13. Jason Corburn and Amanda Fukutome-Lopez, “Outcome Evaluation of Advance Peace Sacramento, 2018–19,” 10, UC Berkeley Institute of Urban and Regional Development, published March 2020, https://www.advancepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Corburn-and-F-Lopez-Advance-Peace-Sacramento-2-Year-Evaluation-03-2020.pdf.
14. “ONS—The Office of Neighborhood Safety 2019,” Advance Peace, https://www.advancepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ONS_Impact2019.pdf, accessed August 16, 2020.
15. Corburn and Fukutome-Lopez, “Outcome Evaluation of Advance Peace Sacramento, 2018–19,” 6.
16. Interview with DeVone Boggan, Washington, DC, July 9, 2020, notes on file with author.
17. John Eligon, Shaila Dewan, and Nicolas Bogel-Burroughs, “In the Wake of Covid-19 Lockdowns, a Troubling Surge in Homicides,” New York Times, August 11, 2020, updated August 24, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/11/us/homicides-crime-kansas-city-coronavirus.html; John D. Harden and Justin Jouvenal, “Crime Rose Unevenly When Stay-at-Home Orders Lifted. The Racial Disparity Is the Widest in Years.” Washington Post, October 9, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/local/public-safety/crime-rate-coronavirus/?itid=hp-top-table-high.
18. Jessica Anderson, “The Coronavirus Pandemic and Surveillance Plane Have Not Stemmed Baltimore’s Torrid Rate of Homicides This Year,” Baltimore Sun, June 30, 2020, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-cr-violence-20200630-7sns3jyi3rgojidvmx3gi6nxme-story.html.
19. German Lopez, “Trump Claims Crime Is Up in US Cities. The Truth Is More Complicated,” Vox, updated August 27, 2020, https://www.vox.com/2020/8/3/21334149/trump-rnc-murders-crime-shootings-protests-riots.
20. Nicholas Bogal-Burroughs, “Baltimore Hopes Surveillance Planes Lower Crime, but Residents Fear Abuse,” New York Times, updated June 3, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/us/baltimore-surveillance-planes-aclu.html.
21. See generally Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States.
22. See generally Katherine Franke, Repair: Redeeming the Promise of Abolition (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019).
23. Angela Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003), 107.
24. Angela Davis, Abolition Democracy: Beyond Empire, Prison, and Torture (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005), 73.
25. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, “Abolition Geography and the Problem of Innocence” in Gaye Theresa Johnson and Alex Lubin, eds., Futures of Black Radicalism (Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2017).
26. Emily Badger, “How Mass Incarceration Creates ‘Million Dollar Blocks’ in Poor Neighborhoods,” Washington Post, July 30, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/07/30/how-mass-incarceration-creates-million-dollar-blocks-in-poor-neighborhoods.
27. Badger, “How Mass Incarceration Creates ‘Million Dollar Blocks.’”
28. Sara B. Heller, “Summer Jobs Reduce Violence Among Disadvantaged Youth,” Science 346, no. 6214 (December 2014): 1219–23, 10.1126/science.1257809.
29. Bogal-Burroughs, “Baltimore Hopes Surveillance Planes Lower Crime”; Doug Donovan, “Billionaire Donors Laura and John Arnold Support Far More in Maryland Than Police Surveillance,” Baltimore Sun, August 26, 2016, https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-arnolds-20160826-story.html; Tim Prudente, “Researchers Find Baltimore Spy Plane a Small Help in Crime Fight; Mayor to Make Decision on Program’s Fate,” Baltimore Sun, January 27, 2021, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-cr-spy-plane-preliminary-study-20210127-twux5fpjxzfahnnutmewysmalu-story.html.
30. bell hooks, “Love as the Practice of Freedom,” in Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representation (New York: Routledge, 1994).
31. hooks, “Love as the Practice of Freedom.”
32. hooks, “Love as the Practice of Freedom.”
33. See generally David Dante Troutt, The Price of Paradise: The Costs of Inequality and a Vision for a More Equitable America (New York: NYU Press, 2014).
34. See for example, Catherine Coleman Flowers, “Mold, Possums and Pools of Sewage: No One Should Have to Live Like This,” New York Times, Nov. 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/14/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-poverty-us.html.
35. Rebecca Morin, “Percentage Grows Among Americans Who Say Black People Experience a ‘Great Deal’ of Discrimination, Survey Shows,” USA Today, updated June 11, 2020, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/06/08/survey-higher-percentage-us-agree-black-people-face-discrimination/3143651001.
