Bobby Fischer Goes to War

by David Edmonds

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  A

  ABC (TV network), 201, 205

  Abramov, Lev, 9, 21, 37–38, 52–53, 62, 64, 276

  Addison, William, 82

  Agnew, Spiro, 230

  Agustsson, Dadi, 164

  Alekhine, Alexander, 35, 37, 40, 70–71, 73, 244, 310

  Alekhine Memorial (tournament), 107

  Alexander, C. H. O’D., 166, 209

  Ali, Muhammad, 11, 301

  All the President’s Men(film), 231

  All-Union Chess Section, 36

  Andersson, Benny, 308

  Andrew, Christopher, 249

  Andropov, Yuri, 261

  Angola, 293

  anti-Semitism, 26–27, 37, 61, 305, 306

  Appolonov, General, 292

  Arledge, Roone, 205

  Armstrong, Herbert, 15

  Arnarson, Ingolfur, 122

  Arnlaugsson, Gudmundur, 174, 175, 242

  Astavin, Sergei, 154, 184, 250, 256, 257

  Atom Station, The(Laxness), 142–43

  Auden, W. H., 122, 191

  Augustin, Dadi, 241, 242

  Auto-da-Fé(Canetti), 31–32

  Averbakh, Yuri, 7, 19–20, 62, 68, 118, 120, 259, 289

  B

  Bakhtin, Mikhail, 59–60

  Balashov, Yuri, 88

  Baldursson, Curt, 178

  Barden, Leonard, 148, 149, 227

  Barreras, José Luis, 16

  Baturinskii, Viktor, 56, 58, 62, 64–66, 68, 92, 95, 99, 104, 107–10, 114–17, 121, 147, 253, 255, 260, 265, 289–92

  BBC, 70, 153–54, 227

  Bebchuk, Yevgeni, 57, 67, 118

  Beilin, Mikhail, 43, 54, 64, 65, 66, 103, 106, 113, 120, 121

  Benko, Pal, 14, 82, 85

  Benson, Harry, 246, 285

  Bernstein, Carl, 231

  Bernstein, Sid, 205

  Bezold, Michael, 73, 303–4

  Bisguier, Arthur, 13–14

  Biyiasas, Peter, 302

  Bjelica, Dimitri, 25, 26, 205, 244

  Bjornsson, Thorsteinn, 164

  Black Power, 11

  Black September, 232

  Boikov, V. I., 291

  Boleslavskii, Isaac, 99, 113, 121, 182

  Bolshevik revolution (1917), 35, 61

  Bond, James (fictional character), 239

  Bondarevskii, Igor, 40, 44–45, 63, 101, 102, 105–7, 114, 116–20, 166, 288–89, 294

  Borzov, Valeri, 275

  Botvinnik, Mikhail, 24, 40, 46, 64, 80, 107, 114, 121, 184, 225, 253, 287

  analysis of Fischer’s play by, 88

  Botvinnik, Mikhail

  Soviet world chess championship and, 37, 38

  Brady, Frank, 20–21, 24, 30, 182, 184

  Brandt, Willy, 84

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 50, 51–52, 55, 68, 102, 109, 110, 230, 261, 276–79, 292, 293

  Bronstein, David, 12, 40, 53, 63, 208, 209, 240, 274

  Brooklyn Chess Club, 6

  Brothers Karamazov, The(Dostoyevsky), 60

  Brown, Archie, 50, 52

  Browne, Walter, 29

  Bruk, Liubov, 87

  Bubnov, Viktor, 260

  Buchwald, Art, 271

  Burke, James, 153, 154, 272

  Bykova, Elizaveta, 255

  Byrne, Donald, 7, 226

  Byrne, Robert, 6, 23, 166, 192, 208, 221, 235, 236, 266–67, 292–93

  C

  Camp David (Md.), 55–56

  Candidates (tournament), 9, 10, 13–14, 21–23, 29, 42–47, 82, 86–89, 106, 123, 137, 292–95, 300

