Knell, William, 162
Kramer, Heinrich, 352
Kyd, Thomas, 200, 262, 268
Hamlet play attributed to, 203, 294–95, 304, 318
Laertes (char.), 137, 310, 312
Lambert, Edmund, 61, 68
Lamentable Tragedy, Mixed Full of Pleasant Mirth, Containing the Life of Cambises, King of Persia, A (Preston), 51
Lancashire, 89, 96, 97, 98, 103–8, 113–14, 118, 149, 173, 312
Lance (char.), 259–60
Lancelot (char.), 280
Langham (Laneham), Robert, 43–44, 46–47
Lanier, Emilia, 233
Lapworth, 101
Latimer, Hugh, 38, 93
Latin, 24–28, 64, 65, 72, 90, 200, 208, 210, 296, 331–32
Laura, 129
Laurence, Friar (char.), 111, 122
Lavinia (char.), 179
law, in Shakespeare’s work, 71–72, 171
Lear, King (char.), 40, 84, 127, 166, 327–29, 356–61, 374, 388
Leicester, 161, 365
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 157, 160, 182
Campion and, 97, 114
and Elizabeth’s visit to Kenilworth, 43–50
Leicester’s Men, 30, 161
Leir, King (char.), 327–28, 357
Lent, 29, 384
Leontes (char.), 84, 131–32, 370–72
liberties, legal exemption of, 165, 183, 366
lighting, theatrical, 183–84, 367
Little Conduit, 91
Liverpool Street Station, 184
Lives (Plutarch), 193
Lodge, Thomas, 200, 201–2, 203, 207, 208, 212, 215, 294, 304
London, 11, 32, 41, 51, 54, 62, 66, 68, 73, 87, 88, 98, 105, 113, 114, 126, 143, 144, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 204, 208, 209, 233, 236, 262, 272, 273, 274, 288–89, 309, 310, 330, 332, 337, 346, 364, 388
countryside and, 175–76
crowds of, 169–70
danger of, 163
description of, 163–74
émigrés in, 258, 362, 405
police force lacked by, 292
Shakespeare’s departure from, 377, 378–81
Shakespeare’s residences in, 261–62, 293, 405
size and geography of, 163–64, 166
suburban “entertainment zone” of, 175–82, 367
theater in, 182–89, 366
as theater of punishments, 178–80, 367
London Bridge, 158, 172–73, 216
heads of traitors on, 173, 249, 337, 350
Lopez, Roderigo (Ruy), 273–78, 279–81
Jewish origins of, 274–75, 277, 280, 286
Lord Admiral’s Men, 161, 189–90, 201, 205, 272–73, 293
Lord Chamberlain’s Men, 80, 88, 105, 272–73, 288–89, 291–94, 329, 367
Essex conspiracy and, 309–10
playbooks sold by, 291
sharers in, 273, 292
see also King’s Men
Lord Hunsdon’s Men, see Lord Chamberlain’s Men
Lord of Misrule, 39, 40–41
Lord Strange’s Men, 104, 161
see also Earl of Derby’s Men
Lorenzo (Merchant of Venice, The) (char.), 135, 271, 281
love poems, aliases used in, 233
Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare), 17, 24, 110, 123, 207, 260, 298, 329
quarto edition of, 291
Low Countries, 362
Lucio (char.), 123, 136
Lucy, Sir Thomas, 60, 98, 101–2, 150–51, 153–56, 166
as militant Protestant, 159–62, 316
players kept by, 153, 159
Lucy, Sir William, 155
Lucy family, 93, 154–55
Ludgate, 164
lute, 73–74
Shakespeare’s study of, 75, 149
Luther, Martin, 94, 261
Lyly, John, 200
Lysander (char.), 134
Macbeth (char.), 137, 138–40, 177, 179, 338, 349–50, 354, 369
Macbeth, Lady (char.), 137, 138–40, 338, 354
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 177, 179, 276, 296, 368, 369, 372
in First Folio, 18
knocking scene in, 337–38
as reassurance to James, 334–36, 337, 350–51
spousal intimacy in, 138–40
strategic opacity in, 354–55
witches in, 334–35, 346, 348–55
Macduff (char.), 354
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 389
Maidstone, 365
maintenance agreements, 359–60
Mainwaring, Arthur, 382–83
Malcolm (char.), 354
Malleus maleficarum, 352
Malone, Edward, 101