36. “Race and Social Justice Initiative,” City of Seattle, https://www.seattle.gov/rsji, accessed August 28, 2020.
37. National League of Cities, “How Baltimore is Advancing Racial Equity: Policy, Practice & Procedure,” January 21, 2019, https://www.nlc.org/article/2019/01/21/how-baltimore-is-advancing-racial-equity-policy-practice-procedure/.
38. “2020 Budgets Wins,” Liberate MKE, https://www.liberatemke.com/campaign-results, accessed August 27, 2020.
39. “2020 Budgets Wins.” Corrine Hess, “Milwaukee Considering Universal Basic Income Pilot Program,” Wisconsin Public Radio, January 13, 2020, https://www.wpr.org/milwaukee-considering-universal-basic-income-pilot-program.
40. Audra D. S. Burch et al., “How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America,” New York Times, June 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/13/us/george-floyd-protests-cities-photos.html; Larry Buchanan, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal K. Patel, “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History,” New York Times, July 3, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
41. Sarah Holder, “Stockton Extends Its Universal Basic Income Pilot,” Bloomberg CityLab, June 2, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020–06–02/stockton-extends-its-universal-basic-income-pilot.
42. Sigal Samuel, “Everywhere Basic Income Has Been Tried, in One Map,” Vox, February 19, 2020, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/2/19/21112570/universal-basic-income-ubi-map.
43. Mayors for a Guaranteed Income, “Resources,” https://www.mayorsforagi.org/guaranteed-income, accessed February 19, 2021.
44. For prominent recent examples of arguments for reparations, see William A. Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen, From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020); Coates, “The Case for Reparations”; Nikole Hannah-Jones, “What Is Owed,” New York Times Magazine, June 30, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/24/magazine/reparations-slavery.html.
45. Franke, Repair.
46. Richard Rothstein, “A ‘Forgotten History’ of How the U.S. Government Segregated America,” Fresh Air interview by Terry Gross, NPR, May 3, 2017, podcast transcript, 35:40, https://www.npr.org/transcripts/526655831.
47. Brown, The Black Butterfly, 231.
48. Clare Busch, “Philly Activists Occupy and Win Control of Vacant Homes,” The Real News Network, October 13, 2020, https://therealnews.com/philly-activists-occupy-and-win.
49. “City Council Approves of Transfer of Central Area Senior Center and Fire Station to Black-led Organizations,” Seattle Medium, November 4, 2020, https://seattlemedium.com/city-council-approves-transfer-of-central-area-senior-center-and-fire-station-to-black-led-organizations/.
50. Caroline Spivack, “Community Land Trusts Score Crucial Funds in City Budget: The $750,000 Will Go Toward Fostering a City Network of Land Trusts,” Curbed New York, June 18, 2019, https://ny.curbed.com/2019/6/18/18682466/nyc-community-land-trusts-funding-city-budget.
51. John Kamp, “Cities Offer Free Buses in Bid to Boost Flagging Ridership—Update,” Dow Jones Institutional News, January 14, 2020.
52. Erica L. Green, “LeBron James Opened a School That Was Considered as Experiment. It’s Showing Promise,” New York Times, April 12, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/education/lebron-james-school-ohio.html.
53. “The Movement for Black Lives,” https://m4bl.org, accessed October 14, 2020; “BLM’s #WHATMATTERS 2020,” Black
Lives Matter, https://blacklivesmatter.com/what-matters-2020, accessed October 14, 2020.
54. Jemima McEvoy, “At Least 13 Cities Are Defunding Their Police Departments,” Forbes, updated August 12, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/08/13/at-least-13-cities-are-defunding-their-police-departments/#1edae09a29e3.
55. See, for example, Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete; Allegra McLeod, “Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice,” UCLA Law Review 62 (2015): 1156, https://www.uclalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/McLeod_6.2015.pdf; Ruth Wilson Gilmore and James Kilgore, “The Case for Abolition,” Marshall Project, June 19, 2019, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2019/06/19/the-case-for-abolition.
56. Alisha Ebrahimji, “San Francisco Official Proposes ‘CAREN Act,’ Making Racially Biased 911 Calls Illegal,” CNN, updated July 8, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/08/us/caren-act-911-san-francisco-trnd/index.html.
