by Penny Lawne
22. TNA, C76/33, m. 7.
23. Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, Sources and Interpretations, p. 148.
24. Rogers, War, Cruel and Sharp, p. 295.
25. TNA C76/33, m. 6, Foedera, v, pp. 826–827; M. Jones, ‘Edward III’s Captains in Brittany’, England in the Fourteenth Century Proceedings of the Harlaxton Symposium, ed. W. Ormrod (Woodbridge, 1986), p. 118.
26. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 52.
27. Foedera, iii, i, p. 312; TNA, C76/33, m. 6.
28. CFR 1327–1337, p. 328.
29. CFR 1356–1358, p. 7; CPR 1354–1358, p. 411.
30. The Anonimalle Chronicle 1333–1381, ed. V. H. Galbraith (Manchester, 1927), pp. 35–39.
31. Sumption, The Hundred Years War, ii: Trial by Fire, p. 274.
32. CFR 1356–1368, p. 43.
33. TNA, C76/35, m. 5.
34. Foedera, v, pp. 871–2, Foedera, vi, p. 72
35. Stansfield, ‘The Holland family’, p. 42.
36. Foedera, iii, i, p. 408; Stansfield, ‘The Holland family’, p. 42.
37. Foedera, iii, i. p. 409.
38. The dates of birth of Thomas and Joan’s four children are not known. The Inquisitions Post Mortem taken at Thomas’ death in 1360 describes the young Thomas as his heir and aged ten, making him the eldest, and born sometime in 1350. On the assumption that Thomas and Joan appointed her brother godfather to their younger son, John would have been born before his uncle’s death in December 1352. This would make Maud and Joan younger, and probably born in 1353/4 and 1355/6 but this can only be speculative.
39. Stansfield, ‘The Holland family’, p. 43.
40. TNA C76/38, mm, 6, 7, 15; Foedera, vi, p. 142.
41. Sumption, The Hundred Years War, ii: Trial by Fire, p. 421–422.
42. CPR 1354–1358, pp. 15, 162, RBP, iii, pp. 218–219; TNA, C76/36 m7, m. 8; C76/38 m15.
43. The campaign is detailed in Sumption, The Hundred Years War, ii: Trial by Fire, pp. 424–445.
44. Sumption, The Hundred Years War, ii: Trial by Fire, p. 445.
45. Sumption, The Hundred Years War, ii: Trial by Fire, pp. 446–447.
46. The Complete Peerage, vii, p. 152.
47. The Complete Peerage, vii, pp. 149–150.
48. Shaw, Knights of England, ii, p. 1. The records for the Garter record a Sanchet d’Aubrichecourt as a founder member. Mark Ormrod in Edward III, p302, suggests that this is Eustace, as there are no other records of a Sanchet d’Aubrichecourt.
49. Sumption, The Hundred Years War, ii: Trial by Fire, p. 432.
50. CPR 1358–1361, p. 456.
51. TNA C76/40, m. 4; E403/402, m. 1; Stansfield, ‘The Holland Family’, p. 44.
52. Foedera, iii, I, pp. 510, 522.
53. In February 1360 official records (CCR 1360–1364, p. 5), still refer to Sir Thomas and Lady Holand, and it is not until October 1360 that Thomas is recorded as Earl of Kent (TNA, C76/43, m. 3).
54. CPR 1358–1361, p. 480.
55. Chronique des quatre premiers Valois 1327–1303, p. 123.
56. TNA C76/43, p. 3; Foedera, vi, p. 298; Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, p. 123; Stansfield, ‘The Holland Family’, p. 44.
57. RBP, iv, p. 536.
8 A Royal Bride, 1361–1363
1. CCR 1360–1364, pp. 175–176.
2. British Library MS. Cotton Nero D vi, f. 31.
3. Margaret Sharp, The Administrative Chancery of the Black Prince before 1362, Essays in Medieval History presented to T. F. Tout, ed. A. G. Little and F. M. Powicke (Manchester, 1925), p. 327; Tout, Administrative History, v, p. 372. Tout notes that the Prince’s intelligence was commented on in 1352.
4. The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–1543, ed. L. T. Smith (London, 1909), iv, p. 38. See Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, pp. 242–243.
5. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 68. Barber points out that there is no actual evidence to link the prince’s use of the feather to the king of Bohemia.
6. Loosely translated to mean ‘houmont’, high spirits, and ‘ich dene’, I serve.
7. Froissart, Chroniques, Lettenhove, v, pp. 63–64; Chronicon Galfridi le Baker, pp. 53–54.
8. Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, p. 123.
