Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare

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Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare Page 49

by Stephen Greenblatt


  Saye, Lord (char.), 170, 171–72

  scenery, 183–84

  Schoenbaum, Samuel, 153

  Scot, Reginald, 352–53

  Scotland, 337, 346

  Scylla’s Metamorphosis (Lodge), 203, 207

  Sebastian (char.), 47, 81–82

  Seneca, 109

  Senior, Duke (char.), 40

  Shakeshafte, William, 104, 106, 113–14

  Shakespeare, Anne (sister), 289

  Shakespeare, Anne Hathaway, 149, 153, 311, 315, 362, 378

  independence of, 119

  left behind in Stratford, 124, 125–26, 140, 143, 144, 161–62, 166, 208, 236, 330, 368, 388

  as mismatch, 129, 140–41, 143–48, 254, 255, 361, 379

  as older than Shakespeare, 116, 121, 384

  pregnancy of, 73, 117, 120, 121, 123, 385

  Shakespeare outlived by, 133, 147–48

  Shakespeare’s courtship and marriage to, 73, 116, 118–21, 129

  Shakespeare’s gravestone and, 147–48

  Shakespeare’s minimal bequests to, 144–47, 379, 385, 389

  Shakespeare, Edmund, 66, 78, 149, 357, 361

  Shakespeare, Gilbert, 66, 78, 149, 361, 382

  Shakespeare, Hamnet, 73, 125–26, 153, 161–62, 166, 208, 236

  death of, 126, 145, 288–91, 311–12, 315–18, 320–22, 324, 329, 330, 377

  Shakespeare, Joan, 78, 93, 149, 361, 382, 386

  Shakespeare, John, 93, 133, 160

  agriculture and land investments of, 57–58, 61

  Catholic-Protestant double consciousness of, 102–3, 113, 118, 160, 316

  Catholic “spiritual testament” signed by, 101–2, 315–17, 318, 320–21

  coat of arms sought by, 77–78

  death of, 311, 318, 321–22, 356

  declining fortunes of, 60–64, 67–71, 75–76, 78, 81, 85–86, 103, 121, 151–52, 166, 361, 362

  as glover, 55–57, 59, 62–63, 66, 67, 72, 79, 80, 149, 166, 168–69

  as moneylender, 58, 271–72

  as municipal office-holder, 24, 28–31, 43, 59–61, 62, 78–81, 160

  partial literacy of, 24

  Protestant reformation and civic offices of, 94–97, 99, 101–2

  Queen’s Bench summons of, 63–64

  suspected drinking problem of, 67, 68–71, 79

  upward mobility of, 58–60, 75–76, 102

  as wool brogger, 56–57, 63, 80, 166

  Shakespeare, Judith, 73, 125–26, 153, 161–62, 166, 208, 236, 311, 330, 356, 361, 362, 368, 378

  marriage of, 382, 387; see also Quiney, Thomas

  and Shakespeare’s will, 144–45, 385–86, 389

  Shakespeare, Mary, 24, 93, 121, 149, 356, 382

  Arden family and, 58–59, 75, 157, 160, 173

  as Catholic, 100–102, 118–19, 160, 315–16

  death of, 133, 368

  as heiress, 59, 61, 80–81, 85–86, 361

  Shakespeare, Richard, 66, 78, 149, 357, 361, 382

  Shakespeare, Susanna, 73, 117, 120, 125–26, 149, 153, 161–62, 166, 208, 236, 315, 330, 356, 362

  marriage of, 368; see also Hall, John

  as Shakespeare’s heir and executor, 144–45, 174, 385–86, 389

  Shakespeare’s relationship with, 361, 378, 389–90

  Shakespeare, William:

  as actor, 54, 68, 190–91, 249, 321–22, 323, 341, 365

  attacks on, 203

  attitude towards authority of, 152

  baptism and supposed birthdate of, 18, 93

  biographies of, 12–13, 58, 64, 150–51, 153, 247, 321–22

  Blackfriars house of, 379, 386

  as Blackfriars Theater part-owner, 368

  boundaries defied by, 297–98

  Campion and, 108–10, 111, 112, 113, 114–17

  Catholicism and, 89, 104, 108–9, 113–16, 118, 149, 158, 161–62, 317, 318–21, 377, 387–88

