by Penny Lawne
52. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 177.
53. Sumption, Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 543, calculates 36 per cent raised by direct taxation.
54. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 185.
55. Froissart, Chroniques, Luce, vii, p. 66; The Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 141.
56. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 56.
57. Sumption, Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 542.
58. Hubert Cole, The Black Prince (London, 1976), p. 155.
59. Calendar of Papal Registers, Letters, 1362–1404, p. 21.
60. Chronicon Angliae 1328–1388, ed. E. Maude Thompson (London, 1874), p. 56; There is some doubt about the date of Edward’s birth. Eulogium Historiarum ed. F. Haydon (London, 1963) p. 236, cites 27 January as date of birth. However, the March date is more likely bearing in mind the date of Joan’s own letter and the celebrations in April.
61. Froissart, Chroniques, Routledge, p. 81.
62. Antonia Gransden, ‘A Fourteenth Century Chronicle from Grey Friars at Lynn’, English Historical Review, Vol. LXXII (1957).
63. CPR 1364–1367, p. 180.
64. Cole, The Black Prince, p. 159.
65. Chronicon Angliae, p. 58.
66. Devon, Issue Rolls, Vol. 39, p. 188, 41, 44, p. xliii; James L. Gillespie, ‘Isabella, countess of Bedford (1332–1379), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004.).
67. Foedera, iii, p. 778.
68. James L. Gillespie, ‘Isabella, countess of Bedford (1332–1379), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
69. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 184.
70. John de Montfort came of age in June 1362.
71. Calendar of Papal Registers, Letters, 1362–1404, p. 54.
72. RBP, iii, pp. 471–2.
73. CPR 1367–1370, pp. 27, 305; CPR 1370–1374, p. 16. John Delves was appointed in November 1367, his wife Isabel in September 1369 and Godfrey Fojambe in November 1370. They were all the prince’s retainers; John Delves was the prince’s yeoman.
74. Green, The Black Prince, p. 149.
75. RBP, iv, p. 520.
76. RBP, iv, p. 563.
77. RBP, iv, pp. 529, 533, 540, 549.
78. RBP, iv, p. 536.
79. RBP, iv, pp. 507, 525.
80. CPR, 1364–1367, p. 328.
81. Calendar of Papal Registers, Petitions, 1342–1419, p. 508; CPR 1367–1370, p. 58.
82. Calendar of Papal Registers, Petitions, 1342–1419, p. 456; RBP, iv, pp. 505, 509, 521.
83. RBP, iv, pp. 521, 525, 527, 537.
84. RBP, iv, p. 561.
85. TNA E30/191.
86. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 481.
87. Calendar of Papal Registers, Papal Letters, 1362–1404, p. 21.
88. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 344.
89. Green, The Black Prince, p. 157.
90. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, pp. 188–189.
91. Tout, Administrative History, v, p. 408.
92. Froissart, Oeuvres, Lettenhove, vii, p. 96.
93. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 545 estimates £35,400 and £42,500 for the Gascon lords.
94. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 546.
95. Foedera, iii, ii, p. 800.
96. Saul, Richard II, p. 12.
97. Green, The Black Prince, pp. 221–129.
98. CPR, 1377–1381, pp. 120, 609; CPR 1391–1396, p. 505.
99. Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, pp. 152–153.
100. Green, The Black Prince, p. 160, suggests between 6,000–8,500; Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 546, 8–10,000, Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 194, puts the figure as low as 6,000.
101. Barber, Life and Campaigns on the Black Prince, pp. 114, 117.
102. CPR 1367–1370, p. 12. Eustace d’Aubrichecourt appointed attorneys for a year in October 1367 in order to join the prince in Gascony.
103. Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 153.
104. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 31.
105. TNA, E101/393/10.
106. Barber, Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 196.
107. The Complete Peerage, p. 325; Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 157.
108. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 123.
109. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, pp. 554–556.
110. TNA SC1/42/34; translation taken from A. E. Prince, A Letter of Edward the Black Prince describing the battle of Nájera 1367, EHR (xli, 1926), p. 415.