  Canetti, Elias, 31–32

  Capablanca, José, 31, 35, 73, 198, 244, 310

  Capablanca Memorial (tournament), 16

  Castro, Fidel, 16–17

  Central Committee. SeeCommunist

  Party

  Chamanin, Valeri, 158, 272–73

  Chebrikov, Viktor, 261

  Chen Tung, 282

  chess, 24, 70–81

  aesthetics of, 74–75

  boom interest in, 228–30, 307–9

  importance in Soviet Union, 8, 35–38, 52–58, 89–92

  player mentality, 77–80

  See alsoWorld Chess Championship;

  specific tournaments

  Chess(musical), 308

  Chess, Anita, 229

  Chess Digest(magazine), 130

  Chess Fever(film), 198

  Chess Olympiad, 17, 24, 25, 53, 63, 75, 83, 85, 295, 300

  “chicken” (suicidal game), 188–90

  China, 52, 282

  Church, George, 299

  CIA, 143, 260

  civil rights movement, 11

  Clarke, P. H., 89

  cold war, 176, 227, 239, 270–80, 308–9

  Collins, Jack, 6, 30, 221

  Communist Party, Soviet, 50–54, 57, 58, 61–66, 129, 301

  chess governance by, 37–38, 50, 52, 57

  Spassky—Fischer match problems and, 155, 260–61

  Spassky’s defeat and, 287, 290–93

  Spassky’s nonmembership in, 61–62

  Spassky training plan and, 109–13

  youth league, 39, 63, 102

  Corn, Ira G., 296

  Corriere della Sera, 228

  counterculture, 11

  Cramer, Fred, 133, 136–37, 141, 146, 159–60, 165, 173–76, 198–200, 203, 205–6, 210–14, 218, 223, 224, 235–37, 241, 243, 251, 281, 282, 300

  Cuba, 7, 16–17, 279

  “Cue Fanfare” (song), 308–9

  Czechoslovakia, 63

  D

  Darrach, Brad, 133, 145, 146, 160, 161, 173, 212, 272–73

  Davies, Norman, 54–55

  Davis, Andrew, 132–36, 138–39, 145–46, 154, 171–74, 179

  Davis, Angela, 63–65

  Dean, James, 20, 188

  de Groot, Adrian, 75–76

  Demichev, Piotr, 109, 110, 112, 113, 155, 287

  détente, 275–80

  Dime Savings Bank, 229

  Dobrynin, Anatoli, 55, 143, 175, 276

  Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 50, 58–60, 61, 295

  Duchamp, Marcel, 75

  Dymarskii, Naum, 91, 180

  E

  Edmondson, Ed, 84–86, 89, 95, 123, 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, 137, 159, 171, 212, 213, 300, 301

  Ehrenburg, Ilya, 35

  Eldjarn, Kristjan, 138, 193

  Ellsberg, Daniel, 189, 230

  Elo, Arpad, 212

  Erasmus Hall High School, 10, 24

  Euwe, Max, 37, 70, 73, 74, 76, 90, 123, 125–29, 138, 139, 146–47, 154, 157, 158–60, 178, 235, 246, 266, 281, 282, 289

  Evans, Larry, 89, 132, 192, 205, 225, 236, 296, 297

  F

  FBI, 3, 306, 313–21

  FIDE (Fédération Internationale des

  Échecs), 85, 100, 114, 116, 124–28, 146–47, 154, 155, 158, 178, 186, 190, 212, 274, 300–301

