On the Front Lines of the Cold War

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On the Front Lines of the Cold War Page 58

by Topping, Seymour


  coup against, by Lon Nol, 255, 268

  and de Gaulle, 259–61

  and diplomatic relations with U.S., 253

  elephant as gift to Truman from, 244, 251–53

  exile of, in Peking, 242, 269, 277

  on French Union, 243

  and Johnson, 259, 261, 262

  and Khmer Rouge, 269, 272, 276

  as king of Cambodia, 242

  photograph of, following p. 224

  political role of, in Cambodia, 242–43, 276–77

  and Soviet Union, 258–59, 268, 269

  ST’s interview with, 242–43

  on Viet Minh, 243, 269

  and Vietnam War, 253–54, 269

  Silverstein, Louis, 321

  Singapore, 282

  Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353

  Sioux City Journal, 84

  Siwantse, China, 12–13

  “Smallbridge” mediation mission, 234–41, 305

  Smith, Hedrick, 330

  Snow, Edgar, 4, 10, 16, following p. 110, 119–20, 325–27, 333, 346

  Snow, Lois Wheeler, 325, 326

  South Africa, 311

  South Korea: boundary between North Korea and, 168, 180

  U.S. troops stationed in, 391. See also Korean War

  South Vietnam: CIA-inspired coup against Diem in, 218–19, 220, 221

  creation of, 2

  Diem regime of, 188, 218–19, 220

  Geneva Accords on, 188

  maps of, 134, 226

  Potsdam Conference on, 127

  and SEATO, 186–87

  Vietcong in, during Vietnam War, 227–29, 239, 242, 384–85. See also Saigon; Vietnam War

  Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 186–87, 208

  Soviet Union: aid for China from, 25

  censorship lifted in, 203–4

  and Chinese Civil War, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96

  and Cuban missile crisis, 208–14

  Cuba’s relationship with, 216–17

  documentary on Kremlin in, 311

  and East Germany, 190–94

  and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 185, 186, 188

  and Ho Chi Minh, 131

  ideological split between China and, 2, 17, 199–203, 302

  and India, 378

  and Korean War, 171, 172, 174, 178, 180, 181

  and Manchuria, 22, 25–28, 30, 31, 81, 349, 377

  Mao’s foreign policy on, 98–99, 101, 378

  and nuclear test-ban treaty, 212

  and Pershing missiles in Western Europe, 215

  possible aggression against China by, 349, 350

  possible nuclear war between China and, 17

  and Sihanouk, 258–59, 268, 269

  Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 101, 102, 117–18

  space program of, 197, 199

  spies of, 197n, 205

  and Stuart’s attempts at peace settlement for Chinese Civil War, 79–82

  and U-2 spy flight, 197, 201

  and Vietnam War, 207–8, 229, 232–33

  in World War II, 25–28. See also Khrushchev, Nikita; Moscow; Stalin, Joseph

  Space program, 197, 199

  Stacks, John, 323

  Stalin, Joseph: and Chiang Kai-shek, 22–23, 25–28, 31

  and Chinese Civil War, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96

  and de Gaulle, 393

  death of, 201

  and declaration of war against Japan during World War II, 25–28

  and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 102

  Khrushchev on, 201–2

  and Korean War, 171, 172, 178, 180, 181

  and Mao Zedong, 23, 25–28, 81–82, 95, 96, 98–99, 101, 117, 172, 201–2

  removal of body, from Lenin Mausoleum, 202–3

  and Yalta Conference, 22–23, 25, 31. See also Soviet Union

  Starr, Don, 33

  Starzel, Frank, 158

  State Department, U.S. See U.S. State Department

  Stewart, Ian, 298

  Stewart, John, 222

  Stewart, Potter, 360

  Stillwell, Joseph W., 9, 13, 20, 30

  Stillwell, Win, 9

  Stindt, Gary, following p. 224

  Stone, Dana, 273

  Strobel, Warren, 395

  Strong, Anna Louise, 16–17

  Stuart, J. Leighton: burial of, 100–101

  and Communist occupation of Nanking, 94

  death of, 96, 100

  departure of, from Nanking, 99, 105

  and French Indochina War, 87

  and Huang Hua, 10–11, 95–97, 100, 101

  and Mao Zedong, 98–101, 103

  and Marshall, 80–81

  peace mediations by, during Chinese Civil War, 80–82

  photograph of, following p. 110

  and Yenching University, 95–98, 100–101

  Stuart, John, 100

  Student demonstrations: anti–Vietnam war demonstration at Kent State, 271

  in Chinese Civil War, 91

  and Huang Hua, 10, 95–96

  Kami in Indonesia, 281

  in Tiananmen Square (1966), 306–7

  in Tiananmen Square (1989), 91–92, 379–80

  Subandrio, Dr., 281–84, 289, 295

  Sucheng Chan, 384

  Sudyono, Willi, 290

  Sugigsono, Col., 287

  Sugiharto, Maj. Gen., 290

  Suharto, Gen., 279–81, 286–88, 294–96

  Sujono, Maj., 285

  Sukarno, President, 2, 223, following p. 224, 278–96

  Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 296

  Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 49, 320

  Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs “Punch”: and evacuation of journalists from Saigon, 382

