Poussin, ref1
Poynter, Edward ref1
Proculus, Barbius ref1, ref2
Propertius ref1, ref2
Propinquus, Pompeius ref1
Psylli, ref1
Ptolemaeus ref1, ref2
Ptolemy XIII ref1
Publius Afranius Potitus
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Pulchra, Claudia ref1
Pythagoras (freedman) ref1
Racine ref1 ref2
Remus ref1
Roberts, David ref1
Rochegrosse, Georges ref1
Romulus ref1, ref2, 535
Rubens, Peter Paul ref1
Rufus, Cluvius ref1
Rufus, Faenius ref1, ref2
Rufus, Verginius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Rusticus, Arulenus ref1
Rusticus, Fabius ref1
Sabina, Poppaea ref1
Sabinus, Cornelius ref1
Sabinus, Flavius ref1, ref2
Sallust ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Scaevinus, Flavius ref1
Scipio, ref1
Scribonia ref1, ref2
Seleucus see Ptolemaeus
Seneca ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18
Sestilia ref1, ref2
Severus, Sulpicius ref1,
Shakespeare ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Siculus, Calpurnius ref1
Silanus, Appius ref1, ref2, ref3
Silva, Flavius ref1
Silvia, Rhea ref1
Sporus ref1, ref2
Spurinna ref1
Statius ref1
Suetonius ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34, ref35, ref36, ref37, ref38, ref39, ref40, ref41, ref42, ref43, ref44, ref45, ref46, ref47, ref48, ref49, ref50, ref51, ref52, ref53, ref54, ref55, ref56, ref57, ref58, ref59, ref60, ref61, ref62, ref63, ref64, ref65, ref66, ref67, ref68, ref69, ref70, ref71, ref72, ref73, ref74, ref75, ref76, ref77, ref78, ref79, ref80, ref81, ref82, ref83, ref84, ref85, ref86, ref87, ref88, ref89, ref90, ref91, ref92, ref93, ref94, ref95, ref96, ref97, ref98, ref99, ref100, ref101, ref102, ref103, ref104, ref105, ref106
Sulla ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Tacitus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34
Terpnus ref1, ref2
Tertulla, ref1
Thrasyllus ref1
Tiberius (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34, ref35
Tigellinus ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Titian ref1
Titianus Salvius ref1, ref2
Titus (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Tityrus ref1
Torianus Gaius, ref1
Turpillianus, Petronius ref1
Urgulanilla, Plautia ref1, ref2
Varro, Cingonius ref1, ref2
Varus, Quinctilius ref1
Veiento, Aulus Didius Gallus Fabricius ref1
Vercingetorix ref1, ref2, ref3
Verginius Rufus, Lucius ref1
Vespasian (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22
Veturius ref1
Vinicianus, Annius ref1, ref2
Vinius, Titus ref1
Virgil ref1, ref2, ref3
Vitellius (E) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Vitellius Publius ref1, ref2
Vitellius, Aulus ref1, ref2
Vitellius, Lucius ref1, ref2, ref3
Vologaesus ref1
West, Benjamin ref1
Woolf, Virginia ref1
Xenophon (doctor) ref1
Endnotes
1. Despite a cultivated abstemiousness in his private life, Caesar spent hugely on elections, invariably other people’s money, with predictable results. Suetonius suggests, for example, that such were his debts by the end of 62 that he was forced to leave Rome under cover of darkness to escape his creditors.
2. Ahenobarbus had first attempted to initiate an inquiry into Caesar’s conduct as consul as long ago as the end of 59, in company with his fellow praetor Gaius Memmius: as we see, neither the implication nor the impulse behind that motion had disappeared.
3. Given persistent pockets of disaffection among the now largely disenfranchised senate, Caesar would have recourse to these powers in order to advance his wide-ranging, essentially benevolent legislative programme. He increased senate membership from 600 to 900, including non-patricians and provincial representatives sympathetic to his cause.
4. This latter may not have been as great a sacrifice as we suspect. Dio describes Tiberius’ son Drusus as ‘most licentious and cruel, so cruel in fact that the sharpest words were called Drusian after him’.6
5. Five years later, West returned to the plight of Agrippina and her children in the more overtly sentimental Agrippina and her Children Mourning over the Ashes of Germanicus. In this image it is the liveliness and cherubic good health of the couple’s younger children, who again occupy the painting’s central space, which highlight the suffering of their drooping, milk-skinned mother.
6. Britannicus did suffer from epilepsy: in the event that Nero had killed him with poison, the taunt is spiteful given the recent association of epilepsy with those destined to rule – the Divine Julius and Gaius.
7. Although it was true that in ten years of marriage Octavia had failed to conceive a child, the obvious explanation was not her infertility. The poisonous Anicetus again came to Nero’s rescue in substantiating fictitious claims of adultery.
8. Galba did not forget Rufus’ tergiversation. Replaced by the ineffectual Hordeonius Flaccus, he was among a number of provincial governors to lose their posts during the new reign. Flaccus’ weakness in turn passed the baton of revolt to Lower Germany, which Galba entrusted to the future emperor Vitellius. In an echo of the mistakes made by Nero in Galba’s own case and that of another future emperor, Vespasian, Galba chose Vitellius for his apparent harmlessness, persuaded by his reputation for gluttony and his galloping bankruptcy.
9. Funds for this extravagant act of homage may have been raised by confiscating the fortune so rapidly acquired by Vinius. Those ill-gotten gains were described by Otho on the day of his coup as evidence of greater rapacity and lawlessness than Vinius would have dared even had he been emperor.8
10. This also served to confirm belief in Otho’s love for Poppaea and that version of earlier events in which Nero’s appropriation of his wife, far from being planned by Otho, arose unforeseen and unwelcome. Such an explanation had the added benefit of appearing to justify Otho’s anger against his former friend and lessen the culpability of his revenge.
11. His rejection extended to titles only and did not compromise his power. Indeed, almost in the same breath, this bloated gourmand conferred upon himself perpetual consulship. Neither ‘Augustus’ nor ‘Caesar’, he accepted no less a settlement than Augustus had devised.
12. Pollio’s thanks for these youthful embraces was to preserve a letter of assignation written by Domitian and afterwards to display it to prurient gazes; Nerva pursued a dignified course of silence.
13. Last laugh in the saga of Domitian’s marital discord probably went to Domitia, who survived her husband by three decades. Her revenge – possibly no more than a suggestion and appropriately served cold – waited thirteen years until she joined the conspirators in her husband’s overthrow.
14. In time Domitian would fall prey to similar unease. In
84 or 85, he recalled to Rome the distinguished British commander Agricola. Agricola remained loyal. The revenge of his implacable son-in-law Tacitus continues to this day.
15. As it happened, the Dacian problem was not wholly resolved until 106, when fearsome retaliatory action under the emperor Trajan forced Decebalus’ suicide and a sullen truce. It is the Dacian campaign which supplied those highly wrought vignettes that even now encircle Trajan’s Column.
The Twelve Caesars Page 34