  Fields of Force(Steiner), 71

  Fine, Reuben, 78–79, 182

  Fischer, Bobby, 4–32, 45, 46, 56, 70, 74

  anti-Semitism of, 26–27, 305, 306

  background and youth of, 4–14

  Botvinnik analysis of moves of, 88

  Castro answers Fischer’s objections to

  match with Cubans, 16

  Curaçao, visit to, 13

  extra-chess intrigue and, 253, 254–55, 257, 261–64

  as ex-world champion, 301–7

  fee concerns of, 14–15, 16, 27, 29–30, 85–86, 124–25, 226

  Fox’s legal suit against, 223–24

  game theory and, 186–90

  gentlemanly play by, 30–31

  hate mechanism of, 26–27

  Icelanders’ view of, 194, 195–96

  Iceland viewed by, 122

  imprisoned, 303

  Internet chess and, 306

  Karpov’s challenge and, 300–301

  media portrayals of, 30

&nbs
p; memory feats of, 25, 75

  as “mimophant,” 24

  Moscow, visit to, 8

  opponents’ responses to, 22–24, 247–48, 254–55

  playing conditions demands by, 14–15, 17, 21, 28, 30–31, 87, 95, 163–65, 169, 170–75, 178–81, 183, 186, 189, 197, 198, 200–201, 203–5, 208–9, 235, 236–37, 240, 243, 300

  psychology of, 9, 12, 13–14, 18, 20–30, 77–80, 184–85

  recreations of, 20

  religion and, 15, 179, 223, 301–2

  “retirements” from competition by, 16, 18, 82

  relaxation routines of, 221–22

  single-minded chess focus of, 6–21

  Soviets’ views of, 21

  Spassky similarities with, 32

  suspicious of Soviets, 13, 26, 257

  U.S. championship, 8, 10, 15–16, 17

  women, attitude toward, 25

  world championship, 247, 280–85, 287, 295–301

  world championship qualifying

  matches, 84–89, 92–98

  See also Fischer-Spassky competition

  Fischer, Gerhardt (father), 4, 306

  Fischer, Joan (sister). See Targ, Joan Fischer

  Fischer, Regina (mother), 4–8, 10, 12, 26–27, 29

  FBI file on, 306, 313–21

  Fischer-Spassky competition

  background to championship match, 1, 99–121, 123, 124–61, 163–65

  championship match, 1–3, 26, 56, 57–58, 66, 162, 165–85, 189–91, 197–210, 211, 216–20, 221, 233–36, 240–47, 254, 260–61, 266, 273–75, 309–11

  choice of site, 123–29

  cold war context of, 176, 227, 239, 270–80, 308–9

  cultural impact of championship match, 225–32, 307–9

  first tournament, 12–13

  Fischer’s apology letter and, 160–61

  nonchampionship matches, 12–13, 17, 22, 83–84

  rematch (1992), 304–5

  Spassky’s view of Fischer and, 30, 295

  Flea House (N.Y.C.), 7

  Flohr, Salo, 90

  Forte, Chet, 201

  Fox, Chester, 162–63, 167, 169–70, 173, 178, 183, 201, 205, 211, 220–21, 223–24, 283

  Freudian psychology, 78–79

  Fried Chicken tournament, 299

  From Russia with Love (film), 239–40

  Frost, David, 128, 148

  Furman, Semion, 40, 200

  G

  Gagarin, Yuri, 168

  game theory, 186–90

  Garment, Leonard, 298

  Geller, Efim, 13, 28, 44, 46, 62, 86, 87, 105, 106, 113, 116, 118–20, 133, 147, 158, 168, 174, 240, 243, 244, 246, 250, 251, 258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 273, 287, 288, 310