57. “Pandemic Remedies,” Rutgers Center on Law, Inequality, & Metropolitan Equity, July 2020, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b996f553917ee5e584ba742/t/5f1ee1dace6f4a7166a7f34f/1595859425355/Pandemic+Essay+Series+7–24-20+%282%29.pdf.
58. Dylan Matthews, “Study: Cory Booker’s Baby Bonds Nearly Close the Racial Wealth Gap for Young Adults,” Vox, updated February 1, 2019, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/1/21/18185536/cory-booker-news-today-2020-presidential-election-baby-bonds.
59. Joseph R. Biden Jr., Inaugural Address, January 20, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/01/20/inaugural-address-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr.
60. “Executive Order on Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government,” January 20, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-advancing-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government.
61. Joseph R. Biden Jr., “Remarks by President Biden at Signing of an Executive Order on Racial Equity,” State Dining Room, January 26, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/01/26/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-an-executive-order-on-racial-equity.
62. “Executive Order on Advancing Racial Equity.”
IMAGE CREDITS
INTERIOR
Page 13: W. Ashbie Hawkins: Unknown attribution: Public domain: Located in Antero Pietila, Not in My Neighborhood: How Bigotry Shaped a Great American City (Chicago: Rowan and Littlefield, 2010).
Page 13: George W. F: McMechen: George W. F: McMechen, 1905.
Page 18: “The Road to Nowhere”: Photo by Jerry Jackson/Baltimore Sun Media: All rights reserved.
Page 33: Earl Andrews: Photo by Michael S. Williamson/The Washington Post via Getty Images.
Page 43: Hollenden Barber Shop: Cleveland Public Library/Photograph Collection.
Page 43: George A. Myers: Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH.
Page 47: Greenwood burning: Tulsa riot, 1921, via Common Dreams, “The More Things Change: Tulsa’s Race Massacre the History Books Turned Into a Race Riot,” by Abby Zimet (2018).
Page 59: Burning buildings during Watts riots: New York World-Telegram via Library of Congress.
Page 67: Dorothy Gautreaux: Courtesy of BPI Chicago.
Page 150: Lakia Barnett: Photo by Sheryll Cashin.
Page 152: Student demographic charts: Courtesy of DC Public Schools.
Page 171: Dr: Darryl Atwell: Photo by Tyrus Ortega Gaines, courtesy of Darryl Atwell.
Page 196: DeVone Boggan: Courtesy of DeVone Boggan, Neighborhood Safety Director and Founding Director, Office Safety, Richmond, CA (2007–16).
INSERT
Map 1.1: US Census Data, 1940. Prepared by Social Explorer. Accessed 2020.
Map. 1.2: “Baltimore, MD,” Mapping Inequality, September 21, 2020, http://dsl.richmond.edu.
Map 1.3: Courtesy of the Baltimore City Health Department, Community Health Assessment, September 20, 2017.
Maps 3.1 and 3.2: “Who Can Live in Chicago?” UIC Nathalie P. Voorhees Center for Neighborhood and Community Improvement, 2019.
Map 5.1: Courtesy of Paul A. Jargowsky. “The Architecture of Segregation (Online Appendix).” Century Foundation and Center for Urban Research and Education (CURE), Rutgers University, Camden, August 2015.
Map 5.2: Courtesy of Texas Low Income Housing.
Map 6.1: Connecticut Opportunity Index Map and Non-White Population, Jason Reece, Kirwan Institute, OSU. Used with permission of the Ohio State University.
Map 8.1: Minneapolis Race and Poverty. Prepared by Social Explorer. Accessed 2020.
INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
abolition and repair: Biden administration commitment, 214; and healing, 201–3, 207; and identifying systemic racism, 126; investment in high poverty areas, 202, 205; Peacemaker Fellowships, 195–98, 209; reparations, 210–11. See also love, and social change
Abolition Democracy (Davis), 202–3
Advance Peace, 197–98
affirmative action, 82
Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) rule, 68–69
affordable housing programs. See housing policy
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) denomination, 39
The Afro-American: “An Alarming Condition” (Hawkins), 11; “Segregation a Boon to Real Estate Sharps,” 14–15
agape (other-regarding love), 207
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 79, 92
“An Alarming Condition” (Hawkins), 11
Alexander, Michelle, 82–84, 94
Altgeld Gardens, Chicago, 67
American Apartheid (Massey and Denton), 71
An American Dilemma (Myrdal), 51 the “American way,” 51, 200–201. See also white supremacy
Anderson, Elijah, 6, 105–6, 171-72, 183
Andrews, Earl, 29, 32–33
Anne Arundel County, MD, 21
Arbery, Ahmaud, 183–84
Archer, Deborah, 185–86
Are Prisons Obsolete? (Davis), 202
Atlanta, GA, Sweet Auburn neighborhood, 17
Atlanta Compromise speech (Washington), 44
Atwater, Lee, 78–79, 90
Atwell, Darryl, 164–71
Bailey, E. A., 45
Baldwin, James, 54, 179
Baltimore, MD: Black population, 9, 16; Black striving professionals, 14; blockbusting in, 15; city government, 16; deaths from COVID-19 and gun violence, 37; displacement in, 17–18; and the distribution of public resources, 36–37; downtown gentrification, 34–35; educational inequalities, 11; expulsive zoning, 19; health problems among Black children, 30, 156, Hogan’s budget cuts, 28–29; integration in, 9; limited work opportunities, 23; ordinance dictating segregation in, 10; policing in, 174; Port Covington development, 36; property speculators, 15; public and rapid transport systems, 16, 21–26, 29–32, 123; public schools, 123, 136–37, 212; racial equity analysis, 208; racial zoning ordinance, 10–12; restrictive covenants and redlining, 13–15, 52; “Road to Nowhere,” 17–18; Trump’s comments about, 98–99; uprisings/ riots in, 17–18, 26–27; urban renewal projects, 18. See also Schmoke, Kurt
Baltimore Transportation Equity Coalition, 31
Barnett, Charles F., 47
Barnett, Lakia, 146–50
Beloved Community, 206–7
Bennett, William J., 94
Biden, Joe, 100–101, 214
The Birth of a Nation (Griffith), 47–48
“Black Butterfly”/ White L” (Baltimore), 15–16, 21, 35
Black Lives Matter movement, 3–4, 180, 200, 206
Black Metropolis (Drake and Cayton), 49–51
Black people. See descendants; segregation
Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), 202
Blake, Jacob, 100
blame narratives. See ghetto mythology; stereotyping
Bland, Sandra, 171
blockbusting, 15–16
Blow, Charles, 99
&n
bsp; Blueprint for Maryland’s Future bill, 37
Boddie, Elise, 105
Boggan, Daniel Sr., 192
Boggan, Daniel Jr., 192–93
Boggan, DeVone, 191–95, 197–98
Boggan, Rofie Jean, 192
boundary maintenance, 6, 112–18, 138–39. See also residential caste system
Bowdre, Lucinda, 38, 40
Bowser, Muriel, 148
Brown, Lawrence, 35, 210
Brown, Lee, 113
Brown, Michael, 180
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954, 79, 139–40
Bryan, William, 184
Buchanan v. Warley, 1917, 12, 51
budget policy: and evidence-based decisions, 208; equitable distribution of funding, 208–9; for Great Society programs, 60; impacts of COVID-19 pandemic, 180; and police funding, 208–9, 212; and public-spending disparities, 34; role of segregation, 120–21, 200; for schools, state and local issues, 129, 131; for War on Drugs, 91. See also public schools
Buolamwini, Joy, 190
Bush, George H. W., administration, 80–91
Butler, Paul, 89, 175, 179
California, single-family zoning in, 69
Canada, protections for Indigenous people, 236n39
Carson, Ben, 68–69
“The Case for Reparations” (Coates), 53
Cashin, Herschel V., 39, 42–43
Cashin, Joan Carpenter, 55
Cashin, John, 38
Cashin, John L., Jr., 55–56
“caste,” defined, 110. See also residential caste system
Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents (Wilkerson), 110
Castile, Philando, 165, 169
Catto, Octavius Valentine, 39–40
Cayton, Horace, 49–51, 53
Central Park Five case, 97–98
Chambers, Richard, 26
Charlotte-Mecklenburg, NC, school resegregation, 160–61
Chauvin, Derek, 2–3, 178–79
Chetty, Raj, 151
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, origin, 39
Chicago, IL: ethnic enclaves, 53; Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority, 67; ghettoization in, 49–51; million-dollar blocks, 204–5; policing in, 174–75; public-spending disparities, 122; school closures, 122–23
White Space, Black Hood Page 35