by Ron Chernow
69 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:357.
70 . Ibid.
71 . WWR,380. Letter to John Augustine Washington, July 6, 1780.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: THE TRAITOR
1 . Grizzard, George!, 201.
2 . WWF,18:164. “Council of War,” March 27, 1780.
3. Diaries,6:130-31.
4 . WWF, 18:509. Letter to Governor Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., June 11, 1780.
5. Unger,Lafayette, 111.
6 . Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 133.
7 . WWF,19:36. Letter to the President of Congress, June 20, 1780.
8 . Ibid., 19:131. Letter to Fielding Lewis, July 6, 1780.
9 . Ibid., 19:481-82. Letter to Samuel Washington, August 31, 1780.
10 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:365.
11 . Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 138.
12 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:366.
13 . Stahr, John Jay, 110.
14 . WWF, 14:385. Letter to John Jay, April 14, 1779.
15 . Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 184.
16 . Ibid.
17 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 138.
18 . WWF,20:50. Letter to the President of Congress, September 15, 1780.
19 . Golway, Washington’s General, 183.
20 . Ibid., 140.
21. Ibid., 182.
22. Ibid., 183.
23 . Callahan, Henry Knox, 165.
24 . WWF,20:238. “Instructions to Major General Nathanael Greene,” October 22, 1780.
25 . Golway, Washington’s General, 242.
26 . WWF, 19:236. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, July 22, 1780.
27 . Ibid., 19:403. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780.
28. Ibid., 19:405.
29 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 141. 30 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 63.
31 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:371.
32 . Ibid., 2:371-72.
33 . Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 354.
34 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 40.
35 . WWR,390. Letter to John Cadwalader, October 5, 1780.
36 . Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 397.
37 . Wetherell, “On the Trail of Benedict Arnold.”
38 . Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 212.
39 . Ibid., 249.
40. Ibid., 301.
41. Ibid., 321.
42 . PWCF,4:175.
43 . Ibid.
44 . Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 326.
45 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:383.
46 . Cooper, “Out of the Spy’s Stocking and into the Wash,” New York Times, September 8, 2005.
47 . Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 361.
48 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:384.
49. Ibid., 2:386.
50 . Ibid.
51. Ibid., 2:388.
52 . Ibid. 2:389.
53 . Ibid.
54. Ibid., 2:390.
55 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 142.
56 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:388.
57 . WWF, 20:95. “General Orders,” September 26, 1780.
58 . WWR,392. Letter to John Laurens, October 13, 1780.
59 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 141.
60 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:390.
61 . Ibid.
62 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 143.
63 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:387.
64 . WWF,20:87. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John
Jameson, September 25, 1780.
65 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 66.
66. Ibid., 67.
67 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:394.
68 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 144.
69 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 68.
70 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 73.
71 . Ibid.
72 . Ibid.
73 . Unger, Lafayette, 125.
74 . WWR,392. Letter to John Laurens, October 13, 1780.
75 . WWF,20:95. “General Orders,” September 26, 1780.
76 . Ibid., 20:151. Letter to Count de Rochambeau, October 10, 1780.
77 . WWR,393. Letter to John Laurens, October 13, 1780.
78 . WWF,20:223. Letter to Major Henry Lee, October 20, 1780.
79 . Ibid., 21:255. “Instructions to Marquis de Lafayette,” February 20, 1781.
80 . Brookhiser, Founding Father, 37.
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: MUTINY
1 . WWF,20:303. “General Orders,” November 6, 1780.
2 . Ibid., 20:314. Letter to the President of Congress, November 7, 1780.
3 . Freeman, George Washington, 5:232.
4 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:398.
5 . WWF, 20:431. “Plan for Attack on New York,” November 1780.
6 . Ibid., 21:62. “Circular to the New England States,” January 5, 1781.
7 . Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 150.
8 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 99.
9 . WWF, 22:191. Letter to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, June 9, 1781.
10 . WWR,414. Letter to Robert Howe at West Point, January 22, 1781.
11 . WWF, 21:136. Letter to the President of Congress, January 23, 1781.
12 . Nelson, Thomas Paine, 157.
13 . WWR,409. Letter to John Laurens, January 15, 1781.
14 . Grant, John Adams, 267.
15 . WWF, 21:181. Letter to John Sullivan, February 4, 1781.
16 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 151.
17. Ibid.
18 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:411.
19 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 152.
20 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:412.
21 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 152.
22 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:412.
23 . Ibid.
24 . Ibid.
25 . WWF,21:491. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, April 22, 1781.
26 . Ibid., 22:3. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, April 27, 1781.
27. Ibid.
28 . Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, 34.
29. Ibid., 47.
30 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:494.
31 . Ibid.
32 . WWF, 21:411. Letter to the President of Congress, April 4, 1781.
33. Flexner, George Washington, 2:427.
34 . Higginbotham, George Washington Reconsidered, 280.
35 . Ramsay, Life of George Washington, 2.
36 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:417.
37 . Freeman, George Washington, 5:491.
38 . MTV. “Early Descriptions Ante 1800.” Reminiscence of Ludwig Baron von Closen.