111. CPR, 1364–1367, p. 408.
112. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 556.
113. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 556.
114. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 205.
115. Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 167; Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, pp. 133–134.
116. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 134.
117. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 214; Green, The Black Prince, p. 169.
118. Sumption, The Hundred Years War ii: Trial by Fire, p. 545.
119. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 210; Green, The Black Prince, p. 180.
120. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 217.
121. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 134.
122. Green, The Black Prince, p. 181.
123. Green, The Black Prince, p. 181; Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, pp. 1208–220.
124. Testamenta Vetusta, i, pp. 70–71.
125. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 221.
126. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 221–225; Green, The Black Prince, pp. 181–190.
127. Devon, Issue Roll, 39 Edward III, p. 184.
128. Details of the Limoges campaign are taken from secondary sources: Barber Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 221–226; Green, The Black Prince, pp. 191–192.
129. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 138.
130. Froissart, Oeuvres, Lettenhove, viii, p. 460.
131. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 48; Gaunt acted as the prince’s lieutenant until 24 June 1371.
132. Froissart, Oeuvres, Lettenhove, viii, pp. 60–61.
10 Return to England/In Sickness and in Health, 1371–1376
1. Froissart, Chronicles, Luce, vii, p. 53
2. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 227.
3. CPR, 1370–1374, pp. 331, 347; Ormrod, Edward III, pp. 534–537.
4. Chronicon Angliae, p. 91.
5. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 227.
6. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 48.
7. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 228.
8. CPR, 1370–1374, pp. 170–3.
9. The Complete Peerage, p. 325.
10. CFR, 1369–1377, p. 99.
11. Peter Fleming, ‘Clifford, Sir Lewis (c. 1330–1404)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
12. RBP, ii, pp. 208, 210.
13. John of Gaunt’s Register, 1371–1375, ed. S. Armitage-Smith (Camden Society, 3rd Series, 20), pp. 96, 112–13, 191–3, 278. Gifts listed to the prince on 23 November 1372, 24 December 1372, 13 April 1373, 8 January 1375 and to Joan and Eleanor and Maud Courtenay in January 1372 and April 1373.
14. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 48.
15. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 69.
16. John of Gaunt’s Register, 1371–1375.
17. Jeannette Lucraft, Katherine Swynford: The History of a Medieval Mistress (Stroud, 2006), p. 23.
18. Joan was a Plantagenet family name and Joh
n had an older sister Princess Joan, but the princess died in 1348 when John was only eight, and by the time his own daughter was born, he was extremely close to his sister-in-law.
19. H. T. Riley, Memorials of London and London Life (1868), p. 362; Emerson, The Black Prince, p. 245.
20. Emerson, The Black Prince, p. 248; Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 228; Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 138; Ormrod, Edward III, pp. 512–514; Goodman, John of Gaunt. p. 52.
21. CCR 1369–1374, pp. 403, 404, 406, 463, 467.
22. Barber, Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, p. 229.
23. TNA, E101/400/4, m. 20; Saul, Richard II, pp. 13–17; Green, The Black Prince; p. 213. Some historians have speculated that Simon was nephew to Walter Burley, who tutored the prince as a boy.
24. Michael Jones, ‘John de Montfort’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
25. Saul, Richard II, p. 13.
26. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 232.
27. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 53; Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War, vol. iii: Divided Houses (London, 2012), pp. 187–202.
28. Chronicon Angliae, p. 96.
29. Tout, Administrative History, v, pp. 398–399.
30. Froissart, Oeuvres, Lettenhove, viii, p. 460.
31. CPR 1370–1374, p. 331.
32. Calendar of Papal Letters, IV, 1361–1404, p. 146.
33. https://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/antiquaries-optimised-v6-192.pdf. Antiquaries-and the Gothic Revival. Maddox Brown based his subject matter on antiquarian sources, taking his composition from a medieval miniature which no longer survives, and basing the royal figures on their tomb effigies.
34. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 54.
35. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 92.
36. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 56.
37. Chronicon Angliae, pp. 91–92.
38. Green, The Black Prince, pp. 63–65.
39. The St Albans Chronicle, 1, 1376–1394, The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, ed. J. Taylor, W. R. Childs and L. Watkiss (Oxford, 2003), p. 35.
40. Barber, Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, p. 139.
41. Chronicon Angliae, p. 89.
42. The St Albans Chronicle, I, 1376–1394, p. 37.
43. Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos, p. 170.
44. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 92; Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, I, p. 321. A. Collins, Life and Glorious Actions of Edward, Prince of Wales (1740), p. 304; The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, pp. 37–39.
45. Collection of the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England, ed. J. Nichols (2 vols, London, 1780, reprod. 1969), p. 67.
46. Juliet and Malcolm Vale, ‘Knightly Codes and Piety’, in Age of Chivalry, Art and Society in Late Medieval England ed. N. Saul (London, 1992), p. 27.
47. Paul Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets, Kingship and the Representation of Power 1200–1400 (London, 1995), pp. 111, 119, 197.
48. Collins, The Life and Glorious Actions of Edward Prince of Wales, pp. 301–2.
49. Collection of the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England, p. 67.
50. Testamenta Vetusta, i, pp. 64–66, 70–71.
51. Tout, Administrative History, iii, p. 239.
52. Tout, Administrative History, iii, pp. 397–398.
53. The Inventories of St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1348–1667, ed. M. F. Bond (Windsor, 1937), pp. 40–41. In 1384 inventory of St George’s chapel lists vestments made from Joan’s wedding dress.
11 Princess in Politics, 1376–1377
1. Christine de Pizan, The Treasure of the City of Ladies, translated by Sarah Lawson (London, 1985 revised 2003), p. 58.
2. John of Gaunt’s Register 1372–1376, ii, p. 50.
3. John of Gaunt’s Register 1372–1376, ii, p. 22.
4. John of Gaunt’s Register 1372–1376, ii, p. 191.
5. John of Gaunt’s Register 1372–1376, ii, pp. 193–194. Gaunt gave this to his father in May 1373 ‘un cerf blank gisant deinz une corone sur le covercle q’estoit done nous par ma tres chere dame la princesse’.
6. John of Gaunt’s Register 1372–1376, ii, pp. 193–194, 224–225.
7. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 39; Froissart, Oeuvres, Lettenhove, viii, p. 460; McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, p. 393.
8. Rot. Parl, ii. 330.
9. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 57.
10. CPR 1374–1377, pp. 374–377.
11. CCR 1374–1377, pp. 403, 405, 406, 408, 409, 420–422; CPR 1377–1381, p. 180.
12. F. Devon, Issue Roll Thomas of Brantingham 44 Ed III (London, 1835), p. 51.
13. CPR 1374–1377, pp. 376–377.
14. Jones, ‘John de Montfort’, ODNB.
15. K. B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (Oxford, 1973), pp. 164–166.
16. Anonimalle 1333–1381, pp. 102–3.
17. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, pp. 90–91.
18. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, pp. 90–91.
19. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, pp. 92–93.
20. John of Gaunt’s Register 1372–1376, ii, pp. 191, 193–194.
21. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 65.
22. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 62.
23. Anglo Norman Letters and Petitions, ed. M. D. Legge (Oxford, 1941), pp. 162–166.
24. Goodman, John of Gaunt, pp. 63–64.
25. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 119.
26. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 119.
27. Ormrod, Edward III, p. 577.
28. Green, The Black Prince, p. 67; M. Bennett, ‘Edward III’s Entail and the Succession to the Crown, 1376–1471’, English Historical Review, 113 (1998), pp. 580–607.
29. Testamenta Vetusta, ii, pp. 10–12.
30. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, pp. 126–127.
31. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 131.
32. Chronicon Angliae, pp. 148–150.
33. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 131.
12 The King’s Mother, 1377–1385
1. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 106.