  and four-section design of New York Times, 321

  Kennedy’s complaint to, about Halberstam, 219

  mother of, 368

  and Pentagon Papers, 331–32, 334, 345, 358

  and Rosenthal appointment as managing editor of New York Times, 323–24

  and Salisbury’s dispatches on Vietnam War, 313

  and Cyrus Sulzberger as columnist, 312

  Sulzberger, Cyrus, 49, 89, 194, 311–12

  Sulzberger, Iphigene, 368

  Sumitro, Gen., 288–89

  Sun Fo, 87

  Sun Li-jen, 30–32, 35, 35n

  Sun Yat-sen, 48, 78, 87, 120

  Sun Yuan-liang, 58

  Supardjo, Mustafa Sjarif, 284, 285, 287, 289

  Supono, 284

  Suprapto, Maj. Gen., 285

  Supreme Court, U.S. See U.S. Supreme Court

  Suramarit, Morodom, 242

  Surgical use of acupuncture anesthesia, 336–37

  Sutoyo, Lt. Gen., 290

  Suyin, Han, 111–12

  Swain, John, 274

  Sydney, William, 64–65

  Sylvester, Arthur, 313

  Syria, 391

  Szulc, Tad, 219

  Tai Yung-kwan, 84

  Taiwan: Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to, 79, 83, 114

  invasion of, by Communist forces, 96, 339, 353

  massacre of Taiwanese by Chinese Nationalist troops in, 79

  Nationalist Chinese occupation of, following World War II, 79

  Nationalist government on, 120, 121n, 354

  Potsdam and Cairo declarations on, 353

  and Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353

  transfer of Nationalist air force, navy, and army divisions to, 79, 83, 96

  U.S. policy on, 117, 172, 182–83, 339, 349–50, 353, 355, 377

  Zhou Enlai on, 352–55

  T’aiyuan, China, 93

  Tang En-po, 94

  Tang, Nancy, 351

  Tass, 365–66

  Tat’ung, China, 11

  Taylor, Maxwell, 227–28

  Teng Chieh, 86

  Tereshkova, Valentina, 199

  Tet offensive, 231

  Thai Nguyen, battle of, 143

  Thailand, 146, 149

  Thieu, Nguye
n Van, 382, 383–84

  Tho, Le Duc, 381

  Thompson, Jane, 209, following p. 224

  Thompson, Lewellyn “Tommy,” 209, 211, following p. 224

  Tian Wuzhang, 72–73

  Tiananmen Square demonstrations, 91–92, 306–7, 379–80

  Tibet, 374–77

  Time magazine, 119, 136, 137, 193, 230, 273

  Tjugito, 284

  Tokyo Club, 280

  Topolsky, Anna, following p. 224

  Topolsky, Joseph, following p. 224

  Topping, Audrey Ronning: and acupuncture anesthesia in surgery, 336–37

  in Angkor, 243–44

  in Bangkok, 148

  in Berlin, 190– 91, 194

  in Bonn, 310, 311

  China travels by, 73n, 304–5, 332–34, 336–39, 345–55

  in Connecticut, 194

  courtship and marriage of, 6, 45, 50–52, 112–13

  and Deng Xiaoping, 367–68

  documentaries by, 311, 332–33, 368

  evacuation of, from Nanking, 45, 52

  and Graham Greene, 159–61

  in Hanoi, 135–36, 158–61

  in Hong Kong, 112–13, 225, 297, 310

  and Kennedy, 154

  and Khrushchevs, 211, 212

  in London, 158, 165, 167, 190

  in Moscow, 195, 197–99, 202–3, 209–12

  in Nanking/Nanjing, 50–52, 111, 120, 176

  and newspaper article on Topping during Chinese Civil War, 64, 112

  and Panikkar, 104, 180–81

  parents and grandparents of, 9, following p. 224, 297, 332–33

  and Pentagon Papers, 345, 346

  photographs of, following p. 224

  as photojournalist, 199, 211, 212, 238, 297, 304–6, 311, 326, 332–33, 337, 345, 348, 368– 69, 375

