Beaches, Blood, and Ballots

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Beaches, Blood, and Ballots Page 31

by Gilbert R. Mason, M. D.

Mississippi Advisory Committee, 185–87

  Cairo, Ill., racial violence in, 3

  Camille. See Hurricane Camille

  Camp Landon Mennonite Mission, 111

  Camp Shelby, U.S. Army segregation, 7

  Carmichael, Gill, 182, 186

  Carmichael, Stokely, 165

  Carney, Le’ Roy, 68

  Carr, Andrew, 191

  Carr, Oscar, 191

  Carrier, Linda, xvi

  Carter, Hodding, III, 195

  Carter, President Jimmy, 188, 195–96

  Carter, Robert, 114, 124, 126, 129, 134, 147, 148

  Carthage, Miss., school desegregation in, 154

  Case Western Reserve, 31

  CBS News, 194

  Census Bureau, U.S., 28, 30

  Central High School (Jackson, Miss.), 4

  Central Junior High (Biloxi, Miss.), 158

  Chamber of Commerce, 37, 44

  Champion Hill, battle of, 12

  Chaney, James, 163

  Chicago Bears, 22

  Chicago Defender, 91

  Chicago, Ill.: antiwar demonstrations (1968), 194

  Mason extended family in, xi, 3, 9, 12, 17–18, 19–23

  Chickasaw Tribe in Mississippi, 203

  Child Development Group of Mississippi, 171

  Choctaw Tribe in Mississippi, 203

  Christian, Dr. C. B., 17

  Church of God in Biloxi, Miss., 132

  Citizens’ Council (white), 73, 91, 92, 95, 186, 189

  Citizens Participation Organization, 200

  civil disobedience, 1, 80–81, 130, 134–37, 166

  essay by Henry David Thoreau, 25

  repressive legislation, 80–81. See also freedom riders; sit-in demonstrations; wade-ins

  Civil Rights Act: of 1957, 120

  of 1964, 114, 123, 139, 159, 160, 161, 164, 168

  Civil Rights Commission (U.S.), Mississippi Advisory Committee, 158, 188–90

  Civil Rights Division, U.S. Justice Dept See Justice Department (U.S.)