9. Life of the Black Prince by the herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 135.
10. Roger was remembered by the prince in his will, his mother was Edith de Willesford, a member of Queen Philippa’s household. Beltz, Order of the Garter, p. 17.
11. CPR 1330–1334, p. 224; Foedera, ii, p. 1140; Foedera, iii, i, p. 35, in October 1340 Edward III asked for papal dispensation for the prince’s marriage to the Duke of Brabant’s daughter, repeating the request in April 1345. RBP, i, p. 76, in May 1347 Sir Robert Stratton was negotiating the prince’s marriage with Leonora of Portugal.
12. Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages, p. 20.
13. In December 1344, for example, the Pope stated that he would not grant the dispensation for the Prince to marry the Duke of Brabant’s daughter in the hope that this would promote a match between Brabant and either France or the Duke of Normandy instead. Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1342–1362, p. 14. The Pope’s tactic seems to have worked as in 1347 Louis, son of the Count of Flanders, married Margaret of Brabant.
14. Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1342–1362, p. 14.
15. It has generally been presumed by historians that this was Edward III’s method of providing his sons with land and income. See the discussion by Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, pp. 110–111; McFarlane, The Nobility of Later Medieval England, p. 156; M. Prestwich, The Three Edwards, War and State in England, 1272–1377 (2nd ed, London, 2003), p. 251.
16. Foedera, ii, ii, p. 1159.
17. Foedera, iii, i, p. 181.
18. Foedera, iii, pp. 1, 218.
19. Foedera, ii, ii, 1168.
20. Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, p. 123.
21. Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, pp. 123–125.
22. Beltz, Memorials of Most Noble Order of the Garter, p. 385; Life of the Black Prince by the herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 141.
23. The prince wrote to Joan in 1367 after the Battle of Nájera addressing his letter to her ‘trescher et tressentier coer, biene ame compaigne’. TNA, SC1/42/33 translated by A. E. Prince, ‘A Letter of Edward the Black Prince Describing the battle of Nájera in 1367’, English Historical Review, xli (1926).
24. Green, The Black Prince, p. 83, it ‘was not the match his father wanted’; Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 172, the ‘choice was in many ways remarkable’; J. Harvey, Black Prince and his Age (New Jersey, 1976), p. 102, Queen Philippa ‘opposed it’; McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, p. 266, the ‘marriage a disappointment’; N. Saul, Richard II (New Haven and London, 1999), p. 11, the marriage was ‘arranged without prior approval of the king’; H. Cole, The Black Prince (London, 1976), pp. 138–139, 141, says it was a ‘surprising choice’, ‘unlikely and scarcely acceptable’ and that Edward III was ‘outraged’ and ‘exiled the couple’; J. Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens (Oxford, 2004), pp. 36–38 suggests that the prince rejected the royal tradition of marrying for the good of the realm by marrying Joan. Frances Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh (Basingstoke, 1999), pp. 110–112. Elizabeth died a month before Thomas Holand.
25. Froissart, Oeuvres, Lettenhove, i, p. 367.
26. See discussion by Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 171; Green, The Black Prince, p. 85.
27. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 35; Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 177.
28. Estimates of the prince’s income are based on CIPM, xv, pp. 67–77; Tout, Administrative History, v, p. 363 calculates the prince received around £3,000 from North Wales, £1,700 from South Wales, £2,350 from Cornwall and £1,300 from Cheshire and comments that these were not extraordinary sums.
29
. Tout, Administrative History, v, p. 364, suggested that by 1359 the prince was showing an ‘incapacity to make ends meet and inability to attempt adjustment of expenditure to income’.
30. RBP, iii, p. 60.
31. RBP, ii, pp. 103, 106, 141, 147, 150, 154, 158.
32. RBP, iv, pp. 301–302.
33. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 49.
34. Joan’s wealth has been consistently underrated by historians as an attraction adding to her suitability as a royal bride. Prestwich, The Three Edwards, p. 247, goes so far as to claim that Joan was ‘not a notably wealthy woman’. Although Tout, Administrative History, v, p. 243 remarks that ‘her inheritance was by no means to be despised’ and Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 174 comments that ‘she did bring considerable income’, neither recognise the very considerable benefits Joan’s wealth brought to the prince, while Green, The Black Prince, p. 83 does not mention her inheritance at all.
35. D. Green, ‘Politics and Service with Edward the Black Prince’, The Age of Edward III, ed. J. S. Bothwell (York, 2001), p. 57.
