The Race to Save the Romanovs
Page 39
63 Ibid., 253.
64 FOT, 275.
65 See FOT, 275.
66 Wallscourt Waters’s will, dated 28 May 1942; probate 1 August 1945, p. 4; www.probaterecords.co.uk.
67 ‘300 Jahre Romanow & Hohenzollern’, Ausstellungsfuhrer, Burg Hohenzollern 22 Okt 2016–29 January 2017, no page numbers. I am grateful to Mark Andersen for passing on this information to me.
68 FOT, 275.
69 Wilhelm II, ‘Questions and Reflections Concerning the Rescue of the Tsar’, points 1–3, Burg Hohenzollern Archive, résumé in Waters, Potsdam and Doorn, 259–60.
70 Ibid., notes 5–9, fo. 2.
71 Ibid., note 8, fo. 2.
72 Wilhelm II, ‘Questions and Reflections’, note 10, fo. 2.
73 Ibid. fo. 11.
74 Wilhelm notes to Gutman letter, ‘Wilhelm Written Records’, ff. 11–12.
75 Ibid., fo. 12.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
Postscript: ‘Nobody’s Fault?’
1 Jonathan Petropoulos, Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, 199.
2 See official site of the Royal Norwegian House at http://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=27613&sek=27060. I am grateful to royalty historian David Horbury for a detailed discussion of this issue and for his helpful notes.
3 Ana de Sagrera, Ena y Bee: En defensa de una amistad, Madrid: Velecío Editores, 2006, 362. María Teresa Puga, La vida y la época de Alfonso XIII, Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1997, 176.
4 For an excellent study of George and Mary’s reinvention of the British monarchy, see Frank Prochaska, Royal Bounty: the Making of a Welfare Monarchy, London: Yale University Press, 1995.
5 Letter to Earl Lloyd George, 26 October 1983, quoted in Suttie, Rewriting the First World War, 193.
6 Wallscourt Waters in 1935, Potsdam and Doorn, 257–8.
7 Yeltsin speech in New York Times; http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/18/world/address-by-yeltsin-we-are-all-guilty.html.
8 See, for example, http://3rm.info/main/24366-ekaterinburg-prosti-menya-moy-gosudar.html.
9 Daily Telegraph, 7 September 1921.
10 Gilliard notes to de Basily, 29 April 1934, p. 2, Nikolai de Bazili Archive, Hoover Institution.
11 Ibid.
12 Pipes, Russian Revolution, 769.
Bibliography
ARCHIVES
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid
AVPRI: Arkhiv Vneshney Politiki Rossiiskoi Imperii: Sekretnyi Arkhiv Ministra
Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, New York
Benckendorff Family Papers
A. I. Ievreinov memoir, ‘Poezdka v Tobolsk’
Olga Ivanovna Subbotina Papers – Buxhoeveden and Gilliard affidavits
Burg Hohenzollern Archive: ‘Questions and Reflections Concerning the Rescue of the Tsar’, eigen-händige Aufzeichungen Nicholas II. vom April 1931 bezüglich seines Versuches, den Zaren und seine Familie in Sommer 1918 zu retten
Cambridge University Library: Lord Hardinge Papers, 1917–18, vols 30–38
Emory University Archives, Atlanta: Isaac Don Levine Papers for 1917–18
Thomas Preston, ‘The Vigil’, undated TS, series 5, box 136
GARF: Gosudarstvennyi Archiv Russkoy Federatsii
German Foreign Ministry Berlin (GFM): Auswartiges Amt, Abteilung A. Akten betreffend: die russische Kaiserfam. Microfilmed documents at TNA
Hechingen, Burg Hohenzollern, Hausarchiv des vormals regierenden preussischen Königshaus: ‘Records of William II of April 1931’
Hessian Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt
Hoover Institution, California:
Nikolai de Bazili Papers: ‘Informations données par M. M. Tereshchenko a M. N. de Basily à Paris le 23 Avril, 1934, au sujet de la question du départ de Nicolas II et de sa famille pour l’étranger après son abdication’, box 27, folder 11; Pierre Gilliard notes on Nicholas II sent to de Basily, 29 April 1934, box 2, folder 62
Boris I. Nikolaevsky Collection: Vladimir Zenzinov, ‘Ubiistvo Tsarskoy Semi: po materialiam Politicheskogo Arkhiva nemetskago ministerstva inostrannykh del’, unpublished TS, box 788, folder 2
Igor Vinogradoff Collection: typescript of letters sent from Tobolsk by Prince Vasili Dolgorukov 1917–18; Alexander Lukomsky, ‘Question of the Departure of the Emperor Nicholas and His Family’, box 27, folder 11
Ekaterina Erastovna Zborovskaia letters, 1917–18
Hudson’s Bay Company Canada Archives, Winnipeg
John Wimbles Papers, private archive of transcribed letters now donated to: Archivo Orleans-Bourbón, Fundación Infantes Duques de Montpensier Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Leeds Russian Archive at Leeds University Library
National Archives, Kew: Cabinet Papers (CAB), Foreign Office (FO) and War Office (WO) papers
Oslo Maritime Museum: Jonas Lied Diary
Parliamentary Archives, Westminster:
David Lloyd George: ‘Tsar’s Future Place of Residence’, redacted chapter from his War Memoirs, Lloyd George Papers LG/G/212/3/4
Royal Archives, Windsor: various papers relating to King George V and Lord Stamfordham 1917–18
UNPUBLISHED SOURCES: DISSERTATIONS, PAPERS AND ARTICLES
Asgarov, Asgar, M., ‘Reporting from the Frontlines of the First Cold War: American Diplomatic Despatches about the Internal Conditions in the Soviet Union, 1917–1933’, University of Maryland dissertation, 2007.