Malvolio (char.), 33, 67, 82–84
Mamillius (char.), 84
Mansfield, Mother, 344
Margaret, Queen (char.), 196
Maria (char.), 82–83
Mariana (char.), 136
Marina (char.), 127
Marlborough, 365
Marlowe, Christopher, 199, 203, 212–13, 272, 294
background of, 192, 208
death of, 212, 267–68, 269, 377
Dutch Church libel and, 262, 267
Henry VI plays influenced by, 192, 196–98, 256, 257
and The Jew of Malta, 257–58, 262, 265–67, 270, 275, 278, 286
Marlowe, Christopher (continued), reckless nature of, 191, 200–201, 214, 268–69
as rival poet of sonnets, 233
as Shakespeare’s rival, 198, 207, 256–57, 267, 269–70
as spy, 268
Tamburlaine and, 189–98, 202, 206, 209, 216, 256
wide reading of, 192–93
Marranos, 258
marriage:
bridale feast and, 41
in literature, 133–34
mismatched pairings in, 136
notions of happiness in, 129–30
Marshalsea prison, public punishments at, 178
Mary, Queen of England, 91, 93, 159
Mary, Queen of Scots, 105–6, 157, 161, 333
masques, 66
Mass, 89–90, 95, 100, 105, 112–13, 172, 312, 313, 317, 319
Massacre at Paris, The (Marlowe), 262
May Day, 38–39, 50
mayor, jurisdiction of, 165, 182
Mayor’s Play, 29
Maypole, 38–39
Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), 33, 110, 123, 136, 141–42, 176, 329, 362, 385
Menaphon (Greene), 203
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 81–82, 257–58, 265, 270–71, 278–87, 289, 297, 329
discomfort and, 135, 278, 280, 282–87
reflections of Lopez affair in, 277, 279–80, 285–86
Mercutio (char.), 56, 284
Meres, Francis, 201
Mermaid Tavern, 70
Merry Wives of Windsor, The (Shakespeare), 64–65, 134, 154–56, 177, 215, 290, 329
Elizabeth’s request for, 222
Middle Ages, 60
drama in, 37
witchmongers of, 352
Middleton, Thomas, 167
Midlands, 36, 40, 42, 90, 101, 162
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 34–36, 40, 56, 85, 112, 133, 134, 242, 296, 298, 324, 372, 377
Kenilworth entertainments as influence on, 47–53
Milton, John, 128–29
Minories, 165
Miranda (char.), 84, 142
Mirror for Magistrates, A (Baldwin), 195
misogyny, 253–54
in Macbeth, 355
in Venus and Adonis, 243
monasteries, 89, 93, 165, 314
moneylending, 271–72
Jews and, 258, 261, 270–71, 282–83
by John Shakespeare, 58, 271–72
by Shakespeare, 271
Montaigne, 227
morality plays, 31–37, 40, 52, 191
Shakespeare influenced by, 33–36, 220–21
More, Sir Thomas, 215, 262–65, 314
morris dancers, 39, 40, 42
Mortimer, Edmund (char.),
128
Mote (char.), 207, 260
Mountjoy, Christopher, 405
Mountjoy, Marie, 405
Much Ado About Nothing (Shakespeare), 134, 135, 180, 248, 259, 290, 296, 298
mummers’ play, 39–40
Munday, Anthony, 262, 405
music, as public entertainment, 176
musical instruments, 73–74, 75, 104, 149
Shakespeare’s study of, 75, 149
mystery cycles, 37, 191
Narcissus (Clapham), 229, 230
Nashe, Thomas, 198, 200, 202–3, 205, 207, 208, 210, 212, 213, 294, 311
and Greene’s Groatsworth, 212, 226–27
Negro, Lucy, 233
Nerissa (char.), 135
Netherlands, 72
New Globe, 292
New Place, 126, 143, 144, 209, 330, 361, 362–63, 364, 377, 386
News from Scotland, 346–48
New Testament, 91
New World, 373
Nicklyn, Thomas, 45
Nightwork, Jane (char.), 33
North, Sir Thomas, 193
North Berwick, 346, 348
Northbrooke, John, 27, 28, 186
Norwich, 203, 208
Nowell, Alexander, 115
nunneries, 93, 165, 183
Nurse (char.), 122, 330
Oberon (char.), 47–48
Of Prayer and Meditation (Granada), 157, 158–59
Oldcastle, Sir John (Lord Cobham), 159, 220, 308
Old Stratford, 364
