On the Front Lines of the Cold War

Home > Other > On the Front Lines of the Cold War > Page 57
On the Front Lines of the Cold War Page 57

by Topping, Seymour


  Mendès-France, Pierre, 184, 186, 187

  Meyrier, Jacques, 86–87

  Mikoyan, Anastas, 101

  Milks, Harold, 49, 61, 64, 85, 107

  Miller, Arthur, 191

  Minh, Duong Van, 385

  Mitchell, John, 358

  Mohr, Charles, 387

  Molotov, Vyacheslav, 185, 186, 188, 351

  Le Monde, 105, 164

  Mongolian People’s Republic, 22

  Moore, Victor, 235

  Morris, George E. “China,” 111

  Morris, Roger, 267

  Morrison, Ian, 111–12

  Moscow: censorship lifted in, 203–4

  censorship office in, 200

  KGB in, 199, 209, 210, 211

  reactions to Cuban missile crisis in, 209–12

  schools in, 198, 202–3

  ST in, 195–99, 203–4

  Toppings in, 195, 197–99, 202–3. See also Soviet Union

  Moscow Union of Writers, 196

  Mountbatten, Lord, 128

  Moyers, Bill, 3

  Mukden, Manchuria, 38–43, 78

  Muslim Scholars Party, 290–91, 294

  Mydans, Carl, following p. 110, 136, 137, 141

  Nagasaki, 4

  Nanking: airport in, 45–46

  bombing of, by Nationalist air force, 93

  Chiang’s move of capital to, 6, 10, 48–49

  Chiang’s palace headquarters in, 120

  during Chinese Civil War, 45–52, 84–90

  closing of Canadian Embassy in, 104

  Communist occupation of, 91–94, 105, 107–8, 205, 353–54

  courtship of Toppings in, 50–52

  cultural life of, 93–94

  Cultural Revolution in, 305

  description of, 50–51

  diplomatic contact between Chinese Communists and Western nations in, 95

  evacuation of Americans from, 45, 46–47

  executions of Japanese generals in, 49

  fall of, during Chinese Civil War, 84–90, 90n

  Huang Hua in, 95–97

  Japanese attack against, 48

  Joint U.S. Advisory Group (JUSMAG) in, 35, 40, 45, 46–48, 175, 176

  refugees in, 46, 85

  ST in, 40, 45–52, 73, 78, 85–90, 90n, 94, 105, 109, 169–70

  ST’s departure from, 105–6

  Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in, 78–79

  university students in, 91, 93

  Nasution, Abdul Haris, 280–82, 284–86, 294

  National Geographic, 311, 369

  National Liberation Front (NLF), 254, 260, 384–85

  National security: and news media, 386–87, 393–97

  and reliance on bombing, 391–92

  and reluctance of U.S. to talk with adversaries, 390–91

  and strategic misconceptions, 393

  and White House, 390–93. See also specific U.S. presidents

  National Security Agency, 395–96

  Nationalist Central News Agency, 92

  NATO, 126

  Navy, U.S. See U.S. Navy

  Nayar, M. K. Unni, 112

  Nehru, Jawaharlal, 151, 156

  Nehru, Pandit, 173, 234

  Neizvestny, Ernest, 213

  Nesson, Charles, 360

  Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 32

  Neues Deutschland, 193

  New Republic, 326

  New York Daily News, 84

  New York Herald Tribune, 49, 159

  New York Times: Audrey Topping as photojournalist for, 211, 238, 304–5, 311, 333, 345, 368–69

  on bombing of Cambodia, 265, 267

  China series in, by ST, 345, 348–49

  and Chinese Civil War, 33, 57, 89, 111

  on Chinese terra-cotta warrior sculptures, 369

  on Cuban missile crisis, 210

  on Cultural Revolution in China, 304, 334

  on eavesdropping after 9/11 terrorist attacks, 395–96

  on elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 252

  on Ellsberg case, 362

  financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 321, 396

  four-section design of, 320–21

  front page design of, 321–22

  Halberstam with, 219–20

  hiring of ST at, 50, 194

  and Hiroshima memorial service for victims of atomic bomb, 3

  on Indochina in 1940s, 118

  Keller’s design changes for, 321

  Kennedy’s criticisms of, 219

  and Khmer Rouge occupation of Phnom Penh, 273– 77

  and Korean War, 159

  and Pentagon Papers, 2, 328–32, 334–35, 345–46, 352, 358–61, 394–95

  Pulitzer Prizes for, 220, 277, 315, 317, 323, 360–61, 383

  reform of foreign news report and restructuring of Foreign News Copy Desk at, 318–22

