6 Horace, Odes 4.4, quoted Dennison, op. cit., p 47.
7 Quoted Freisenbruch, op. cit, p 158.
8 Tacitus, Histories, 2.1; see Jones, op. cit., p 45.
9 Jones, op. cit., p 46.
10 Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, 6.254ff.
11 See Tacitus, Histories, fragment 2: Titus ‘holding the destruction of this temple to be a prime necessity in order to wipe out more completely the religion of the Jews’.
12 Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, 7.3.1.37ff, quoted Grant, op. cit, p 229.
13 Laurence, op. cit., p 135.
14 Salisbury, Joyce E., Women in the Ancient World, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001, p 29.
15 Freisenbruch, op. cit., p 163.
16 Tacitus, Histories 2.2; see Freisenbruch, op. cit., p 164.
17 See Alston, op. cit., p 168.
18 Jones, op. cit., p 78.
19 Grant, op. cit., p 230.
20 Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, 7.4.1.
21 Alston, op. cit., p 168.
22 Jones, op. cit., p 116.
23 Tacitus, Histories, 2.1.
24 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 65.15.3.
25 Pliny the Younger, Letters 6.16, trans. Betty Radice, London: Penguin, 1969.
26 Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Cashdollar, Stanford and Sparks, Stephen R. J., ‘The Eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence’, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 86, no. 1, Jan., 1982, p 39.
27 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 66.22.4.
28 Ibid, 66.24.3.
29 Jones, op. cit, p 142.
30 See Laurence, op cit., p 133.
31 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 66.26.1.
32 Meijer, Fik, Emperors Don’t Die in Bed, London: Routledge, 2004, p 46.
DOMITIAN
1 Juvenal, Satire IV
2 Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History, 7.23, trans. Rev. John Selby Watson, 1886.
3 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 67.3.2.
4 Freisenbruch, op. cit., pp 182–3.
5 Grant, op cit., p 241.
6 Tacitus, Histories, 4.86.
7 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 66.26.2.
8 Ibid, 67.2.4.
9 Ibid, 67.2
10 Tacitus, Histories, 4.86
11 See Southern, Pat, Domitian Tragic Tyrant, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, p 18; Morgan, op. cit., p 247.
12 Eutropius, op. cit., 7.23.
13 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 67.1.
14 Pliny the Younger, Panegyricus 52.4–5, quoted Freisenbruch, op. cit., p 184.
15 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 67.3.5.
16 Ibid, 67.4.
17 Ibid, 67.6.3.
18 Massie, op. cit., p 222.
19 Southern, op. cit. (Domitian), p 110.
20 Cassius Dio, op. cit., 67.9.
21 Janzen, E., 1994, ‘The Jesus of the Apocalypse Wears the Emperor’s Clothes’, SBL 1994 Seminar Papers. Atlanta: Scholars, p 648, footnote 55.
22 Southern, op. cit., p 35.
23 See Alston, op. cit, p 183.
24 Tacitus, Agricola 2, trans. Edward Brooks Jr. 1897.
25 Juvenal, Satire IV.
26 Flower, op. cit., p 256; Statius, The Silvae, 4.3.
GLOSSARY
Aedile – One of the senatorial magistracies which together made up the ‘cursus honorum’ or sequence of offices followed by Roman politicians. Responsible for public and private buildings, roads, aqueducts and sewers, public lands, public spectacles and police, as well as the distribution of corn, markets, weights and measures.
Atrium – The hall, close to the entrance of the Roman house; among the most important rooms of the house.
Auctoritas – A Roman senator’s prestige and influence – greatly increased by military achievements.
Consul – The most senior magistracy of the ‘cursus honorum’. Two consuls were appointed annually, with powers roughly akin to a shared prime ministership.
Cursus honorum – The ‘course of honours’ was a sequence of offices followed by career politicians of the Republic and early Empire. A minimum-age qualification attached to each administrative appointment, with regulations governing the interval between appointments and repeat office-holding.
Damnatio memoriae – Official condemnation after death of those felt to bring discredit and dishonour on the Roman state; the intention was to eradicate all traces of the offender and his or her existence from Roman life and included, for example, the destruction of states and erasure of inscriptions.
Dictator – Under the Republic, a six month appointment granting supreme military and civil power to an individual during a period of extreme crisis.
Imagines maiorum – Roman portraits of their ancestors. Sources suggest that these took the form of realistic wax masks. Displayed in cupboards called armaria in the atrium, they were worn or carried by actors in funeral processions.
Imperium – A concept of power which implied sovereignty or command and the official right, among others, of inflicting punishment. It exceeded simple authority.