Old Wives Tale, The (Peele), 203
Olivia (char.), 82–83, 238–39
On Copiousness (Erasmus), 24
On the Jews and Their Lies (Luther), 261
Ophelia (char.), 215, 306, 312
Orange, Prince of, 157
Orlando (char.), 55, 64, 126, 134, 135, 136, 370
Orlando Furioso (Greene), 205
Orsino (char.), 82, 124, 135, 136, 227, 238–39
Ortelius, 193
Othello (char.), 33–34, 133, 140, 180, 248, 325–26, 369
Othello (Shakespeare), 33–34, 132–33, 179–80, 248, 296, 329, 369, 370
strategic opacity in, 325–27, 328, 354
Overdone, Mistress (char.), 180
Ovid, 109, 235, 353
Oxford, 91, 93, 330–32, 365
Oxford, Earl of, 187
Oxford University, 18, 27, 62–63, 64, 89, 96, 97, 99, 106, 114, 157, 387
deer-poaching at, 152, 156
plays for James at, 331–34, 335, 342
university wits at, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 219
paganism, holidays linked to, 38
Page, Mistress (char.), 64
painted cloths, as mark of culture, 58–59
Pandosto (Greene), 207
papal bulls, 92–93, 100
paper, expense of, 26, 55
Paradise Lost (Milton), 128–29
Park Hall, 59, 75, 85, 157
Parliament, 100, 151, 160–61, 164, 314, 333, 336
Paroles (char.), 221
Parry, William, 161
Parsons, William, 63, 64, 101, 114, 118
Passionate Pilgrim, The, 235
Patrick, Saint, 313, 319
Paul, Saint, 35
Paulina (char.), 371–72
Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, 169
Pecarone, Il (Giovanni), 270–71
peddlers, 87–88
Peddler’s Prophecy, 256
Peele, George, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 212, 213, 215
Pembroke, William Herbert, Earl of, 232
Pembroke’s Men, 272
Percy, Harry (Hotspur) (char.), 127–28
Percy, Kate (char.), 127–28, 130
Perdita (char.), 40, 84, 166, 371
Pericles (char.), 127, 166
Pericles (Shakespeare), 127, 166, 369, 389, 402
Perlin, Etienne, 172
personified abstractions:
in morality plays, 31–32
Shakespeare’s use of, 33
Peto (char.), 259
Petrarch, 129, 200
Petruchio (char.), 56, 126, 134
Philip II, King of Spain, 161, 274, 278, 285
Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 120
Phillips, Augustine, 73–74, 75, 105, 273, 292, 309–10
Pistol (char.), 215–16, 223
pistol shooting, as public entertainment, 176
Pius V, Pope, 92–93
Platter, Thomas, 292
Plautus, 27–28, 119, 130
playbooks, 291, 380
plays:
anti-Catholic, 90
closet dramas, 11–12
comedy, see comedy
history, see history plays
justifications for, 44
Latin, 27–28
masques, 66
Mass compared with, 90
medieval, 37
morality, 31–36, 40, 52, 191, 220–21
mystery, 37, 191
“rolls” for, 294–95
Roman, 66
shift from touring and demand for, 188–89, 256
as spectacles, 42–50
traditional, 36–40, 41, 42, 52
tragedies, see tragedy
Plume, Thomas, 67
Plutarch, 193
poaching, of deer, 150–53
poets, playwrights’ insistence on being called, 199, 210
Poley, Robert, 267–68
Polonius (char.), 137, 215, 306
poor, education denied to, 26
Poor Tom (char.), 23, 357
Pope, Thomas, 104, 273, 292
Portia (Julius Caesar) (char.), 128, 130
Portia (Merchant of Venice, The) (char.), 135, 285
Portinari, Beatrice, 129
Portugal, 258
Prague, 97, 110
Preston, Thomas, 51
Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 133–34
Prince Hal (Henry V) (char.), 33, 41, 71, 216–20, 223–24, 251
printing, 193–94
privacy, rarity of, 176
Privy Council, 63
Marlowe and, 262, 268
religious issues and, 94, 106, 160, 161, 337, 338
theater and, 104, 183, 236
props, 188
Prospero (char.), 84, 127, 142
as Shakespeare’s surrogate, 372–77, 381–82, 389
Protestants, Protestantism, 93–96, 99–104, 106–8, 111–13, 115–16, 156, 161
