in, 71, 148–50

  and domino theory of U.S., 146

  Nationalist forces in, 148–50

  U Nu government of, 149

  in World War II, 30, 35, 42

  Bush, George W., 241, 391, 393, 395–97

  Butterfield, Fox, 330, 382

  Cairo declaration, 353

  Cambodia: Angkor in, 243–44, 261

  army of, 253–54

  bombing of, by U.S., 241, 242, 253–54, 256, 262, 264–73, 391–92

  capital of, 259–60

  casualties during invasion and bombings of, 270–74

  CIA missions in, 254, 257–59

  Communist victory in, 381, 384, 392

  coup against Sihanouk in, 255, 272

  de Gaulle in, 260–61, 312

  diplomatic relations between U.S. and, 253, 263, 267

  elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 244–53

  in French Union, 243, 244

  invasion of, by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces, 269–71, 351

  Issaraks in, 243

  and Johnson, 259, 261, 262

  journalists killed or missing in, 272–73, 386

  and Khmer Rouge, 242–44, 261, 267, 269–77, 381, 384, 385, 392

  Khmer Rouge occupation of Phnom Penh in, 272–77, 381, 385

  Lon Nol in, 255, 268–73, 384, 392

  map of, 266

  Menu Campaign against, 269–70

  Nixon’s policy on, 241, 242

  North Vietnamese troops and Vietcong in, 253–56, 258, 261–65, 267, 268

  Operation Rock Crusher against, 270–71

  Pol Pot regime in, 171, 242, 243, 273–77

  purges and executions by Khmer Rouge in, 242, 276, 277

  recall of AP correspondents in, after Communist victory, 385

  rubber tree planters in, 263–64

  and SEATO, 186–87

  Sihanouk in, following p. 224, 242–44

  ST in, 254–60

  and “Vesuvius” operation, 261–64, 267

  Viet Minh in, 243, 244

  Vietnamese invasion and occupation (1978–88) of, 276–77

  Vietnamese refugees in, 256–57

  Canada: Communist China recognized by, 104–5

  and Korean War, 104

  and Vietnam War, 234–40. See also Ronning, Chester

  Canton, China, 95, 114

  Carlson, Evans, 20

  Carlyle, Thomas, 397

  Carpentier, Marcel, 143, 144

  Carter, Jimmy, 360

  Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 92

  Caruthers, Osgood, 196

  Cassady, Sylvia, 194, 332–33

  Cassini, Bishop Cipriano, 62, 75, 76

  Castro, Fidel, 2, 213–17, following p. 224, 311

  “Catfish” operation, 28–29

  Catholic Church: in China, 12–13, 61–65, 73, 75–77, 77n, 104

  and French Indochina War, 159

  and Graham Greene, 161

  in Hainan, 114–17

  in Vietnam, 139, 159

  Catledge, Abby, 195

  Catledge, Turner, 194–95, 219, 312, 314, 317, 322

  Catlett, Don, 245–52

  CCP. See Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

  Ceauescu,
Nicolae, 269, 311, 355

  Censorship, 200, 203–4, 379, 386

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): in Burma, 71, 148–50

  in Cambodia, 254, 257–59

  and Communist China, 298, 350

  creation of, 127

  and Cuban missile crisis, 208

  Allen Dulles as director of, 387

  Helms as director of, 393

  and Hmong people, 384

  in Indochina, 127

  in Indonesia, 284, 295

  and Korean War, 173–74, 181

  in Laos, 384

  and prisons for and torture of terrorists, 395

  and Saddam Hussein’s defeat, 393

  and South Vietnam, 218–19, 381, 382, 384

  Chalabi, Ahmed, 396

  Chang Chi-chung, 81, 83

  Chang Yao-ming, 88

  Charton, Pierre, 144

  Chassin, Lionel Max, 37–38

  Checkpoint Charlie, following p. 224

  Ch’en Chi-tang, 116

  Chen Geng, 143, 144

  Ch’en I, 79

  Chen, Joseph, 56

  Chen, Rose, 72

  Chen Yi: and assault of Taiwan, 171

  and Battle of the Huai-Hai, 53, 55–58, 62, 67, 70, 72

  capture of Hangchow by, 94

  crossing of Yangtze by, 84, 339

  and Cultural Revolution, 339, 341–42, 356

  death of, 339

  and fall of Shanghai, 94, 339

  and invasion of Taiwan, 96, 339, 353

  and Laos conference (1961), 205, 339