  Civil War, 10, 11, 12, 203

  Claver, Peter, Order of the Blessed Martyr, 45

  Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, Miss.), 70, 75, 77

  Clark, State Representative Robert, 181

  Clark, Sidney, 46

  Classical Club, 23

  Clinton, President Bill, 188

  Clippinger, Dr. D. L., 40

  Coast Counties Medical Society, 39, 40, 41

  Cobb, Dr. W. Montague, 30, 33, 106

  Cochran, Mr. (state Elks Lodge leader), 61

  COFO (Council of Federated Organizations), 116, 120, 159, 162, 163

  Cole, Ed, 196

  Coleman, Alicia, xvi, 44

  Coleman, Emile, 44

  Coleman, J. P.: as Governor of Mississippi, 58

  as Federal Appeals Judge, 139, 170

  College Allstars, 22

  College Hill Baptist Church (Jackson, Miss.), 14

  Collins, Clyde, 81

  Collins, Frank, 173

  Colored Annex. See Baptist Hospital; Biloxi Hospital: Colored Annex

  Columbia University Law School, 16

  Comisky Park (Chicago, Ill.), 20

  Commercial Appeal (Memphis, Term.), 127

  commission form of city government, 115

  Community Action Agency. See Harrison County Community Action Agency

  Congressional Democratic Caucus, 192

  Conner, Dr. Douglas, 182, 186

  Constitution. See Mississippi Constitution of 1890; U.S. Constitution

  Cook, Robert, 120

  Cook, Tom, 107–08

  Cooke, Paul, 134

  Cooper, Melvin, xvii

  Cooper, Owen, 186

  CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 162, 165

  Corley, Calvin, 56

  Cotton, Ella, 74

  cotton farming, 12

  Council of Negro Women, 173

  Courts of Calanthe, 45

  Cox, Federal Judge Harold, 139

  Craft, Yolanda Marie Juzang, 205

  Crawford, James, 160–61

  Crawford, June, 160

  Crawford, Reverend Mrs., 15

  Creel, J. A. “Tony,” 122, 135

  Crowell, James, xvi

  Crown Can Company, 20–21

  Crownsville State Hospital (Maryland), 31

  Cupit, Danny, 196

  Curet, Madge, 157

  Daily Herald (Biloxi, Miss.), 57, 81, 107–08

  civil rights coverage, 127, 200

  Dairy Fresh Milk Company, 83

  Daly, Mayor Richard, 194

  Daniels, “Rip,” xvii

  Daughters of Isis, 45

  Davis, Charles, 59, 160, 161, 175

  Davis, Myrtle, 59, 74, 160, 175

  Davis, Reverend Thomas, 111, 149

  D.C. General Hospital. See Gallinger Hospital

  Debro, Joseph, 3

  Declaration of Independence, 15

  Dedeaux, Sheriff Curtis, 67, 75, 86, 124

  Delta Sigma Theta, 46

  Deposit Guaranty National Bank, 186

  desegregation: beach court cases, 124–30, 138–40

  of Biloxi Chamber of Commerce, 44

  Biloxi Hospital, 42

  Biloxi police, 123

  DeSoto National Forest, 107

  medical societies, 41

  public accommodations, 32–33, 123, 156, 160–62

  reprisals, threats, 82, 142, 148–49, 152–53, 156–58, 188–89

  Democratic (Party) National Conventions, and concerns, 118–19, 120, 159, 163, 165, 181, 188, 190–94, 195–96. See also Mississippi Democratic Party; Harrison County Democratic Committee

  Derian, Ms. Pat, 195

  Dickey, Reverend A. A., 59, 80, 83, 160, 162, 163

  Dickey, Councilman Eric, 206

  Dickey, Marvin 59, 69, 79, 92

  Dillard, Professor, 25

  direct action, 130. See also civil disobedience

  Division of Comprehensive Health, Mason appointment to board, 196

  Dixiecrats, 30

  dogtrot house, 12

  Dole, U.S. Senator Bob, 180

  Dooky Chase Restaurant (New Orleans, La.), 162

  Dorsey, Thomas A., 20

  Douglass, Frederick, 13, 27, 32

  Du Bois, Dr. W. E. B., 27, 166

  Ducksworth, Lonnie, 161

  Dukate, William, 122, 135

  Duke, Mrs. Dorothy, 173

  Dunn, Dr. Felix, 36, 46–47, 54, 56, 57–59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 71, 73, 75, 8i, 85, 94, 99, 101–02, 104, 107, 108–09, 117, 134, 162, 169, 173, 180–81