2. Saul, Richard II, pp. 22–23.
3. Saul, Richard II, pp. 24–25 gives an account of the coronation procession and ceremony.
4. Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 139 describes the procession.
5. Anonimalle 1333–1381, p. 114; Goodman, John of Gaunt, pp. 70–71.
6. Chronicon Angliae, p. 155.
7. Discussed by Saul, Richard II, pp. 25–27.
8. When Richard was deposed in 1399 it is notable that Henry of Bolingbroke did not argue that Richard was not the legitimate heir.
9. CCR 1377–1381, pp. 1–5.
10. CPR 1377–1381, p. 60.
11. CPR 1377–1381, pp 21, 78.
12. Green, ‘Politics and Service with Edward the Black Prince’ The Age of Edward III ed. J. S. Bothwell, York Medieval Press 201) p. 67, C. Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King’s Affinity: Service, Politics and Finance in England 1360–1413 (New Haven and London, 1986), pp. 161–2.
13. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, p. 164.
14. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, p. 164; CPR 1381–1385, p. 54
15. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, p. 185; CPR 1381–1385, p. 8; CCR 1377–1381, p. 452.
16. Tout, Administrative History, vi, pp. 57, 329.
17. Nigel Saul, ‘Sir John Clanvowe (c1341–1391)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
18. Scattergood, V. J., ‘Literary Culture at the Court of Richard II’, English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London, 1983), p. 23; McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, pp. 166–167, 185; CPR 1381–1385, pp. 97, 560.
19. Margaret Galway, ‘Chaucer’s Hopeless Love’, Modern Languages Notes,
LX, November 1945, Number 7, p. 438; Anthony Burgess, The Riverside Chaucer (Oxford, 1988), p. xiii.
20. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 261.
21. British Library, Cotton Nero D VII folio 7v: St Albans Book of Benefactors.
22. British Library, Royal MSS 2B. viii. This copy, bound within a Psalter with an Office for the dead, was written around 1462, although it was formerly believed to have been a presentation copy. See Linne R. Mooney, ‘John Somer Franciscan friar and astronomer’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
23. H. Carey, Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), pp. 22, 80.
24. CPR 1307–1313, pp, 563, CPR 1327–1330, pp. 87, 178, 251, CPR 1330–1334, pp. 41, 67, 84, 151, 260; F. A. Underhill, F. A., For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh (London, 1999).
25. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 181; CCR 1377–1381, p. 527.
26. Tout, Administrative History, vi, p. 327.
27. Saul, Richard II, pp. 29–30.
28. There has been a suggestion that Joan attempted to secure her influence by bringing into office dependants of prince as a counterpoise to the influence of Gaunt (N. B. Lewis ‘The Continual Council in the Early Years of Richard II, 1377–1380’, English Historical Review 41 (1926), 246–251, p. 249). There is ample evidence that Joan had absolute faith in Gaunt, so this seems unlikely.
29. As noted, for example, by Saul, Richard II, p. 11.
30. Goodman, John of Gaunt, p. 72
31. The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, p. 157.
32. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399, p. 401; Rot Parl, iii, p. 5.
33. CPR 1377–1381, p. 7.
34. Jeannette Lucraft, Katherine Swynford: The History of a Medieval Mistress (Stroud, 2006), pp. 20–21.
35. Lucraft, Katherine Swynford, pp. 23–37 discusses the Beaufort children.
36. The Complete Peerage, VII, p. 154.; Stansfield, ‘The Holland Family’, pp. 52–3.
37. C. Given-Wilson, ‘Wealth and Credit, Public and Private, the earls of Arundel 1306–1397’, English Historical Review, vol. CVI, 1991, pp. 1–22.
38. Stansfield, ‘The Holland Family’, pp. 55, 60.
39. In July 1377 there was a general appointment of JPs throughout the country. Thomas and John Holand are not listed.
40. Stansfield, ‘The Holland Family’, p. 55. In fact, it seems that due to difficulties in collecting the rent Thomas received rather less than this.