39 . WWF, 21:341. Letter from Benjamin Harrison, February 25, 1781.
40 . Ibid., 21:341-42. Letter to Benjamin Harrison, March 21, 1781.
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: PLUNDERING SCOUNDRELS
1 . Wiencek, Imperfect God, 241.
2 . Golway, Washington’s General, 260.
3 . Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 494.
4 . WWF,21:470-71. Letter to Nathanael Greene, April 18, 1781.
5 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:421.
6 . Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8 . WWF,21:332. Letter to the Reverend William Gordon, March 9, 1781.
9 . Ibid., 21:386. Letter to Lund Washington, March 28, 1781.
10 . Freeman, George Washington, 5:282-83.
11 . WWR,420. Letter to Lund Washington, April 30, 1781.
12 . Ibid.
13 . Ibid., 421.
14 . WWR,422. “Journal of the Yorktown Campaign,” n.d.
15 . WWF, 21:378. Letter to Major General John Armstrong, March 26, 1781.
16 . Unger, Lafayette, 134.
17 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:429.
18. Ibid., 2:399.
19 . Ibid., 2:429-30.
20 . WWR,402. Letter to Benjamin Franklin, December 20, 1780.
21 . Flexner, Georg
e Washington, 2:402.
22 . Ibid.
23. Ibid., 2:399.
24 . Ibid.
25 . Ibid.
26. Ibid., 2:401.
27 . Ibid., 2:431.
28 . WWR,429. “Journal of Yorktown Campaign,” May 31, 1781.
29. DiariesA,214.
30 . WWF,22:171. Letter to Count de Rochambeau, June 7, 1781.
31. Ibid., 22:208. Letter to Count de Rochambeau, June 13, 1781.
32 . PWCF, 6:415. Letter to Noah Webster, July 31, 1788.
33. Ibid., 6:414.
34. Ibid., 6:415.
35 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:434-35.
36 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 14.
37 . Ibid., 146.
38 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 65.
39 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:435.
40 . WWR,440. “Journal of Yorktown Campaign,” July 18, 1781.
41 . WWF,22:396. “Conference at Dobbs Ferry,” July 19, 1781.
42 . WWR,442. “Journal of the Yorktown Campaign,” July 20, 1781.
43 . WWF,22:401. Letter to the Count de Grasse, July 21, 1781.
44 . Ibid., 22:402.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR: THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN
1 . WWF,22:450. Letter to Robert Morris, August 2, 1781.
2 . Ibid., 22:457. Letter to the Count de Barras, August 3, 1781.
3 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 69.
4. Ibid., 68.
5 . WWR,451. “Journal of Yorktown Campaign,” August 14, 1781.
6 . Morgan, Genius of George Washington, 8.
7 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 159.
8 . Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 415.
9 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 162.
10 . Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 157.
11 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:443.
12 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 35.
13 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 42.
14 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 16.
15 . Wiencek, Imperfect God, 250.
16 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:446.
17 . MTV. “Early Descriptions Ante 1800.”
18 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 67.
19 . MTV. “Early Descriptions Ante 1800.”
20 . Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 135.
21. DiariesA,232.
22 . Ibid.
23 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 186.
24 . Ibid.
25 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:449.
26 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 180.
27 . Ibid., 209.
28 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:449.
29 . Ibid.
30 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 349.
31 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:451.
32 . Ibid.
33. Ibid., 2:452.
34 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 208.
35 . Unger, Lafayette, 153.
36 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:454.
37 . Freeman, George Washington, 5:356.
38. DiariesA,243.
39 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 227.
40 . Callahan, Henry Knox, 185.
41 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 235.
42 . Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, 45.
43 . Wiencek, Imperfect God, 245.
44 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:456.
45 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 72.
46 . WWR, 459.
47 . Callahan, Henry Knox, 176.
48 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 194.
49 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:457.
50 . Hague, William Pitt the Younger, 67.
51 . Callahan, Henry Knox, 187.
52 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 352.
53 . Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 241.
54 . Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 187.
55 . Freeman, George Washington, 5:377.
56 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:458.
57 . WWR,464. Letter to Charles Cornwallis, October 17, 1781.
58 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 242.
59 . Wiencek, Imperfect God, 247.
60 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:460.
61. DiariesA,240.
62 . WWR,464. Letter to Thomas McKean, October 19, 1781.
63 . Ibid., 468. Letter to Thomas McKean, November 15, 1781.
64 . Callahan,Henry Knox, 188.
65 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:469.
66 . Unger, Lafayette, 162.
67 . Ibid., 164.
68 . Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 138.
69 . Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence,” 116.
70 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:471.
71 . PWRT, 4:489. “George Washington’s Last Will and Testament,” July 9, 1799.
72 . Brady, George Washington’s Beautiful Nelly, 21.
73 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:446.
74 . Ibid., 471.