  press statement by, 237–39, 240

  Geller, Oksana, 250

  Germany, 37, 54–55

  Gestsson, Gissli, 169–70, 175, 272

  Gipslis, Aivar, 18

  Glaesibaer (chess club), 196

  Glazer, Joe, 229

  Gligoric, Svetozar, 86, 141, 192, 205, 221, 228, 243, 244, 307

  Golobev, Anatoli, 103

  Golombek, Harry, 47, 82, 83, 163, 166, 183–84, 189, 202, 235, 236, 282

  Goncharov, Boris, 261, 263

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 58

  Gordievsky, Oleg, 249

  GosKomSport. SeeSports Committee

  Gostiev, Viktor, 261, 262

  Grand Strategy(van Reek), 38, 40, 47, 60–61, 116

  Great Britain, 140, 227–30, 308

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia, The,66–67

  Great Terror, 33, 51

  Greco, Gioacchino, 197

  Gromyko, Andrei, 278

  Grossinger’s (resort), 127, 131–32

  Grossman, Vasili, 55

  Grumette, Lina, 26, 179, 221

  Gudbjarnason, Sigmundur, 241–42

  Gufeld, Edouard, 53

  H

  Haig, Alexander, 298

  Haldeman, H. R., 188–89

  Hallgrimsson, Geir, 138

  Hartston, Bill, 78, 227

  Hassan, Lome, 201, 205

  Hastings (tournament), 148

  Hawthorne Chess Club, 6

  Hearst, Eliot, 30

  Helms, Hermann, 6

  Helms, Richard, 271

  Hingley, Ronald, 56–57

  Hitler, Adolf, 26, 34, 189, 305

  “Holy Fool” figure, 67–68

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 306

  Hope, Bob, 297, 298

  Hort, Vlastimil, 86, 294

  Hübner, Robert, 86, 87

  Huntington, Samuel P., 277

  I

  Iceland, 13, 122–29, 132–33, 138–46, 163, 176, 180, 191–96, 244

  Icelandic Chess Federation, 124, 127, 134–35, 162, 170–73, 180, 186, 200–201, 203, 216, 219, 221, 224, 235, 239, 242, 311

  Iliin-Zhenevskii, Aleksandr Fiodorvich, 35–36

  In Confidence (Dobrynin), 276

  International Chess Federation, 37, 300

  International Institute for Strategic Studies, 276–77

  Interzonals, 9, 10, 19, 43, 82, 85–87

  Amsterdam (1964), 16, 45

  Palma (1970), 189

  Sousse (1967), 17–18, 190

  Stockholm (1962), 13

  Ivonin, Viktor, 62, 64, 67, 99, 101–3, 105, 107–10, 113, 116–19, 121, 126, 147, 150, 155, 156, 167–68, 177–78, 180, 184, 200, 202, 255, 256, 261–63, 267, 268, 287–92, 294

  Ivushkina, Aleksandra, 116

  J

  Jackovich, Victor, 156–57, 221–22, 247, 257, 271

  Janosevic, Dragoljub, 192

  Jews, 15, 27, 37, 170. See also anti-Semitism

  Johannesson, Olafur, 124, 138, 141, 143, 146, 154

  Johannsson, Freysteinn, 135

  Johnson, Lyndon, 11

  Jones, Ernest, 78

  Josefsson, Gunnlaugur, 221

  K

  Kahn, Herman, 188, 190

  Kaiser, Robert, 274

  Karpov, Anatoli, 99, 107, 113, 166, 184, 197, 259, 292, 299–301, 304

  Kashdan, Isaac, 233

  Kasparov, Garry, 259, 301, 304, 308, 310

  Kavalek, Lubomir, 192

  Kazantsev, Comrade, 65–66

  Keflavik air base, 142, 257, 305

  Keres, Paul, 13, 37, 46, 65, 68, 106, 121, 200, 310

  KGB, 61, 63, 64, 65, 106, 113, 253, 254, 255, 257–64, 267

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 8, 51, 55–56, 110

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 11

  Kissinger, Henry, 189, 230, 270, 276, 278, 296, 298

  phone calls to Fischer by, 143–44, 148, 150, 175, 276

  Kline, Harold, 6

  Kmoch, Hans, 226

  Koestler, Arthur, 1, 24, 72, 270

  Komsomol, 39, 63, 102

  Korbut, Olga, 232, 299

  Korchnoi, Viktor, 13, 34, 46, 58, 67, 80, 86, 87, 93, 120, 121, 177, 200, 294–95, 300, 301, 310