  Saigon Bureau chiefs of, 382–83, 387

  Salisbury’s dispatches on Vietnam War to, 312–18

  on second Iraq War, 395

  on Sino-Soviet split, 201

  Snow’s article on China for, 325–26

  Soviet affairs expert for, 203–4

  ST as assistant managing editor of, 320, 321, 322–27

  ST as chief correspondent in Southeast Asia for, 219– 20, 297–99

  ST as foreign editor at, 195, 310–22, 324

  ST as managing editor of, 214, 320–21

  ST on Metropolitan staff of, 194–95

  ST’s interview with Zhou Enlai for, 311, 332–34, 347–48, 351–54

  succession dispute at, 322–24

  Cyrus Sulzberger’s denial of job for ST at (1947), 49, 89, 194, 312

  “Takeout” special article for, 320

  on Vietnam War, 239, 257, 312–18, 324, 394

  Web site of, 396. See also names of staff members and owners

  New York Times Magazine, 199, 305, 306, 311, 375

  New Yorker, 330, 395

  News media: and antiwar movement, 386–87

  censorship of, 200, 203–4, 379, 386

  “embedding” of war correspondents in front-line units during second Iraq War, 387

  financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 396

  and First Amendment rights, 334, 359–60

  and Freedom of Information access to official records, 396

  future of, 397

  and Iraq wars, 387

  journalists killed or missing during Vietnam War, 272–73, 386

  and national security, 386–87, 393–97

  Pentagon training in relations with, 387

  and problems of Vietnam War reporting, 386

  and subpoenas seeking identity of confidential sources, 396

  Web sites of, 396. See also Associated Press (AP); International News Service (INS); New York Times; and other newspapers

  Newsweek, 204

  Nicaragua, 214, 217

  Nie Rongzhen, 12

  Nienchuang, China, 56, 57

  Nigerian civil war, 324

  Nixon, Richard: and bombing and invasion of Cambodia, 241, 242, 265–73

  China policy of and visit by, 11, 19, 23–24, 101–2, 200, 203, 326, 338, 349–51, 355, 362, 377, 391

  and Pentagon Papers, 362

  and Vietnam War, 24, 241, 242, 265–73, 381, 392

  Watergate scandal and resignation of, from presidency, 363, 381

  Njoto, 289

  NLF. See National Liberation Front (NLF)

  Nolting, Frederick, 156–57

  Nonnenmacher, Herman and Anna, 167

  North Korea: boundary between South Korea and, 168, 180, 377

  as buffer state for China, 377

  and nuclear weapons, 168. See also Korean War

  North Vietnam: and Cambodia, 253–55, 261–64

  Chinese troops in, 130, 233

  creation of, 2

  founding of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 102

  French “Road of Death” in, 134, 136–41

  Geneva Accords on, 188

  Mao’s recognition of DRV, 102

&
nbsp; maps of, 134, 226

  Potsdam Conference on, 127

  Salisbury’s visa to, 312

  Soviet arms shipments to, 232–33

  Stalin’s recognition of, 102

  U.S. bombing of, during Vietnam War, 206, 222, 227–30, 232, 233–34, 239–41, 256, 257, 312–14, 328, 391–92

  victory of, in Vietnam War, 381–85. See also Hanoi; Vietnam War

  NSC. See U.S. National Security Council (NSC)

  Nu Cheng-yuan, 88

  Nuclear test-ban treaty, 212

  Nuclear weapons, 3–4, 17, 168, 180, 184, 185, 215, 302

  Oakes, John, 312

  Obama, Barack, 4, 391

  O’Donovan, Patrick, 64–65

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 125, 127–30, 388. See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

  Officer, Keith, 103

  Operation Therese, 144–45

  OSS. See Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

  Owen, Taylor, 272

  Packard, Reynolds, 33–35

  Pai Chung-hsi, 55, 79, 83, 113–16

  Pakistan, 374–75

  Palmer, Frank, 289

  Panikkar, Sardar K. M., 87, 103–4, 173–75, 180–81

  Paracel Islands, 171

  Paris, 162

  Parman, S., 284–85

  Parwanto, 292

  Pasternak, Boris, 196

  Pathet Lao, 205, 208, 239, 381, 384

  Patti, Archimedes L. A., 129–30

  Pearson, Lester, 104, 234, 235, 238

  Peet, John, 192

  Peking: Associated Press (AP) bureau in, after Communist takeover, 117

  businesses in, 7, 9, 338–39

  Chen Yi in, during 2003, 72

  Clubb as last American diplomat in, after Communist takeover, 34

  College of Chinese Studies in, 9, 10

  Cultural Revolution in, 305–7, 338–39, 341–42, 356

  description of, 337–39

  different names for, 6

  documentary on Forbidden City in, 311

  Great Hall of the People in, 269, 301, 326, 333, 338, 341, 349, 351–55, 372, 375, 376

