The Great Animal Orchestra
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Periodicals
Andrews, Mark A. W. “How Does Background Noise Affect Our Concentration?” Scientific American, January 4, 2010.
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Audio
Beaver, Paul, and Bernie Krause. All Good Men. Warner Brothers Records, 1973.
———. Into a Wild Sanctuary. Warner Brothers Records, 1970.
———. The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music. Nonesuch Records, 1968.
Dugan, Dan. Muir Woods recording.
Krause, Bernie. World soundscape collection, http://www.wildsanctuary.mobi/buy/index.php?route=product/category&path=36.
Monacchi, David. “Nightingale” excerpt, http://www.earthear.com/ecoacoustic.html.
Olson, Curt. Wounded beaver recording.
Parker, Ted III. Common potoo and musician wren recordings.
Sarno, Louis. Bayaka: The Extraordinary Music of the Babenzélé Pygmies. Ellipsis Arts, 1996.
Schafer, R. Murray. Once on a Windy Night, www.patria.org/arcana.
———. “Winter Diary.” Angewandte Musik [B] Musik Für Radio: Das Studio Akustische Kunst Des WDR, RCA Red Seal, Catalog # 74321 73522 2, 2001, Track 11.
Wilson, Elizabeth. Nez Percé Stories, Wild Sanctuary, 1991, http://www.wildsanctuary.mobi/buy/index.php?route=product/product&path=39&product_id=93.
Main Bioacoustic Websites and Chat Groups
British Library of Wildlife Sounds: http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/sound/wildsounds/wildlife.html
Macaulay Library (Cornell University): http://www.birds.cornell.edu/page.aspx?pid=1676
Michigan State University Envirosonics program: http://www.cevl.msu.edu/envirosonics
naturerecording@yahoogroups.com
naturerecordists@yahoogroups.com
Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources: http://www.ag.purdue.edu/fnr/Pages/default.aspx
Wild Sanctuary: http://www.wildsanctuary.com
World Forum for Acoustic Ecology: http://wfae.proscenia.net/
World Listening Project: worldlistening@yahoogroups.com
Index
Note: Italic page numbers refer to figures.
acoustic cues, in biophony, 66–67, 246–47
acoustic envelope, 22, 25–26
acoustic mapping, 100–03
acoustics
of glacial ice sounds, 49–50
of landscape, 27–30, 41–42
of marine habitats, 30–31, 45, 177, 252
study of, 19–21, 22
of vegetation, 27–28
active noise control (ANC), 172–73
Ahwahneechee Paiutes, 144
Allen, Arthur, 34
Allen, Woody, 84
Altman, Robert, 53
AmbiSonic, 151, 251
Ampex, 32
amphibians, 5, 53, 87, 96, 98. See also frogs and toads
amplitude
of animal sounds, 25, 58–59
and hearing, 24–25
measurement of, 24
of snapping shrimp, 25, 96, 244
as sound characteristic, 18, 22
of thunder, 25, 46
amplitude modulation, 103
analog synthesizers, 23, 109–10
animals. See also amphibians; mammals; reptiles
and acoustic features of landscape, 29–30
decoding sounds, 64–65
detection of sound, 61
ear structure of, 60–61, 62
effect of anthrophony on, 187–88, 193
effect of weather changes on, 47
hearing mechanisms of, 60–64
hearing ranges of, 22
scientific study of, 143
animal sounds. See also biophony
amplitude of, 25, 58–59
effect of geophony on, 39, 45
emotional expression in, 116–18
in prehistoric time, 3–5
social function of, 59–60, 94–97, 115–16
vocal range of, 21
Antarctic, 213
anthrophony
as cause of noise, 157–58, 181
effect on biophony, 180–81, 182, 183–88, 192–93, 199, 203, 214
effect on birds, 155–56, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188
effect on fish, 188, 190, 191–92
effect on mammals, 185, 187–88
effect on marine mammals, 188–92
effect on natural soundscapes, 80, 155–56, 195, 203–04, 254
effect on whales, 188–91
Aperture Foundation, 89
Aquinas, Thomas, 142
architecture, 142–43, 173
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 214, 230–33, 255
Aristotle, 19
audiotape, 32–33, 185–86, 244
avalanches, 50
Ayahuasca, 128
Aztecs, 129
Ba’Aka (Babenzélé pygmies)
effect of noise on, 162
impact of neocolonial contact, 134–35, 141, 200
music of, 104, 130–32, 134, 135, 141
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 28
Balcomb, Ken, 190, 253
Banks, Allison, 191, 253
Baptista, Luis, 177–78, 249
Barber, Jesse, 192
Bartók, Béla, 153
Bateson, Gregory, 156
Beatles, 122–23
Beaver, Paul, 13–14, 16–17, 19, 23, 109–10, 136
beaver recording, 117–18, 250
Beethoven, Ludwig van, Sixth Symphony, 145
Benzon, William, 119
Berendt, Joachim-Ernst, The Third Ear, 160
Berkeley, George, 222–23
Bierce, Ambrose, 157
bioacoustics
and acoustic partitioning, 249
indicators of, 73–74, 81
information versus uncorrelated acoustic debris, 160
and music, 152
research in, 252–53
and territorial limits of boundaries, 100
biomes
anthrophony in, 184, 185, 186–87, 188
bioacoustic sequences and patterns of, 78–80, 104, 151, 153, 231, 249
borders of, 101
changes in, 210–11
comparison of, 74, 76
density and diversity of, 75, 79, 80, 97, 102–03
health of, 80, 81, 211
biomusicology, 113
biophony
as acoustic guide, 66–67, 246–47
as adaptive behavior, 96–97
animal communication in, 94–97
archive of, 81, 83, 124, 149, 186, 203, 204, 210, 229, 243
bandwidth of, 94, 98–99, 103
bioacoustic boundaries of, 100–02
changes recorded in, 74, 78–80
connection with music, 105, 111
as context for animal vocalization, 112
definition of, 68
effect of anthrophony on, 180–81, 182, 183–88, 192–93, 199, 203, 214
of healthy habitats, 79–80, 94, 97, 126, 223–24
holistic sense of, 112
human knowledge of, 104–05, 130–31, 137
interpreting cues in, 89
landscape factors affecting, 75–77, 139, 153
partitioned voices of, 84, 88, 98–99, 102, 103, 124, 127, 151, 248, 249, 250
pentatonic scale reflecting, 128
as proto-orchestra, 84–88, 97, 99, 152–53, 186, 207, 236, 250
radius of, 99–100
seasonal factors affecting, 78, 210
in soundscapes, 80
time factors affecting, 77–78, 126, 210, 222, 224
uniqueness of, 104
variations in density of, 211, 212–13
birds
and acoustic features of landscape, 29–30
effect of anthrophony on, 155–56, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188
effect of weather on, 47