burial service of, 312–13, 315, 321
disbelief in ghosts by, 320
dismantling of church decorations by, 90, 91
Elizabeth I as, 61, 91–93, 94, 97, 314
forms of Catholic worship attacked by, 89–90
Hathaway family as, 116, 118–19
Henry VIII as, 9, 89, 93–94, 314
hostility to traditional pageants by, 37–38, 43–45
in Ireland, 106
Judaism of interest to, 261
Mary’s executions and, 91
monasteries destroyed by, 89
pilgrimages stopped by, 87, 89
priests as traitors to, 99
purgatory disbelieved in by, 314–15, 319
Queen’s Men as propagandists for, 162
required church attendance by, 61–62, 102, 156, 321
salvation by faith alone in, 89–90
in Stratford, 89, 93–95
theater as target of, 182, 185–87
Puck (char.), 34, 35, 47–48
Puddle Wharf, 379
purgatory, 313–15, 317, 319
Puritans, 118, 178, 221
Puttenham, George, 41
Queen’s Bench, 63–64
Queen’s Men, 28, 29, 30, 195, 205, 272, 327, 328
Shakespeare’s possible joining of, 162–63
Quickly, Mistress (char.), 65, 219, 223–24
Quince, Peter (char.), 36, 51
Quiney, Richard, 271
Quiney, Thomas, 145, 384–86, 387, 389
quintains, as public entertainment, 176
Rabelais, 208
, 219
Rainolds, John, 27, 28
Ralegh, Sir Walter, 73, 106, 164, 207, 233, 308
Ramsay, John, 340
Rape of Lucrece, The (Shakespeare), 17, 59, 245–46, 256, 311
Red Bull Theater, 189
Red Lion Playhouse, 182
Reformation, 90, 95, 160, 164, 165, 312
Regan (char.), 127, 356, 358, 360–61
“Relic, The” (Donne), 146
Renaissance, 183, 373
law and custom in, 360
witchmongers of, 352
Replingham, William, 382–83
Restoration, 331
retirement:
in King Lear, 133, 358–61, 369, 374
Prospero’s renunciation and, 374–77, 381–82, 389
Shakespeare’s planning for, 356, 361, 369–70
Shakespeare’s return to Stratford in, 12, 144–48, 209, 377–90
Richard (Henry VI, Part 3) (char.), 196
Richard II (char.), 300–301
Richard II (Shakespeare), 256, 259, 296, 300–301, 309–10, 323
quarto edition of, 291
Richard III (Gloucester) (char.), 33, 34, 124, 126, 179, 257, 298, 299–300, 357, 372
Richard III (Shakespeare), 33, 34, 50, 179, 212, 276, 296, 298, 299–300, 310, 323
quarto edition of, 291
Richard of Gloucester (char.), 124, 257
Robin Hood, 38, 39, 40
Robinson, John, 379
Rochester, 67
Rogers, Philip, 363, 364
romances, in Shakespeare’s development, 297
Romans, 163, 182
Romeo (char.), 55, 56, 111–12, 122–23, 141, 146–47, 370
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 52, 55, 56, 111–12, 121–23, 141, 146–47, 284, 296, 298, 323, 324, 330, 389
Rosalind (char.), 126, 134, 135, 136, 166, 370
Rosalind (Lodge), 201, 207
Rosencrantz (char.), 293, 306
Rose Theater, 189, 273, 292–93
Rowe, Nicholas, 64, 150, 154, 321–22
Rufford, 89
Rumour (char.), 33
Russell, Thomas, 386
Rutland, Earl of, 227
Rychardson, John, 123, 125
sack, drunkeness and, 69
Sackful of News, A, 256
Sadler, Hamnet, 311
Sadler, Judith, 311
Saffron Walden, 365
St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 405
St. John’s College, Cambridge, 208
St. John’s College, Oxford, 96–97, 332–34, 348, 351
Saint Magnus’ Corner, 172
St. Mary’s Church, 114
St.Paul’s Cathedral, 115, 164
St. Paul’s Churchyard, 337
bookstalls in, 194
St. Thomas a Becket, 172
Salerio (char.), 279–80, 281, 285
Salisbury, Earl of, 338
Sampson, Agnes, 347
Sandells, Fulke, 123, 125
Sander, Nicholas, 106
Sands, James, 73
Saunders, Laurence, 93
Saxo the Grammarian, 296, 297–98
Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare Page 48