  children of, 73

  coat of arms obtained by, 78–81, 86, 155, 158, 388

  contemporary fame of, 17

  country roots of, 57–58, 208–9, 343

  Davenant’s claim to be illegitimate son of, 331

  death of, 384–85, 386–87

  deer poaching story about, 150–53, 156

  as director, 365

  early exposures to drama of, 27–53

  education of, 18–19, 25–28, 54, 64, 66, 73, 77, 96, 97, 103, 171, 208

  enclosures not protested by, 382–83

  facility in writing of, 189

  in father’s glove shop, 55–56, 66, 72, 149, 166, 168–69

  Field as source of books for, 193–94

  frugality of, 361–63

  as gentleman, 41, 75–76, 78–81, 85–86, 149, 169, 204, 377, 378, 387–88

  Ghost in Hamlet played by, 322

  as Globe part-owner, 292, 330, 368, 380–81

  as good company, 70, 207

  grave of, 147–48, 386–87

  as Hand D, 263, 284

  as hard worker, 362

  impact of Tamburlaine on, 189–98

  in Lancashire, 89, 103–7, 113–14, 173, 312

  Lancashire actors and, 104–6, 149, 161

  Latin studied by, 24–25, 64, 65, 72

  in lawsuits, 361–63, 364

  as lawyer’s clerk, 71–72, 149, 153

  legal knowledge of, 71–72, 364

  London residences of, 293, 361–62, 405

  in Lord Chamberlain’s men, 80

  Lost Years of, 54–55, 71–73, 87–89, 149, 153

  marriage of, see Shakespeare, Anne Hathaway

  as master of double consciousness, 155

  memory of, 295

  moneylending by, 271

  morally conservative nature of, 209

  New Place house of, 126, 143, 144, 209, 330, 361, 362–63, 364, 377, 386

  as part-owner of the Globe, 292

  patronage and, 240–41, 256

  private nature of, 143–44, 249

  property investments of, 58, 72, 144, 155, 209, 330, 331, 361, 364, 377–78, 379, 388