  Lin Biao denounced by, 367

  as military strategist, compared with Mao, 44

  occupation of Nanking by troops of, 89, 94, 205, 339

  photograph of, following p. 110

  Red Guards’ attack on, 339, 342

  and ST, 205

  and Sukarno, 282

  and Vietnam War, 232

  during World War II, 22

  and Zhou Enlai, 339, 356

  Cheney, Richard, 395

  Cheng Tung-kuo, 42

  Cheng Yu-kuang, 88

  Chengdu, China, 114

  Chennault, Claire L., 57, 57n, 93, 113, 148

  Chiang Ching-kuo, 35n, 59, 60, 114

  Chiang Kai-shek: accusations against Sun Li-jen concerning coup against, 35n

  and Barr, 47–48

  and Battle of the HuaiHai, 55, 57, 71, 74

  Christianity of, 52, 78

  criticisms of, concerning Chinese Civil War, 13, 18, 38, 47, 74, 78, 113, 119, 126

  death and burial of, 120

  dental work for, 51

  and French recognition of Communist China, 223

  and Korean War, 172

  Kuomintang (KMT) Party of, 17–18, 21, 48, 119, 120, 374

  and MacArthur, 172

  and Manchuria, 38–44

  on Mao’s army as “Bandits,” 327

  marriage of, 51–52

  Marshall on, 47–48

  move of capital to Nanking by, 6, 10, 48–49

  and peasant grievances, 67

  on “Peip’ing” as name for Peking, 6

  photographs of, following p. 110

  possible coalition government between Mao and, 20–22, 26, 80–82

  as president of Nationalist government on Taiwan, 120, 354

  resignation of, in 1949, 78–79

  retreat to Taiwan by, 79, 83, 114

  and Ronning, 51–52

  and Roosevelt, 20

  semifeudal structure in China under, 301

  and Shanghai, 59–60

  and Stalin, 22–23, 25–28, 31

  U.S. policy on, 17–19, 22, 28, 36, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 79, 96, 118–20, 126, 155, 156, 169–70, 172

  and war against Japan, 9, 13, 19, 48, 57n. See also Chinese Civil War

  Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 48, 51–52, 60, 78, 114, 120

  Chiang Wei-kuo, 56, 58, following p. 110

  Chicago Sun-Times, 359

  Chicago Tribune, 33

  China: and acupuncture anesthesia, 336–37

  agricultural collectivization and People’s Communes in, 68, 300, 301, 303, 340

  and atom bomb, 17

  Audrey Topping’s travels in, 73n, 304–6, 332–34, 336–39, 345–55

  casualties of Maoist policies in, 300, 342–44, 374

  Deng Xiaoping’s leadership of, 68, 93, 121, 367–71, 376–79

  dispute between India and, concerning Aksai Chin border territory, 234

  documentaries on, 311, 368

  economy of, after Civil War, 171

  founding of People’s Republic of China, 90n, 96, 102, 103

  free market incentives in, during late 1970s, 121, 376–79

  Gang of Four in, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73

  and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 185–89

  and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 146, 155, 163, 170, 184

  Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957) in, 109–10

  ideological split between Soviet Union and, 2, 17, 199–203, 302

  industrialization and Great Leap Forward in, 299–300, 302, 303, 306, 339–40, 377

  Japan’s war against, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 31, 44, 48, 57n

  journalists in Communist China, 107–10

  and Kissinger, 11, 102, 326, 349–50, 355, 362

  and Korean War, 23, 101, 103–4, following p. 110, 146, 147, 169–83, 340, 353, 377

  Kuling in, 52

  and land reform program, 25, 66–68, 378

  and Malaysia, 282

  Manchuria dispute between Soviet Union and (1969), 349

  Maoist purges and executions in, 99, 108–10, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374

  map of, 8

  National People’s Congress (NPC) in, 340, 356–57

  New Democracy for, 24–25, 92–93, 105, 303

  Nixon’s policy on and visit to, 11, 19, 23–24, 101–2, 200, 203, 326, 338, 349–51, 355, 362, 377, 391