  Opera House in, 16, 93

  Sihanouk in exile in, 242, 269, 277

  social life in, 33

  ST in, during Chinese Civil War, 7–11

  surrender of, during Chinese Civil War, 82–83, 300

  Toppings in, during 1971, 337–39, 345–55

  Yenching University in, 10, 95–98, 100–101

  The Peking Letter (ST), 9

  Peking Literature and Art, 302

  Peng Dehuai, 29, 44, 179, 182, 301, 302, 339–40

  Peng Zhen, 201, 304

  Pengpu, China, 61–65, 73, 75–77

  Pentagon Papers: acquisition of, by New York Times, 328–30, 361

  authenticity of, confirmed by New York Times, 330

  on bombing of North Vietnam by U.S., 230, 241

  contents of, 328–29, 394–95

  on domino theory, 146

  on Eisenhower and French Indochina War, 184–85

  and Ellsburg, 328–29

  and Ellsburg case, 361–64

  on French Indochina War, 146

  on Geneva Accords (1954), 187

  historians’ and analysts’ work on, 328

  legal considerations in publication of, 331, 358–59

  length of, 328, 330

  and New York Times generally, 2

  newspapers in competition with New York Times over, 359

  and possible invasion of Vietnam by China, 170

  preparation of, for publication by New York Times, 330–32, 334–35, 345

  publication of, by New York Times, 345–46, 352, 358, 394–95

  on Ronning, 235, 362

  target date for publication of, in New York Times, 334, 345

  U.S. Supreme Court ruling on publication of, by New York Times, 358–61

  and Watergate scandal, 362–64

  Zhou Enlai on, 352, 362

  People’s Daily, 110, 301, 355

  People’s Liberation Army (PLA): and Chinese Civil War, 1, 7, 15, 26, 28, 37–38, 73n, 83, 89, 90n, following p. 110

  and Cultural Revolution, 306

  and war against Japan, 340. See also Chinese Civil War

  People’s Republic of China. See China

  Phat Diem, Vietnam, 159

  Philippines, 4–6, 125, 130, 154, 170

  Phleng, Neal, 246–47

  Phouma, Souvanna, 205, 208, 239, 384

  Ping-hsing Pass, Battle of, 27, 31

  PKI. See Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)

  PLA. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

  Plaut, Walter, 33

  Pol Pot, 171, 242, 243, 269, 273–77

  Poland, 220, 323

  Pomfret, John, 321

  Potsdam Conference/Treaty, 127, 130, 190, 353

  Powell, Herbert B., 177

  Powers, Francis Gary, 197, 197n, 201

  Pran, Dith, 273–77

  Pravda, 3, 199–201, 203, 210

  Priest, Dana, 396

  Protest demonstrations. See Student demonstrations

  Pu Lun, Prince, 33

  Pu Yi, Emperor, 33, 354

  Pulitzer Prize, 158, 212, 220, 277, 315, 317, 323, 360–61, 383, 386

  Pyle, Richard, 386

  Qiang Zhai, 102, 233

  Qin dynasty terra-cotta warrior sculptures, 369

  Qin Shi Huangdi, 369

  Qiu Huizuo, 365–66

  Ramírez, Alfredo, 214, 215

  Rand, Christopher, 49

  Rand Corporation, 29, 328

  Randt, Clark, Jr., 100

  Raymond, Jean de, 123

  Reagan, Ronald, 215

  Red Guards, 305, 307–9, 336, 338–44, 356, 374

  Red Star over China (Snow), 4, 325, 326

  Reid, James W., following p. 224, 261–64

  Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press, 396

  Reston, James “Scotty,” 206–7, 322–24, 331, 333, 334, 345

  Reuters, 342, 365

  Rhee, Syngman, 168, 171

  Rice, Edward E., 235

  Richter, Sviatoslav, 196

  Ridgway, Mathew B., 179–80

  Riggs, Robert, 34

  Risen, James, 396

  Roberts, Gene, 387

  Robertson, Frank, 6

  Robertson, Walter, 7

  Roderick, John, 19–20, 33–35

  Rogers, William, 265

  Rolling Thunder Operation, 229–32

  Romania, 269, 311, 355, 371

  Ronning, Chester: and Canada’s recognition of Communist China, 104

  in Canadian Ministry of External Affairs, 104

  and Chiang Kai-shek and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 51–52