  as provincial, 208–9, 210

  Queen’s Men possibly joined by, 162–63

  reading of, 194–95

  religious beliefs of, 103, 113, 116–17, 320–21, 377, 387–88

  Shakespeare, William (continued),

  retirement planning of, 356, 361, 369–70

  in retirement to Stratford, 12, 144–48, 209, 377–90

  sexuality of, 28, 119, 143, 232, 239, 253–55, 308, 331, 377, 404

  as “Shakeshafte,” 104, 106, 113–14

  as sharer in theatrical company, 273, 292, 330, 365, 380

  sobriety of, 70, 209

  steadiness and financial responsibility of, 209, 210

  Stratford malt sales of, 362–63

  tax evasion of, 362

  as teacher, 88–89, 103–4, 149, 153

  theatrical company managed by, 209, 210

  traces of authenticity in stories about, 70

  traces of life of, 12–13, 17–18, 71–72, 88–89

  unrecorded personal views of, 173–74

  as “upstart Crow,” 213–14, 226–27

  vocabulary gift of, 72, 155, 209, 295

  wealth of, 12, 236, 330, 364–65

  will of, 144–47, 381, 385–86, 389–90

  writing process of, 284

  Shakespeare, William, plays of, 12

  attitudes towards marriage in, 121–24, 126–44, 146–47

  background used and transformed in, 167, 168–69, 343

  characters in, 32–36

  chastity in, 141–42, 385

  civility in, 48

  clear pattern of artistic development lacking in, 297–98

  collaboration in, 195, 198, 201, 207, 369, 370, 373, 379, 402, 405

  comedy, 212

  courtship and romantic longing in, 119–20

  desire in, 142–43

  drunkenness in, 66–71

  early, on English history, 113

  executions in, 276

  family i
n, 127

  folk culture in, 32, 39, 40–42, 52

  glove and leather imagery in, 55–56, 168–69

  heroism in, 110–16

  humor in, 32, 52

  impact of Tamburlaine on, 189–98

  inner life reflected in, 299–303

  language and dirty jokes in, 65–66

  legal knowledge displayed in, 71–72

  London theater and opportunity for, 188–89

  mob violence in, 169–70

  piety lacking in, 35–36

  problem comedies of, 135–36

  publication of, 18, 291, 380

  radical excision in, 323–25

  religious language and, 91

  saints and ideologues in, 110–13

  Shakespeare’s lack of interest in printing of, 194

  sources derived from, 13

  strategic opacity in, 323–29, 354–55, 377

  subversion in works of, 48

  theme of restoration in, 81–86

  touch of the real in, 13–14

  tragedy, 201, 212

  wool imagery in, 56–57

  written as player, 210

  see also specific plays

  Shakespeare, William, as playwright, 54, 62, 68, 249, 256, 323, 365

  Shakespeare, William, poems of, 12, 48, 55, 149, 229–30, 241, 249

  on gravestone, 147–48

  rumoured Lucy ballad of, 150, 152–53

  sonnets of, see sonnets, Shakespeare’s

  see also Rape of Lucrece, The; Venus and Adonis

  Shakespeare in Love, 16

  Shake-speares Sonnets, 232–34

  sharers, 273, 292, 330, 380

  sherry-sack, 69

  Shoreditch, 183, 200, 206, 273, 291–92, 362

  Shottery, 96, 116, 118, 344, 364

  Shylock (char.), 82, 133, 135, 270

  as memorable figure, 257–58, 271, 272, 279–87

  Sidney, Sir Philip, 129, 187, 233, 235, 297

  Silenus, 219

  Sir Thomas Lucy’s Players, 159

  Sir Thomas More (Shakespeare et al.), 215, 262–65, 267, 284, 405

  Skeres, Nicholas, 267–68

  slavery, vagabonds forced into, 88

  Sledd, 97–98

  Slender (char.), 134, 154, 177

  Sly, Christopher (char.), 68–69, 81

  Sly, Stephen, 68

  Smith, Sir Thomas, 77

  Smithfield, 178

  Snare (char.), 33

  Snitterfield, 58, 59, 61, 344

  Snout, Tom (char.), 51

  Snug the Joiner (char.), 50–51

  social policing, 80

  sodomy, prohibitions against, 253

  Solanio (char.), 279–80, 281, 285

  soliloquies, inner life revealed in, 299–302

  Somerville, John, 157–60, 173

  sonnets:

  as aristocratic performance, 249

  by Sidney, 233, 235

  Watson’s, 200, 207

  of Wyatt and Surrey, 200, 234

  sonnets, Shakespeare’s, 126, 143, 173, 230–35, 256

  dark lady in, 233, 246–48, 249, 254–55

  early publications of, 232–35

  number 1, 230, 231

  number 3, 230, 231

  number 4, 231

  number 10, 237, 251

  number 15, 237

  number 17, 238

  number 18, 238

  number 19, 239

  number 20, 253–54

  number 27, 239

  number 37, 251

  number 42, 246

  number 48, 239

  number 53, 239

  number 55, 239

  number 60, 239

  number 62, 251

  number 63, 239–40

  number 71, 252

  number 73, 252–53

  number 81, 240

  number 82, 239

  number 98, 239

  number 106, 239

  number 110, 250

  number 111, 250

  number 116, 255

  number 120, 246

  number 127, 247

  number 129, 255

  number 135, 233

  number 138, 247–49

  number 145, 255

  number 147, 255

  number 151, 255

  number 152, 255

  poet’s love for beautiful youth in, 233, 239–40, 246–47, 249–55

  procreation imagery in, 230–31, 234–35, 237–38, 240, 254

  rival poet in, 233, 247, 249

  self-identification in, 233, 255

  shift from youth to dark lady in, 247

  story outline in, 233

  translucent nature of, 233–35

  Sophocles, 200, 208

  Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, 164, 227–34, 240–47, 249

  as dedicatee of Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, 240, 241, 243, 244

  imprisonment of, 308–10

  marriage of, 254

  Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of (continued),

  marriage urged for, 228–30, 234, 236, 238–40, 254

  portrait of, 230–31

  Shakespeare’s relationship with, 227–28, 235–36, 239, 240–41, 246–47, 253–54, 308

  as theater lover, 227–28

  as young man of the sonnets, 230–34, 239–40

  Southwark, 176, 181, 182, 200, 206, 236, 292–93

  Spain, 106, 157, 161, 273, 274, 278, 285

  Jews expelled from, 258

  Spanish Armada, 273

  Spanish Maze, The, 329

  Spanish Tragedy, The (Kyd), 304

  Spenser, Edmund, 207, 233, 253–54, 327

  spies, officials’ use of, 187–88

  Sprenger, James, 352

  stage, structure of, 183

  stagecraft, 33–34

  stage-sitters, 368

  Starveling, Robin (char.), 51

  Stationer’s Company, 193

  Stepney, 182

  Stow, John, 164–66, 189

  Strait of Magellan, 201–2

  Strange, Henry Stanley, Earl of Derby, Lord, 104

  Strange, Ferdinando Stanley, Lord, 104

  Stratford Corporation, 271

  Stratford-upon-Avon, 39, 68, 73, 88, 108, 114, 116, 129, 193, 198, 210, 240–41, 271, 311, 344