36. RBP, iv, p. 323.
37. This is discussed by Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, pp. 466–473.
38. RBP, iv, pp. 401, 405, 427.
39. TNA, SC7/22/15.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. TNA, E30/180; Foedera, iii, ii, p. 626.
43. Lambeth Palace Library, Register of Archbishop Islip, fol. 180v–181v: TNA, E30/180.
44. TNA, E30/180; Foedera, iii, ii, p. 626.
45. TNA, SC7/22/17; Foedera, iii, ii, p. 626.
46. TNA, E40/1400; Canterbury Cathedral, DCC/Carta Antique F49 (the deed of foundation of the chantry); Cathedral Guide, Jonathon Keates and Angelo Hornak.
47. F. Woodman, The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral (London, 1981), p. 148.
48. TNA, E40/1400.
49. RBP, iv, pp. 360, 472, 551.
50. Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1362–1401, p. 29.
51. British Library, Harl. MSS.6148: note dated 8 October 1361 from Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury to the prince (quoted in Testamenta Vetusta, i, p. 14.
52. TNA, SC7/22/1.
53. S. Armitage-Smith, John of Gaunt (London, 1964), p. 142.
54. A. K. McHardy, ‘Richard II: a personal portrait’, The Reign of Richard II, ed. G. Dodd (Stroud, 2000), p. 11, 12, 155.
55. Westminster Abbey Muniments, no. 9584. This is the receipt of the list of the contents of the chest, and refers to the ‘instrumentum processus et sentencie’ between Thomas Holand and the Earl of Salisbury, the execution of that process by papal bull from Pope Clement VI, an instrument of execution under the seal of the bishop and Pope Clement VI’s bull ordering Joan be set at liberty to appoint a proctor in the case between Thomas Holand and William Montague. The National Archives hold Clement VI’s bull dated 13 November 1349 (TNA, E30/67); Innocent VI’s bull dated 2 August 1353 (TNA, SC7/22/16); Innocent VI’s bull dated 6 October 1361 (TNA, SC7/22/15).
56. Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377–1381, ed. and translated by C. Given-Wilson (Oxford, 1997), p. 11.
57. TNA, E30/180; Foed, III, ii, p. 626.
58. Prince Lionel and Princess Margaret are not individually mentioned, the latter may have been too ill to attend.
59. Inventories of St George’s Chapel Windsor 1348–1416, ed. M. F. Bond (Windsor, 1947), p. 41.
The entry describes ‘one red vestment of cloth of gold powdered with various birds, in which the lady Princess was espoused’. After Joan donated her dress to the chapel it had been altered into a clerical vestment.
60. A. Goodman, John of Gaunt (Harlow, 1992), p. 35.
61. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 42, states Mary died before 13 September 1361.
62. Higden, Polychronicon, viii, p. 524.
63. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 35.
64. RBP, iv, p. 409.
65. CPR 1361–1364, p. 126; Vale, ‘Philippa (1310?–1369)’, ODNB; RBP, iv, p. 476.
66. RBP, iv, pp. 463, 476.
67. RBP, iv, p. 463.
68. RBP, iv, pp. 402–403. The prince paid Martin Parde £1447, and John de la Mare and his companions £1,883 6s 8d.
69. Newton, Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince, p. 3.
70. Newton, Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince, pp. 3–4, 21; RBP, iv, pp. 88, 141–142.
71. RBP, iv, pp. 69, 427–428.
72. Newton, Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince, p. 34.
73. Newton, Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince, pp. 34, 61.
74. Higden, Polychronicon, viii, p. 360.
75. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 49.
76. Chronica Johannis de Reading, pp. 212–213; Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, 1, p. 296; Knighton, ii, p. 116.
77. Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 141.
78. The Complete Peerage, vii, p. 153; Sandford, Royal Genealogies, p. 215.
79. The choice of a chained white hart is intriguing, a wild and unusual animal held captive by royalty.
80. RBP, iv, pp. 389, 392, 456.
81. RBP, iv, pp. 427–428.
82. RBP, iv, pp. 424–425, 482.
83. RBP, iv, pp. 442, 450, 537; CCR 1360–1364, p. 372.
84. RBP, iv, pp. 397, 399.
85. RBP, iv, pp. 397–398.
86. RBP, iv, pp. 444, 447, 450, 517; CCR 1360–1364, p. 215.
87. RBP, iv, p. 475.
88. History of the King’s Works, ed. R. Allen Brown, H. M. Colvin, A. J. Taylor (2 vols, London, 1963), ii, pp. 562.
89. RBP, iv, pp. 243–244, 256, 265, 342, 400, 411–12; CCR 1360–1364, p. 11; CPR 1358–1361, p. 341.
90. RBP, iv, pp. 411, 421.
91. RBP, iv, p. 42, 65, 250, 363.
92. CPR 1361–1364, p. 35.
93. Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages.