Interrex – A provisional office of principal magistrate, rare in the late Republic. Among traditional duties of the ‘interrex’ was overseeing the election of new consuls
Magister Equitum – The ‘Master of the Horse’ was the second-in-command to the Republican dictator, chosen by the dictator, the two offices expiring simultaneously; traditional duties included command of the cavalry; invested with imperium, but of a lesser variety to that of the dictator himself.
Novus homo (‘new man’) – A man not born into Rome’s ruling class, who became the first member of his family to serve in the Senate.
Ovation – A public celebration in which a general rode through the city on horseback (a lesser form of the triumph).
Paterfamilias – The male head of the family who, possessing patria potestas (‘the power of the father’) held far-reaching legal powers over descendants through the male line or adoption. In practice, by the late Republic, these powers had been significantly eroded.
Patron/client – The patron/client relationship was one respectively of protection and dependency and existed between individuals – a wealthy Roman and his freedman, for example – and between influential individuals and communities, for example, a Roman senator and a community outside Rome who, as the senator’s clients, could expect him to advance the community’s needs in Rome. The patron offered support (both financial and legal) to his client; the client responded with support in public elections and attendance at the morning salutatio (an informal business forum held in the patron’s atrium, at which clients formally greeted their patron and received in return a monetary handout or sportula).
Pontifex maximus – The chief priest of the Roman state cult, a lifelong appointment.
Praetor – A magistracy of the ‘cursus honorum’, senior to the position of Aedile, with responsibility for administering justice.
Proscripti – Those whose names were publicly ‘proscribed’: their lives were forfeit and their property confiscated or sold. Proscription was developed in 82BC by Sulla as a means of disposing of his enemies, and reintroduced by the second Triumvirate in 43BC.
Quaestor – A junior magistracy of the ‘cursus honorum’, with mostly financial duties.
Tribune of the plebs – An elected office open to plebeians, the only form of plebeian representation in the Senate.
Triumph – The public celebration, in the Senate’s gift, awarded to a successful general. The general processed in a chariot along Rome’s Sacra Via in company with the captives of his victory and the spoils of conquest.
INDEX
Acte ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Aelius Sejanus, Lucius ref1, ref2
Aelius Tubero, Quintus ref1
Aemilius Lamia, Lucius ref1
Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus ref1
Aeneas ref1, ref2
Agrippa, Marcus ref1, ref2
Agrippina the Elder ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Agrippina the Younger ref1,
ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Agrippina, Vipsania ref1
Alexander the Great ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Alexander, Tiberius Julius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Alma-Tadema, Lawrence ref1
Amminus ref1
Andromache ref1
Anicetus ref1, ref2,
Annius Pollio, Gaius ref1
Antiochus of Commagene ref1
Antonia (wife of Drusus the Elder) ref1, ref2
Antonius Primus, Marcus ref1, ref2
Antonius Saturninus, Lucius ref1
Antonius, Lucius, ref1
Antony, Mark ref1, ref2
Apelles/Apellaris ref1
Apicata ref1
Apicius ref1
Aquinus, Cornelius ref1
Aquinus, Cornelius ref1
Archimedes ref1
Arrecinus Clemens, Marcus ref1
Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, Lucius ref1
Ascletarion ref1
Asiaticus, Valerius ref1
Asinius Gallus Salonius, Gaius ref1
Astyanax ref1
Atia ref1
Atius Labienus, Quintus ref1
Atticus, Numerius ref1, ref2
Augustus [Octavian] (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Aurelia ref1, ref2
Ausonius ref1
Banquo ref1
Bassus, Saleius ref1
ben Giora, Simon ref1
Berenice ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6,
Betuus Cilo ref1
Bibulus ref1, ref2, ref3
Botticelli ref1, ref2
Britannicus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18
Burrus, Afranius ref1
Caecina Alienus, Aulus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Caenis ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Caesar, Drusus ref1, ref2
Caesar, Gaius ref1, ref2, ref3
Caesar, Lucius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Caesar, Nero (son of Germanicus) ref1
Caesonia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Calpurnia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, Lucius ref1
Calpurnius Piso, Gaius ref1
Camuccini, Vincenzo ref1
Capito, Fonteius ref1, ref2
Carpaphorus ref1
Cassius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Cato the Elder ref1
Catullus, Valerius ref1
Catulus Capitolinus, Quintus ref1
Chaerea, Cassius ref1
Charicles ref1
Cicero ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Cinna ref1, ref2
Claudius (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34, ref35, ref36, ref37, ref38, ref39, ref40, ref41, ref42