  Anne left behind in, 124, 125–26, 140, 143, 144, 161–62, 166, 208, 236, 330, 368, 388

  bubonic plague in, 93

  Catholic sympathies in, 95–98, 102, 156, 158, 173

  enclosure near, 382–83

  fire in, 62–63

  free grammar school in, 18–19, 25–28, 55, 64, 95–98, 102, 118, 171

  guildhall of, 25

  John Shakespeare as officeholder in, 24, 28–31, 43, 59–61, 62, 78–81, 160

  municipal scholarships awarded by, 25

  Protestantism in, 89, 90, 93–95

  public punishments in, 178

  reformation in, 94–95

  Shakespeare’s departure from, 149–63, 166, 209

  Shakespeare’s property investments in, 72, 144, 209, 330, 331, 361, 364, 368, 377–78

  Shakespeare’s retirement to, 12, 144–48, 209, 377–90

  Shakespeare’s visits to, 289, 312, 330, 368

  size of, 57

  theatrical companies’ visiting of, 28–31, 161–62

  town council of, 95–96, 98

  town-hall stage of, 36

  Streete, Peter, 292

  Stuarts, 178

  Stubbes, Philip, 38–39

  Sturley, Abraham, 62–63, 64, 271, 364

  Sturley, Henry, 62

  Sturley, Richard, 62–63

  sumptuary laws, 76

  Surrey, 362

  Surrey, Earl of, 200, 234

  Sussex’s Men, 161, 272

  Swan Theater, 189

  swordsmanship, 73–74, 75, 182, 292

  Tabard Inn, 176

  Talbot (char.), 197–98

  Tamburlaine (char.), 190, 192, 196–97, 216, 257

  Tamburlaine (Marlowe),
189–98, 202, 207, 209, 216, 256, 257

  Taming of the Shrew, The (Shakespeare), 50, 56, 68–69, 119, 133, 134–35, 212

  Tasso, 200

  Taverne wineshop, 330

  taverns, 176, 187–88

  see also inns

  Tearsheet, Doll (char.), 33, 180, 216, 219

  Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 18, 84, 119, 166, 257, 378–79, 389

  chastity promoted in, 142, 385

  retirement contemplated in, 370, 372–78, 381

  Temple Grafton, 124–25

  Ten Reasons (Campion), 108, 114, 115

  Terence, 27

  Thame, 162

  Thames River, 163, 164, 176, 291

  theater:

  admission to, 184–85, 367

  commercial, 11–12, 51

  magic vs. earthiness in, 53

  political events of the day absent in, 338–41

  popularity of, 186–87

  Theater, the, 36, 182–85, 189, 201, 273, 291–92

  theaters, 181–89, 206, 339

  closing of, 236–37, 241, 256, 272, 288–89, 366

  layout of, 183–84

  moral attacks upon, 182, 185–87, 288

  spectacles at, 181–82

  see also specific theaters

  Theatrum orbis terrarum (Ortelius), 193

  Theseus (char.), 51, 52

  Thompson, Agnes, 346–47

  Thorpe, Thomas, 232

  Three Ladies of London, 256

  Thurlow, Mrs., 344

  Tilney, Henry, 262–63

  Time (char.), 33

  Timon of Athens (char.), 84, 369

  Timon of Athens (Shakespeare), 84, 193, 402

  tinkers, 87–88

  tiring house, 184

  Titania (char.), 35, 56

  Titus Andronicus (Shakespeare), 34, 152, 179, 207, 212, 296, 323, 402

  Tolstoy, Leo, 388

  torture, 262, 294, 336, 348

  Touchstone (char.), 269

  Tower Hill, 178

  Tower of London, 98, 114–15, 158, 164, 234, 276, 332

  Towne, John, 162

  tragedy, 179, 296–97, 323–25

  boundary between comedy and, 34, 297

  boundary between history and, 296–97

  in Shakespeare’s development, 297

  Tragedy of Gowrie, The, 341, 342, 364

  Tragical History of the Tartarian Cripple, The, 256

  Traitor’s Gate, 164

  Treatise of Equivocation, A (Garnet), 336–37

  True Chronicle History of King Leir, The, 327–28

  Tubal, 281, 283, 284

  Tudor, Mary, see Mary, Queen of England

  Tudors, 178, 195

  Turchill, 85

  Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 33, 40–41, 47, 56, 67, 70, 81–84, 124, 135, 215, 227, 238–39, 296, 365

  Two Gentlemen of Verona (Shakespeare), 25, 119, 212, 259–60, 271

  Two Menaechmuses, The (Plautus), 27–28

  Two Noble Kinsmen, The (Shakespeare), 370, 373, 379, 402

  Tyburn, 98, 107, 115, 178, 205, 276

  Tyndale, William, 91

  Tyrone, Earl of, 308

 

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