  pregnancies of, and daughters’ births, 136, 145, 165, 191, 311

  in Saigon, 122, 154, 158, 161, 180

  in Scarsdale, N.Y., 311

  sculpture by, 167, 199

  and Sihanouk, 242– 43

  in Tibet, 374–77

  travel of, to Hong Gay, 137, 140–41

  at University of British Columbia, 112

  Vietnam trip by (2005), 129, 130–31, 387–89

  and Zhou Enlai, 301, 326, 333, 349, 352, 367–71

  Topping, Joanna, 311, 345

  Topping, Karen: birth of, 165

  in China as adult, 73n

  in Hong Kong, 297

  in London, 165

  in Moscow, 198–99, 202–3, 209–10

  photographs of, following p. 224

  in West Berlin, 190–91

  Topping, Lesley, 165, 198–99, following p. 224, 297, 368

  Topping, Robin, 191, 198–99, following p. 224, 297

  Topping, Seymour: Associated Press hiring of, 2, 49–50

  books by, 9, 327, 388, 403

  Council on Foreign Relations fellowship offered to, 158

  courtship and marriage of, 6, 45, 50–52, 112–13

  and daughters’ births, 145, 165, 191, 311

  education of, 4, 6, 9, 325

  grandchildren of, 73n

  and International News Service, 2, 6, 7, 33, 49

  novels by, 9

  overview of journalistic career of, 1–3, 5–6

  parents of, 51, following p. 224

  photographs of, following pp. 110 and 224

  on Pulitzer Prize board, 361, 396–97

  salary of, 6, 49, 195

  in World War II, 3–6. See also Associated Press (AP); Chinese Civil War; New York Times; Pentagon Papers; and specific countries and cities

  Topping, Susan: birth of, 145

  in China, 148, 158, 367–68

  in Hong Kong, 297

  and John Kennedy, 155

  in London, 165

  in Moscow, 198–99, 202–3, 209–10

  photographs of, following p. 224

  in West Berlin, 190

  and Zhou Enlai, 367–68

  Toronto Globe and Mail, 342

  Tran Van Giau, 129

  Transcription of Chinese language, 399–401

  Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), 353

  Trinh, Nguyen Duy, 239

  Trudeau, Pierre, 105, 367, 368

  Truman, Harry: and atomic bombs dropped on Japan, 3

  and Chinese Civil War, 7, 18–20, 31, 48, 69, 78, 80, 96, 117, 118, 156, 172

  elephant as gift from Sihanouk to, 244–53

  and French Indochina War, 102, 124–27, 132, 146, 329, 393, 394

  and Ho Chi Minh, 102, 130–31, 388, 390

  and Korean War, 170, 172–75, 179, 180

  and Mao Zedong, 19–20, 23, 99, 102, 117–18, 390–91

  and Soviet involvement against Japan in World War II, 27, 28

  and Stalin’s alliance with Chiang Kai-shek, 26

  and Taiwan, 117, 172, 182–83, 339, 353, 377

  Tsinan, Battle of, 53, 55

  Tsing-tao Daily Herald, 107

  Tu Yu-ming, 35–39, 42, 55, 58, 61, 63, 69–71, following p. 110

  Tu Yueh-sheng, 60

  Tuchman, Barbara, 21, 23, 317

  U Nu, Premier, 149

  U Thant, 234

  U-2 spy flight, 197, 201

  Ulbricht, Walter, 192

  United Nations: and Cambodia, 276

  and Chinese forces in Burma, 150

  and Communist China, 11, 105, 172

  and Indonesia, 279, 280, 282

  and Korean War, 169, 171, 174, 178, 180

  and second Iraq War, 395

  and Taiwan, 353

  and Vietnam War, 222, 234

  United Press, 33, 253

  United States. See Chinese Civil War; French Indochina War; Korean War; National security; Vietnam War; specific presidents and government agencies