  Dunn, Mrs. Sarah, 62

  Eagle Scouts, 3, 93. See also Boy Scouts of America

  Eagle Scout pin, 24

  Easily, Reverend M. C, 86

  Easterley, Dr. Clay, 39, 58, 113

  Eastland, U.S. Senator James O., 125

  Eckstine, Billy, 23

  economic boycotts. See boycotts

  Economic Opportunities Act, 169

  Eddy, Nelson, 27

  Edelman, Marian Wright, 153

  Edgewater Mall (Biloxi, Miss.), 199

  Edmonds, Joe, 160

  Education Reform Act of 1982 (Miss.), 198

  Edwards, Sam, 59, 149, 161

  Egland, Mrs. Katherine, xvii

  Eisenhower, President Dwight, 86, 120

  El,” the (Chicago, Ill), 19

  Elder, Pete, 121

  elections, Biloxi (1961), 115, 120–25, 129

  Eleventh Louisiana Colored Infantry, 10

  Eliza, mother of Jenny Brown Trotter, 10

  Elks Lodge, 45, 46, 61, 84, 121

  Ellington, Duke, 23

  Ellis, Professor T. B., 13, 14, 24

  Elmo, T. C, 14

  Elzy, Blanche V., xvi, 88, 91, 175

  Elzy, John, 59, 88, 149

  Emergency School Assistance Program, 187

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 25

  Epicureans, 23

  Esters, Dr. John Robert, 158

  Esters, Councilman Michael, 199

  Esters, Rehof
us, 86, 149

  Evans, Mary Williams Jackson, 11

  Evers, Charles, 109, 141, 191, 193, 198

  Evers, Darrel, 154

  Evers, James, 154

  Evers, Medgar W., 1, 7, 49, 59, 71, 85–86, 92, 102, 107, 114, 115, 130, 132–35

  school desegregation, willingness to risk life for, 147–48, 152, 154

  induction into Mississippi Hall of Fame, 204

  Evers, Mrs. Myrlie, 154

  Evers, Rena, 154

  Fallo, Dominic, 121

  Farish Street District (Jackson, Miss.), 2, 9

  Farmer, James, x, 162

  FBI, 68, 135

  federal registrars (voting rights), 164

  FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 181

  Ferdinand, Reverend John, 74, 85, 172

  Fielder, Gilmore, 68 71, 76

  Fifth Amendment, 126

  Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals (U.S.), 130, 139, 154, 170