75. Ibid.
76. Irving, Life of George Washington, 558.
77. Henriques, “Saint or Shrew?”
78. Felder, Fielding Lewis and Washington Family, 295.
79. Conkling, Memoirs of Mother and Wife of Washington, 51.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE: MAN OF MODERATION
1. Flexner, George Washington, 2:474.
2. WWF,24:495-96. Letter to Chevalier de Chastellux, August 10, 1782.
3. Flexner, George Washington, 2:475.
4. WWF,24:271. Letter to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, May 22, 1782.
5. Ibid., 24:91. Letter to Colonel Matthias Ogden, March 28, 1782.
6. Ibid.
7. Wood, “The Making of a Disaster.”
8. Grizzard, George Washington, 18.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 19.
11. Callahan, Henry Knox, 193.
12. WWF,24:307. Letter to Brigadier General Elias Dayton, June 4, 1782.
13. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 413.
14. WWF, 24:313-14. “The Address of the Commander in Chief . . . on the Banks of the Hudson, June 5, 1782.”
15. Ibid., 24:273. Letter from Colonel Lewis Nicola, May 22, 1782.
16. WWR,468-69. Letter to Colonel Lewis Nicola, May 22, 1782.
17. Ibid.
18. WWF,25:37. Letter to the Reverend William Smith, August 18, 1782.
19. Ibid., 25:151. Letter to James McHenry, September 12, 1782.
20. Ibid., 25:176. Letter to Thomas Paine, September 18, 1782.
21. Ibid., 25:273. Letter to Benjamin Franklin, October 18, 1782.
22. Ibid., 25:142. “General Orders,” September 9, 1782.
23. Ibid., 25:179. “General Orders,” September 18, 1782.
24. Ibid., 25:303. “General Orders,” October 28, 1782.
25. Ibid., 24:488. “General Orders,” August 7, 1782.
26. Ibid., 25:281. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, October 20, 1782.
27. WWR,484. Letter to Nathanael Greene, February 6, 1783.
28. WWF,22:497. Letter to George Walton and Richard Howley, August 13, 1781.
29. WWR,479. Letter to Joseph Jones, December 14, 1782.
30. WWF,25:270. Letter to James McHenry, October 17, 1782.
31. WWR,481. Letter to Tench Tilghman, January 10, 1783.
32. WWF,26:97. Letter to Major General William Heath, February 5, 1783.
33. Ibid., 26:26. Letter to Major General John Armstrong, January 10, 1783.
34. Ibid., 25:465. Letter to Colonel Timothy Pickering, December 25, 1782.
35. WWR,473. Letter to Benjamin Lincoln, October 7, 1782.
36. WWF, 25:227. Letter to the Secretary at War, October 2,1782.
37. Ibid., 26:42. Letter to John Augustine Washington, January 16, 1783.
38. Ibid., 26:43.
39. Ibid., 26:44.
40 . Ibid.
41. Ibid., 26:137. Letter to David Rittenhouse, February 16, 1783.
42. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 176.
43. Ibid., 177.
44. Ibid.
45. WWR,488. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, March 4, 1783.
46. Ibid., 489.
47. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 179.
48. WWR,1108.
49. Ibid.
50. Flexner, George Washington, 2:503.
51. WWR,490. “General Orders,” March 11, 1783.
52. Ibid., 492. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, March 12, 1783.
53. WWF,26:229.
54. WWR,497. “Speech to the Officers of the Army,” March 15, 1783.
55. Ibid., 498.
56. Ibid., 500.
57. Ibid.
58. Freeman, George Washington, 5:435.
59. Brookhiser, Founding Father, 45.
60. WWR,501. Letter to Joseph Jones, March 18, 1783.
61. Cadou, George Washington Collection, 78.
62. Ibid., 215.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX: CLOSING THE DRAMA WITH APPLAUSE
1. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 32.
2. Flexner, George Washington, 1:192.
3. Ibid, 2:432.
4. Ibid., 2:499.
5. Brown, “The Antiquities of Dental Prothesis,” Dental Cosmos, November 1934.
6. Flexner, George Washington, 2:500.
7. Henriques, Realistic Visionary, 154.
8. Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 163.
9. WWR, 513. “General Orders,” April 18, 1783.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. WWF, 26:274. Letter to Theodorick Bland, March 31, 1783.
13. Ibid., 26:370. Letter to Governor Benjamin Harrison, April 30, 1783.
14. Ibid., 26:364. Letter to Daniel Parker, April 28, 1783.
15. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 102.
16. WWF, 26:402. “Substance of a Conference between General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton,” May 6, 1783.
17. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 102.
18. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 257.
19. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 102.
20. WWF,26:404. “Substance of a Conference between General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton,” May 6, 1783.
21. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 104.
22. Ibid., 102.
23. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 256.
24. WWR,505. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, March 31, 1783.
25. Ibid., 509. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, April 5, 1783.
26. Ibid., 516. “Circular to State Governments,” June 8, 1783.
27. Ibid., 516-17.
28. Ibid., 517.
29. Ibid., 517-18.
30. Ibid., 518.
31. Ibid., 520.
32. Ibid., 526.
33. Ibid.
34. PWCF,1:329. Letter to Henry Knox, September 23, 1783.
35. WWF,27:57. Letter to George William Fairfax, July 10, 1783.
36. Flexner, George Washington, 2:517.