Clemens, Flavius ref1, ref2
Cleopatra ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Cloatilla,ref1
Clodius Eprius Marcellus, Titus, ref1
Cocceius ref1
Cornelia (Vestal) ref1
Cornelia (wife of Julius Caesar) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Corvinus, Statilius ref1
Crispus, Sallustius ref1
Decebalus, ref1
Demetrius ref1, ref2
Diodorus ref1
Domitian (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Domitilla ref1, ref2, ref3
Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Doryphorus ref1, ref2
Drusilla ref1, ref2, ref3
Drusus the Younger (son of Tiberius) ref1
Eunoe the Moor ref1
Eutropius ref1, ref2, ref3
Favor ref1
Flavius Petro, Titus ref1
Flavius Sabinus, Titus ref1, ref2
Flavius, Subrius ref1
Flavus, Sulpicius ref1
Florius, Gessus ref1
Fra Angelico ref1
Fundana, Galeria ref1
Fuscus, Cornelius ref1
Fuscus, Cornelius ref1
Gaetulicus, Lentulus ref1
Gaius Caligula (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31
Galba (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18
Galba, Servius ref1
Gallius, Quintus ref1
Gallus, Asinius ref1, ref2
Gemellus, Tiberius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Germanicus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
Ghisi, Teodoro ref1
Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso ref1
Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella ref1
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus ref1
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo ref1, ref2
Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus ref1
Graves, Robert ref1
Hadrian (E) ref1, ref2, ref3
Halotus ref1
Handel ref1, ref2
Haterius, Quintus ref1
Hays, Mary ref1
Helius (freedman of Nero) ref1
Helvidius Priscus the Younger ref1, ref2
Henri Matisse ref1
Herennius Senecio ref1
Herod Agrippa II ref1
Herod the Great ref1
Hirtius, Aulus ref1
Homer ref1, ref2
Horace ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Hordeonius Flaccus ref1 (footnote)
Icelus ref1, ref2
Josephus ref1, ref2
Julia (daughter of Aug)
Julia (daughter of JC) ref1, ref2, ref3,
Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula) ref1
Julius Caesar (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Julius Vindex, Gaius ref1
Junia Claudilla ref1
Junilla (daughter of Sejanus) ref1
Junius Blaesus ref1
Junius Brutus, Marcus ref1
Juvenal ref1
Kallistos, ref1, ref2
Laco, Cornelius ref1
Lamia, Aelius ref1, ref2
Lappius Maximus Norbanus ref1
Laureolus ref1
Le Sueur, Eustache ref1
Le Sueur, Eustache ref1
Lepida, Aemilia ref1, ref2
Lepida, Domitia ref1, ref2
Liberalis, Flavius ref1
Liberalis, Flavius ref1
Licinianus, Valerius ref1
Licinius Crassus, Marcus ref1
Lippi, Filippino ref1
Livia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Livilla ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Livy ref1, ref2
Locusta ref1, ref2, ref3
Longina, Domitia ref1, ref2, ref3
Lord Acton ref1, ref2
Lucullus, Lucius ref1
Lucullus, Sallustius ref1
Lygdus ref1
Macbeth ref1
Macer, Clodius ref1
Maecenas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Marcellinus, Ammianus ref1
Marcellus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Marcia Furnilla ref1, ref2, ref3
Marcus Vinicius (brother of Vinicianus) ref1
Marcus Vinicius ref1, ref2
Marius Celsus ref1
Marius, Gaius ref1, ref2
Martial ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Meliboeus ref1
Messalina, Statilia ref1
Messalina, Valeria ref1
Miche
langelo ref1
Minucius Thermus, Marcus ref1
Molo, Apollonius ref1
Montanus, Votienus ref1
Monteverdi ref1, ref2
Narcissus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Nero (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29
Nerva (E) ref1
Nicomedes IV of Bithynia ref1
Niger, Bruttedius ref1
Nymphidius Sabinus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Octavia (daughter of Claudius) ref1, ref2
Octavia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Onomastus ref1
Optimates ref1
Otho (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21
Otho, Lucius ref1
Paconianus, Sextius ref1
Paetina, Aelia ref1, ref2
Paetus, Thrasea ref1
Pallas ref1, ref2, ref3
Pansa, ref1
Papinius, Sextus ref1
Paris (actor) ref1
Paterculus, Velleius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Paulina, Lollia ref1
Paulinus, Suetonius ref1
Pedanius Secundus, Lucius ref1
Petilius Cerialis, Quintus ref1
Petronia, ref1
Petronianus ref1
Phidias ref1
Philo ref1, ref2
Plancina, Munatia ref1
Plautus, Rubellius ref1
Pliny the Elder ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Pliny the Younger ref1, ref2
Plutarch, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Polemo of Cilicia ref1
Polla, Vespasia ref1, ref2, ref3
Pollio, Claudius ref1
Polus, ref1
Polybius ref1
Polyclitus (”) ref1
Pompeia (wife of JC) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Pompey ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Pompey, Sextus ref1
Pompusianus, Mettius ref1
Poppaea Sabina the Elder ref1
Populares ref1
Postumus, Agrippa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
The Twelve Caesars Page 33