  Finch, Governor Cliff, 196–97, 200

  first aid, 7

  First Amendment, 58

  First Missionary Baptist Church (Biloxi, Miss.), 46, 53, 62, 77, 107, 171

  First Missionary Baptist Church (Handsboro, Miss.), 111

  Fisk University, 25

  Fitzgerald, Ella, 23

  Five Points area (Jackson, Miss.), 6

  Fletcher, Ms. Burnell Burney, 69, 160

  Flipper, Ms. Cassandra, 153

  Flood of 1927, Mississippi, 8, 12

  Flowers plantation, 142

  Floyd, Dr. Charles, 40

  Floyd, Otha Lee, 52

  Ford, Emma Lou, 38

  Fortner, Robert, 171, 175

  Fourteenth Amendment, 49, 126, 146, 150, 152

  Fourth St. Drug Store (Clarksdale, Miss.), 99

  Fox, Reverend, 111

  Franklin, John Hope, 33

  Frazier, E. Franklin, 33

  Fredericks, State Representative Frances, 206

  Freedmen’s Hospital (Washington, D.C.), 31

  Freedom Democratic Party, Mississippi, 159–60, 163–65, 191

  freedom of choice (desegregation), 148, 159

  freedom riders, 7, 130

  freedom summer (1964), 120, 159, 162–64

  French colonial settlement, in Mississippi, 203

  Frost, Robert, 189

  “Full Gospel” Baptist Churches, 12, 20

  Gallagher, Reverend Roger, 111, 135, 138

  Gallinger Hospital (D.C. General), 31

  Gallote, Lawson, 200–01

  Galloway, Mayor Bobby, 193

  Galloway, Mr. Dorothy, 69

  Garvey, Marcus, 27, 44

  Garveyism, 81

  Gettysburg Address, Lincoln’s, 13, 146

  Gill Avenue, Biloxi 1963 wade-in site, 135

  Gillam, James, 61

  Gilmore, Mrs. (LPN), 36

  Goldwater, Barry, 164, 170, 192

  Goodman, Andrew, 163

  Gorenflo Elementary (Biloxi, Miss.), 157

  Goudy community (Jackson, Miss.), 12

  Governor’s Emergency Council (Hurricane Camille), 181–82, 185, 200

  Governor’s mansion, 201

  Grant, General Ulysses S., 12

  Graves, Dr. J. A., 150

  Great Migration (African American), 9

  Green, Mrs. P. I, 171

  Green, P. I., 46, 56

  Green, R. H., “Colored Annex” Baptist Hospital, 4

  Greene, Percy, 98, 99, 106–07

  Greensboro, N.C. (1959 sit-ins), ix

  Grimes, S. E., 42–43

  Gruich, Dr. Charles, xvii

  Gruich, Dr. Frank, xvii, 39, 40, 82

  Gudan, Uz, 3

  Guice, Mayor Daniel, 121–25, 131–32, 135–37, 151, 198–99

  Guice, Mrs. Lee Dicks, 125, 128–29

  Guice, W. L., 125

  Gulf Coast Community Action Agency. See Harrison County Community Action Agency

  Gulf Coast Medical, Dental, and Pharmaceutical Association, 39, 47

  Gulfport Branch of the NAACP, 46, 50, 51, 55, 99, 103, 180–81

  Gulfside Methodist Assembly, 162

  Guyot, Lawrence, 162

  Hale, Nathan, 15

  Hall, Dr. A. M., 17

  Hall, Carsie, 153

  Hamer, Fannie Lou, 159, 163, 164, 165, 195

  Hamlar, Natalie Lorraine. See Mason, Natalie Lorraine Hamlar

  Hardin, Dr. K. Albert, 29

  Hardy, Professor, 14

  Harris, James, 93

  Harris, Reverend Oscar “Orange,” 111, 149

  Harrison County Civic Action Committee, 56, 58, 67, 84, 103, 110, 117

  Harrison County Community Action Agency, xvi, 108, 171–74, 182

  Harrison County Credit Bureau, 100

  Harrison County Democratic Committee, xi, xvi, 120, 190–91

  Harrison County Health Department, 107

  Harrison County, Miss., 49

  Board of Supervisors, 56, 57, 60, 109, 125, 128, 171

  Harrison County Sheriff’s Department, 69, 72

  Harvard University, 26

  Harvey, Constance Slaughter, 153

  hate crimes. See lynching and racial murders, Mississippi

  Hays, Curtis, 44, 206

  Head Start, 30, 170–73, 204

  Height, Dr. Dorothy, 173

  Henley, William Ernest, 207

  Henritzy court case, 55

  Henry, Aaron, x, 1, 59, 61, 99, 117, 142, 159, 162, 164, 169, 191–92, 194–95

  Henry, Patrick, 15

  HEW (U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare), 187

  Hewes, Gaston, 138

  Hewes, Judge William G., 128

  Hicks, James L, ix

  Hill, Dr. Carl, 25

  Hill, W. O., 133

  Hilliard, Elbert, xv

  Hilton Hotel (Biloxi, Miss.), 200

  Hinds County, Miss., 8

  HMO (Health Maintenance Organization), 45

  Holiday, Billie, 22

  Holleman, Boyce, 132, 138, 191, 195

  Hollis, Dr. D. L, 150

  Hollis, Louis, 92

  Holmes, Virginia Lewis, xvi

  Holocaust See refugees, Nazi holocaust