  occupation of North Vietnam by, 130

  peasants in, 66–68, 126, 378

  possibility of nuclear war between Soviet Union and, 17

  possible Soviet aggression against, 349, 350

  Qin dynasty terra-cotta warrior sculptures in, 369

  recognition of Communist China by other countries, 103–5, 223, 298

  Red Guards in, 305, 307–9, 336, 338–44, 356, 374

  return of Hong Kong to, 378

  Roosevelt’s policy on, 20–23

  and Sihanouk, 258–59, 268–69, 351

  and Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353

  Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 101, 102, 117–18

  Snow’s writings on, 4, 325–27

  Soviet aid for, 25

  ST in, during 1971 and 1980, 308, 336–39, 345–55

  ST’s interview with Zhou Enlai in, 311, 332–34

  and Taiwan’s future, 352–55

  as traditional enemy of Vietnam, 170–71

  Truman’s policy on, 7, 18–20, 31, 48, 69, 78, 80, 96, 117, 118, 156, 172

  U.S. recognition of Communist China, 117–18, 216

  and Vietnam War, 189, 207, 232–33, 377–78, 385

  war between Vietnam and (1979), over Paracel Islands, 171. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Chinese Civil War; Chinese Communist Party (CCP); Cultural Revolution; Mao Zedong; Zhou Enlai; and specific cities, such as Peking

  China Lobby, 18, 52, 119, 326

  China Quarterly, 374

  Chinchow, Manchuria, 41–43

  Chinese Catholic Association, 77n

  Chinese Civil War: battle for Manchuria during, 30–36

  capture of Hangchow by Communist forces, 94

  casualties of, 31, 36, 37, 43, 46, 57, 58, 66, 69–70, 73, 73n, 84–85

  and “Catfish” Operation, 28–29

  cease-fire during, 6, 7, 11, 17, 31

  Chiang Kai-shek on mistakes in, 120

  Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to Taiwan during, 79, 83, 114

  Chine
se journalists working with ST during, 107–10

  Communist capture and jailing of American assistant military attachés during, 34

  Communist occupation of Nanking during, 91–94

  criticisms of Chiang Kai-shek concerning, 13, 18, 38, 47–48, 74, 78, 113, 119, 126

  crossing of Yangtze by Communist army during, 81, 83–85, 88

  defections to Communist forces during, 43–44, 56, 58, 74, 78, 83, 84, 113

  execution of Yang Kaihui during, 376

  fall of Manchuria during, 37–44, 78

  fall of Nanking during, 84–90, 90n

  fall of Shanghai during, 94

  fall of T’aiyuan during, 93

  food shortages during, 39, 40, 93

  and France, 133

  Hainan Island battle of, 113–18

  house detention of ST by Communists in Nanking, 92

  Hsuchow column in, 53–58, 63, 70–72

  Huai-Hai battle during, 1, 44, 53–74, following p. 110

  Kalgan during, 11–12, 17–18

  Kennedy on, 155–56

  MacArthur on, 169–70

  Mao compared with Lin Biao as military strategist during, 44

  Mao’s headquarters in Yenan during, 13–29, 301

  Mao’s predictions of success during, 72, 74

  Mao’s protracted war strategy during, 27, 37–38, 147, 227

  Marshall’s mediation mission during, 7, 11, 13, 17–19, 28–29, 31, 51, 72, 80

  Nanking during, 45–52

  Nationalist Air Force during, 45, 55, 65, 69, 70, 93, 114, 116

  Nationalist pilots’ performance during, 45

  Nienchuang in, 56, 57

  peace proposal by Communists (April 1949) during, 83

  peasant support for Communists during, 66–68, 126

  and People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 1, 7, 15, 26, 28, 37–38, 83, 89, 90n, following p. 110

  prisoners of war during, 58, 63, 70, 71, 74

  Red Army’s Long March during, 10, 27, 352, 355

  refugees during, 39, 40, 46, 59, 61–62, 85, 171

  Siwantse during, 12–13

  size of opposing armies during, 15, 28, 46, 78

  ST in Peking as journalist covering, 7–11

  ST with Communist forces during, 1, 60– 61, 65–74

  and Stalin, 22, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96

  ST’s reflections on outcome of, 118–21

  ST’s travels in China during, 11–13, 61–62, 65–74

  Stuart’s attempts at peace settlement for, 79–82

  superiority of Nationalist troops and equipment in, 19, 28, 46, 74

  surrender of Peking during, 82

  tank column used by Communists during, 55, 56

  Tat’ung during, 11

  transfer of Nationalist air force, navy, and army divisions to Taiwan, 79, 83, 96

  Tsinan in, 53, 55

  U.S. aid and support for Nationalist government during, 17–19, 22, 28, 36, 43, 45, 52, 69, 78, 79, 96, 118–19, 126, 155, 156, 169–70. See also Huai-Hai, Battle of the

 

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