  death of, 240

  and Deng Xiaoping, 367–68

  as diplomat in Nanking during Chinese Civil War, 45, 51–52, 86, 91, 92, 97, 99

  documentary on, 332–33

  and documentary on Yangtze River, 368

  and Ellsberg case, 362

  and engagement of daughter Audrey, 52

  family background of, 51

  and founding of Communist China, 103, 104

  and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 104, 167, 168, 185, 234, 333

  and Geneva Conference on Laos (1961), 205, 234

  and house detention of ST by Communists in Nanking, 92

  and Huang Hua, 97

  and Mao Zedong, 338

  and Panikkar, 180

  parents of, 9, following p. 224, 297, 332–33

  on Pentagon Papers, 362

  photograph of, following p. 224

  and “Smallbridge” mission during Vietnam War, 234–41, 305, 314

  and ST’s posting with Communist forces, 61, 68

  and Zhou Enlai, 51, 168, 301, 326, 333, 338, 349, 352, 367–71

  Ronning, Halvor, following p. 224, 332–33

  Ronning, Hannah, following p. 224, 332–33

  Ronning, Inga, 9

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 9, 20–23, 1
25, 127

  Roschin, N. V., 81–82, 95

  Rosenthal, Abe, 320–25, 330–35, 345–47, 358

  Rostow, Walt, 151

  Rusk, Dean, 157, 235, 238, 239, 313–14, 330

  Russell, Bertrand, 210–11

  Russia. See Soviet Union

  Russian Daily News, 32

  Russo, Anthony J., 329, 362

  Saigon: Americans in, 125–27

  British turnover of, to French following World War II, 128

  description of, 123

  Dewey’s death in, 127–29

  evacuation of Vietnamese and journalists from, 381–83, 385

  fall of, to North Vietnamese in Vietnam War, 381–85

  “Five O’clock Follies” briefings in, 386

  during French Indochina War, 122–33, 142, 145, 152, 161–64

  Ho Chi Minh’s takeover of, from Japanese, 128

  journalists in, during Communist occupation of, 385

  Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 151–52, 154–57, 209, 222, 223–24

  Le Duan’s purge of South Vietnamese in, 385

  New York Times bureau chiefs in, 387

  opium dens in, 123, 161

  refugees in, 122

  ST in, 118, 122, 124–25, 151–52, 154–55, 158, 161–64, 170, 180, 225, 227, 254–55, 386

  U.S. military command in, during 1960s, 123. See also Vietnam War

  St. Laurent, Louis, 104

  Salan, Raoul, 163

  Salinger, Pierre, 206

  Salisbury, Harrison, 304, 312–18, 361

  Sánchez-Paridi, Ramón, 215

  Sauvezon, Marie Georges, 263–64

  Schanberg, Sydney, 273–77, 381, 382

  Schlesinger, Arthur S., 208

  Schoenhals, Michael, 372–73

  Schwartz, Harry, 203–4

  SEATO, 186–87, 208

  Sebald, William J., 150

  September 30 Movement, 283–87, 289, 294

  Service, John, 21–23, 119

  Shabad, Ted, 196, 210

  Shanghai: and Chinese Civil War, 59–60, 84, 94

  economy of, 59–60

  executions in, 59, 108, following p. 110

  exodus from, during Battle of the Huai-Hai, 58–59

  fall of, to Communist troops, 94

  Foreign Correspondents Club in, 60

  Hampson as AP correspondent in, 60, 92, 97

  Nationalist defense of, 94

  refugees in, 59

  Shanghai Club in, 59

  ST in, 58–60, 105–6

  Shanghai Communiqué, 200, 355, 377

  Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury, 59

  Shaplen, Bob, 159

  Shaplen, Elaine, 159

  Sheehan, Neil, following p. 224, 328–30, 334, 360, 361

  Sheehan, Susan, 329–30

  Sherry, Norman, 161

  Siegal, Allan, 319, 330

  Sihamoni, Norodom, 277

  Sihanouk, Prince Norodom: and bombing of Cambodia by South Vietnam and U.S., 253–54, 262, 264, 267

  and China, 258–59, 268–69, 338, 351

 

‹ Prev