94. History of the King’s Works, ii, pp. 967–968.
95. RBP, iv, p. 476, 250, 283/4, 400; Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, pp. 174–175.
96. RBP, iv, p. 247.
97. RBP, iv, p. 400.
98. RBP, iv, pp. 476
99. RBP, iv, pp. 461, 467, 476, 558.
100. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility, p. 28.
101. CCR 1354–1360, p. 93.
102. RBP, iv, pp. 302, 381, 449.
103. Calendar of Papal Registers, Petitions, I, 1342–1419, p. 453.
104. RBP, iii, pp. 480–481; CPR 1361–1364, p. 480, in April 1364 Edward III granted Joan and the prince permission to grant the manors to Thomas and Alice.
105. RBP, ii, p. 194.
106. RBP, iv, p. 545.
107. CCR 1374–1377, p. 52.
108. Calendar of Papal Registers, Letters, 1342–1362, pp. 614–615; Foedera, iii, ii, pp. 662–3.
9 Princess of Aquitaine, 1363–1371
1. Christine de Pizan, The Treasure of the City of Ladies, translated by Sarah Lawson (London, 2003); p. 28.
2. Foedera, iii, ii, pp. 667–668.
3. TNA E30/1105; Barbara Emerson, The Black Prince (London, 1976), pp. 165–166.
4. Giles of Rome, The Governance of Kings and Princes: John Trevisa’s Translation of De Regimine Principum of Aegidius Romanus, ed. D. C. Fowler, C. F. Briggs and P. G. Remley (London, 1977), pp. 186–208.
5. Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1305–1342, pp. 500–501.
6. Froissart, Chronicles, Johnes, i, p. 6.
7. Tout, Administrative History, v, pp. 371, 428; Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 178.
8. RBP, iv, p. 467.
9. RBP, iv, p. 500.
10. Foedera, iii, ii, pp. 671, 675, 676.
11. RBP, iv, p. 426.
12. RBP, iv, pp. 424–425, 442–443, 452–453, 456, 460, 482.
13. CPR 1361–1364, p. 258.
14. Butler, ‘Robert Braybrooke, Bishop of London (1381–1404), and his Kinsmen’, p. iii.
15. Calendar of Papal Registers, P
etitions, 1342–1419 (London, 1896), p. 397.
16. Calendar of Papal Registers, Petitions, 1342–1419, p. 456.
17. The Complete Peerage, iv, pp. 139–151.
18. Butler, ‘Robert Braybrooke, Bishop of London (1381–1404), and his Kinsmen’, p. 33.
19. TNA, C76/32, m8.
20. RBP, iv, p. 55, RBP, iv, pp. 208, 323.
21. Foedera, iii, ii, p. 626–627; TNA, E30/180.
22. The Complete Peerage, iv, pp. 139–151.
23. Testamenta Vetusta, i, p. 14.
24. RBP, iv, p. 480.
25. RBP, iv, p. 456.
26. CIPM, xix, p. 307, RBP, iv, p. 500; CCR 1364–1368, p. 4.
27. Calendar of Papal Registers, Petitions, 1342–1419, p. 456. Andrew Luttrell was a distant relation of Geoffrey Luttrell, famous for the Luttrell psalter.
28. Janet Backhouse, The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1989), p. 32.
29. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 179; TNA E61/76, m. 4.
30. RBP, iv, pp. 478, 467.
31. Foedera, iii, ii, pp. 666, 671, 720; Green, The Black Prince, p. 145.
32. Jean le Bel, Chronique, i, I118; Chroniques des quatre premiers Valois, p. 114.
33. Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, p. xiii, xxii.
34. Green, The Black Prince, p. 140.
35. Rogers, The Wars of Edward III, p. 183.
36. Ibid.
37. Anonimalle 1333–1381, pp. 35–39; Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 52.
38. Green, The Black Prince, pp. 140–141.
39. Green, The Black Prince, p. 140.
40. Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles, The Writing of History in Medieval England (London, 2004), p. 110.
41. Green, The Black Prince, pp. 141–142.
42. Sumption, Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 473–475.
43. RBP, iv, p. 537.
44. Chronica Johannis de Reading 1346–1367, p. 370.
45. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, pp. 179–180.
46. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 180.
47. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 184.
48. Newton, Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince, p. 40.
49. Newton, Fashion in the Age of the Black Prince, p. 61.
50. RBP, iv, p. 545. Maud was married by February 1365.
51. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 181; Green, The Black Prince, p. 142.