  Kosygin, Andrei, 51, 109

  Kotov, Aleksandr, 33, 88, 91, 104–5, 253

  Krogius, Nikolai, 21, 61, 62, 65, 68, 105, 106, 107, 113, 117, 118, 120–21, 133, 147, 174, 202, 217–18, 251, 254, 255, 258, 260, 262–67, 273, 287, 288, 291–92

  Krylenko, Nikolai, 36, 58

  Kulakov, Fiodor, 52

  Kurtis, Donald, 272

  L

  Ladbrokes of London, 229

  Larsen, Bent, 21, 28, 29, 45, 46, 47, 83, 86, 87, 92–93, 96, 104, 105, 131, 192, 205, 206, 219–20, 253, 310

  Lasker, Emanuel, 35, 74, 310

  Latyntseva, Nadezhda, 44

  Lawson, Dominic, 79

  Laxness, Halldor, 142–43

  Lenin, V. I., 35, 36, 39, 63, 68

  Leningrad, 33–35, 40, 54–55, 58–61, 124, 133

  Leone, Sebastian, 295

  Levenfish, Grigori, 40

  Levy, David, 196, 302, 307

  Lindsay, John, 226, 295

  Litvinov, Viktor, 259

  Lockhart, Bruce, 36

  Loftleidir hotel, 153, 175, 198–99, 282

  Lombardy, William, 6, 43, 133–34, 156, 160, 167, 171,
175, 209, 220, 222, 223

  Lopez, Ruy, 133

  Lvov, Comrade, 262

  Lyman, Shelby, 226, 227

  M

  MacNeice, Louis, 122, 191

  madman theory, 188–89

  Magnusson, Gunnar, 164

  Makarova, Vera, 130

  Manhattan Chess Club, 6

  Mannusson, Pitur, 194

  Marshall, Bette, 150–51, 258

  Marshall, Frank, 35

  Marshall, Paul, 128, 129, 133–35, 148–51, 154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 171, 175–76, 179–80, 184–85, 216, 257–58, 266, 290, 297, 309

  Marshall Club, 7, 227

  “Match of the Century,” 2

  mathematics, chess and, 74–75

  May, Karl, 137

  Mecking, Henrique, 86

  Mednis, Edmar, 227, 308

  Melen’tiev, Stanislav, 206–7, 268

  Merridale, Catherine, 51, 54

  Metropolitan Museum (N.Y.C.), 228

  Moeller, Baldur, 174, 178

  Mokarow, Claudia, 302

  Morphy, Paul, 77, 78

  Morris, Joe Alex, Jr., 193, 194

  Moscow Central Chess Club, 9, 259

  Moscow Chess (magazine), 114

  Motley, Constance Baker, 224

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 73

  Munich Olympics (1972), 232

  musicians, chess and, 73–74

  My 60 Memorable Games (Fischer), 12–13

  N

  Nabokov, Vladimir, 70

  Najdorf, Miguel, 4, 76–77, 192, 228

  Nash, John, 187

  National Security Council, 143, 298

  Nazism, 37, 54

  Nei, Ivo, 106, 113, 119, 120, 133, 166, 208, 213, 235, 236, 240, 250, 260, 263, 265–67

  Nemenyi, Paul, 5, 306

  New York Times, 136, 137, 167, 226, 230, 247–48, 272, 279, 296

  Nicholas II, 35, 38–39, 60

  Nigro, Carmine, 6

  Nikashkin, Valentin, 261, 262, 263, 268

  Nikitin, Aleksandr, 9, 57, 259

  Nixon, Richard, 12, 55, 193, 230–31, 271, 276–79

  Fischer and, 93, 96, 247, 298–99

  madman theory of, 188–89

  Notes from Underground (Dostoyevsky), 58, 59

  O

  objectivism, 66–67

  Olafsson, Fridrik, 28, 151, 172, 185, 192

  Olafsson, Torfi, 139