  U.S. Air Force, 27–29, 33–34, 38, 148, 178

  U.S. Army Observer Group, 14, 15, 20–23, 72

  U.S. Defense Department, 42, 185, 192, 328, 358

  U.S. Marines: and Chinese Civil War, 59, 70, 87

  and Korean War, 174, 175, 177–78, 180

  and surrender of Japanese at end of World War II, 107

  and Vietnam War, 229, 230, 381–83

  U.S. National Security Council (NSC), 146, 170

  U.S. Navy, 59, 96, 394

  U.S. State Department: and bombing of Cambodia, 265, 267, 268

  and burial of Stuart in Hangzhou, China, 100

  China specialists in, 34n, 119, 155, 325

  and CIA operation in Burma, 149

  criticisms of, over outcome of Chinese Civil War, 119, 155

  on domino theory, 126

  and elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 244–52

  and French Indochina War, 153–54

  Gullion and XYZ mission for, 222

  and Mao’s interest in cooperation with U.S., 23

  and possible coalition government between Chiang and Mao, 21

  and Stuart’s peace mediations during Chinese Civil War, 81–82

  and Stuart’s proposed exploratory talks with Mao and Zhou, 97–99, 101, 103

  and Taiwan, 117

  and U.S. recognition of Communist China, 117–18

  and Vietnam War, 233, 234–35, 237–38, 313, 316

  White Paper on China by, 18, 19, 118–19, 352

  U.S. Supreme Court, 358–61

  University of Missouri, 4, 5, 107, 325

  Untung, Lt. Col., 284–86, 289

  UP. See United Press

  Urquhart, Robert, 59

  Vance, Cyrus, 360

  Vang Pao, 384

  Vecchio, Mary Ann, 271

  Veit, Ivan, 331

  “Vesuvius” operation, 261–64, 267

  Viet Minh: and Bao Dai, 131–32

  bombing of Saigon by, 122–23, 152

  in Cambodia, 243, 244

  and China frontier, 135–47, 170

  Chinese advisers to, 102–3, 155, 163, 171

  as Communist, 164

  de Lattre on strategy against, 153

  and death o
f Peter Dewey, 129

  and Dien Bien Phu battle, 163, 184–85, 188

  and Geneva Accords (1954), 188

  and Giap, 38, 103, 133, 142–44, 147, 163

  and Hoa Binh offensive by de Lattre, 160–63

  and Nationalist Chinese troops, 116

  and Phat Diem episode, 159

  and protracted war strategy, 131, 225, 227

  and purge of Ho Chi Minh’s opponents, 133

  U.S. support for French against, 125

  weapons for, 124, 135–36, 142–43, 163

  during World War II, 130. See also French Indochina War

  Vietcong: attack on Pleiku by, 228–29

  in Cambodia, 253–55, 258, 261–64

  and Du Co battle, 255–56

  in South Vietnam, 227– 31, 239, 242, 384–85

  victory of, 384–85. See also Vietnam War

  Vietnam: Bao Dai’s regime in, 125, 126, 131–32, 146, 152–55, 218, 384, 394

  China as traditional enemy of, 170–71

  free market economy in, 388

  French “Road of Death” in, 134, 136–41

  Geneva Accords (1954) and partition of, 188

  Greene’s Quiet American on, 160

  Ho Chi Minh and independence for, 129–31, 133

  Japanese rule of, during World War II, 128, 131

  Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 2, 151–52, 154–57, 218, 222, 223–24

  Le Duan as successor to Ho Chi Minh in, 385, 388

  maps of, 134, 226

  political assassinations and executions in, 123, 133

  Potsdam Conference on, 127

  refugees from, 385

  Toppings’ return to, in 2005, 129, 130–31, 387–89

  U.S. relations with, in twenty-first century, 388–89

  war between China and (1979), over Paracel Islands, 171. See also Ho Chi Minh; North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Vietnam War

  Vietnam Study Task Force, 328–29. See also Pentagon Papers

  Vietnam War: Agent Orange used during, 234

  antiwar movement during, 269, 271, 334, 361, 386–87

  bombing of Cambodia by U.S. during, 241, 242, 253–54, 256, 262, 264–73, 391–92

  bombing of North Vietnam by U.S. during, 206, 222, 227–30, 232, 233–34, 238, 239–41, 256, 257, 312–14, 328, 391–92

  and Canada, 234–35

  casualties of, 228–29, 230, 233, 257, 270–73, 312–14, 316, 383–84, 386, 388, 392

  cease-fire during, 381

  cessation of bombing of North Vietnam by U.S., 240

  and China, 189, 207, 232–33, 377–78, 385

  Communist victory in, 381–85

  compared with U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003), 392, 393, 395

  de Gaulle on, 208, 260–61

  and domino theory, 126, 146, 393

  Duc Co battle during, 256–57

  Emerson’s reporting on, 324

  fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese during, 381–85

  “Five O’clock Follies” briefings during, 386

  Flaming Dart reprisals in, 229

  Four Points as precondition for peace negotiations in, 222, 236, 237, 240

 

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