  Holy Ghost High School (Jackson, Miss.), 4

  Homer Phillips Hospital (St Louis, Mo.), 31, 35, 38

  Hood, James, 131

  Hood, Warren, 186

  Hopkins, Pearl N. Bradford, xvi

  Home, Lena, 132

  Hoskins, Robert, 171

  House Un-American Activities Committee, 16

  Household of Ruth, 45

  housing, low-income, 108, 173, 179–80

  Howard Johnson restaurant (Biloxi, Miss.), 160

  Howard Memorial Hospital (Biloxi, Miss.), 42, 155, 201

  Howard, Dr. T. R. M., 50

  Howard University, 17, 24, 26, 29, 30

  ideals, 33–35, 38, 45

  law school, 33, 54, 60, 153

  medical school, 35, 106, 189

  Hoze, Gloria, 52

  Hoze, Jackie, 52

  Hoze, James, 52

  Hoze, Jimmie, 52

  Hubert, M. M., 14

  HUD (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Affairs), 173, 179–80

  Hudson, Joseph, xvii

  Hudson, Mrs. Winston, 1, 195

  sister Dovie and niece Diane, 148, 154

  Hughes, Langston, 205

  Hughes, Professor, 25

  Humphrey, Vice President Hubert, 194

  Hunte, Reverend G. C, 134

  Hurricane Camille (1969), 174–77

  Hurricane (of 1947), 54

  Hursey, Mayor Francis, 172

  Independence (insurance company), 45

  infant mortality, 41–42

  Ingalls Shipbuilding, 190

  Inglewood High School (Chicago, Ill.), 21

  insurance, flood (Hurricane Camille), 179

  health insurance, 45

  integration. See desegregation

  integration versus desegregation, terms, 141

  Jackson Advocate, 76, 98, 106
<
br />   Jackson, Aunt Delia, 11

  Jackson Branch of the NAACP, 15, 186

  Jackson, Calvin Augustus, Sr., 11

  Jackson Daily News, 14, 70, 105, 106, 107

  Jackson, E. E., 175

  Jackson, Malcomb “Papa,” 77

  Jackson State College, 4, 13, 14

  Jackson, Wharless, 131

  James, Boyd, III, 206

  Jenkins, Alphonse, 46

  Jet magazine, 91

  Jim Crow. See segregation laws and practices

  Jim Hill Junior High (Jackson, Miss.), 4, 7

  Jimerson, Clemon, 161

  Johnson, Mrs. June, 163

  Johnson, Lee Oscar, 161

  Johnson, Sgt. Louis, 74

  Johnson, President Lyndon, 160, 163, 164, 169, 170

  Johnson, Dr. Mordecai, 33

  Johnston, Erie, 98

  Jordan, Congresswoman Barbara, 193

  Jordan, Vernon, 117

  Journal of the National Medical Association, 31

  Julius Garfinkel Department Store (Washington, D.C.), 28

  Justice Department (U.S.), Civil Rights Division, 86, 105, 116, 124, 129, 139, 151, 152, 157, 161

  Juzang, Angela Rose, 205

  Juzang, Ms. Rose, xvi

  Kaufman, Reverend Orlo, 111, 172

  Keesler Air Force Base, 37, 146, 150–51, 175, 190

  base hospital, 70

  Kelly, Dr. John, 177

  Kennedy, U.S. Senator Edward, 188

  Kennedy, Joe, 59, 89

  Kennedy, President John F., 24, 120, 130–31, 139

  Kickapoo, Camp. See Boy Scouts of America: Camp Kickapoo

  King Edward Hotel (Jackson, Miss.), 37

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., x, 113, 134, 164

  Kitty Cat Café (Biloxi, Miss.), 74

  Kochek, Mr. (Community Action Agency director), 173

  Ku Klux Klan, 47, 57, 91, 92

  assassination hit lists, threats, 49, 59, 63, 81, 133

  cross burning, 57, 90

  Kyle, Dr. W. P., 45, 50

  Landon, Camp (Mennonite Mission, Gulfport, Miss.), 111

  Lang, Mr. (funeral director), 172

  Lanier High School (Jackson, Miss.), 13, 16, 100, 153, 186, 189

  Boys Forum and SPECs Club at, 13

  Lame, Fred, 185

  law enforcement, Mississippi, 21

  Lawrence, Dewey, Sr., 57–58

  Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 179

  Le Fall, Dr. La Salle, 31

  Lee, Reverend George, 50

  Lee, Vene (officer), 62, 66

  Library of Congress, 27

  “Lift Every Voice” (anthem), 111

  Lindsey, E. G. (circuit clerk), 118

  Lindsey, Professor Ina Bell, 30

  liquor tax, Mississippi state black market, 81

  literacy test (for voters), 37, 116, 118, 169

  Little Apple Café (Biloxi, Miss.), 74

  Little Rock Baptist Church (Gulfport, Miss.), 110

  Lomberger, Joe, 68, 71, 76

  Longfellow House restaurant (Pascagoula, Miss.), 160

  Loop, the (Chicago, Ill.), 21

  Lott, Adell, 52

  Louis, Joe, 3

  Louisiana Teachers’ Association, 60

 

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