Chap, Olivia, ‘Skeletons in the Soviet Closet: Russia’s Last Tsar and his Family in the Early Soviet Era, 1918–1937’, thesis, Connecticut College, 2015.
Holden, Nigel, ‘Harald Schou-Kjeldsen: A Young Danish Entrepreneur in Early Soviet Russia’, unpublished TS, 2000.
McKee, Claire Theresa, ‘British Perceptions of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna 1894–1918’, PhD thesis, University College London, 2014.
Puchenikova, Lyubov: ‘Deyatelnost britanskikh diplomaticheskih predstavitelstv v Rossii v 1917 godu’, Historical Sciences dissertation, St Petersburg, 2005.
PUBLISHED SOURCES: BOOKS, ARTICLES AND NEWSPAPERS
Note: In view of the fact that a wide range of sources in eight languages have been drawn on for this book, it seemed most logical – and useful – to group them by the language in which they were written.
English
Alexander, Grand Duke, Once a Grand Duke, New York: Garden City Publishing, 1932.
Alexandrov, Victor, The End of the Romanovs, London: Hutchinson, 1966.
Alexeev, V. V., The Last Act of a Tragedy: New documents about the Execution of the Last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, Ekaterinburg: Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Publishers, 1996.
Almedingen, E. M., The Empress Alexandra 1872–1918, London: Cassell, 1973.
Aronson, Theo, Grandmama of Europe: The Crowned Descendants of Queen Victoria, London: Cassell, 1973.
Basily, Nicolas de, The Abdication of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, Princeton, NJ: Kingston Press, 1984.
Benckendorff, Pavel, Last Days at Tsarskoe Selo, Ontario: Gilbert’s Books 2012 [reprint 1927].
Botkin, Gleb, The Real Romanovs, London: Putnam, 1932.
Browder, Robert Paul, and Kerensky, Aleksandr Fyodorovich, eds, The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, 1: chapter 4, section on ‘The Former Tsar and the Imperial Family’, Stanford University Press, 1961, 177–90.
Buchanan, Sir George, My Mission to Russia, vol. 2, London: Cassell, 1923.
Buchanan, Meriel, Dissolution of an Empire, London: John Murray, 1932.
________ ‘The Foulest Crime in History – The Truth’, Saturday Review, CLIX, 18 May 1935, 616.
________ Ambassador’s Daughter, London: Cassell, 1958.
Bulygin, Captain Paul, and Kerensky, Alexander, The Murder of the Romanovs, London:
Hutchinson, 1935.
Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie, The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fyodorovna, London: Longmans Green, 1928.
Bykov, P. M., Last Days of Tsar Nicholas, New York: International Publisher, 1934.
Carter, Miranda, The Three Emperors, London: Penguin, 2009.
Clarke, The Lost Fortune of the Tsars, London: Orion, 1996.
Cook, Andrew, The Murder of the Romanovs, Stroud: Amberley, 2010.
Crawford, Rosemary and Donald, Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997.
De Angelis, Stephen R., ed. and trans., The Personality of Nicholas and Alexandra Feodorovna: The Historical Bulletin, April 1917, Volume CXLVIII, According to the Testimonies of their Relations and Those Close to Them; CXLVIII, USA: Bookemon, n.d.
Dehn, Lili, The Real Tsaritsa, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1922.
Dillon, E. J., ‘The ex-Tsar Nicholas II: an imperial tragedy. A tragic history of opportunities missed’, Daily Telegraph, 22 and 24 July 1918.
Duff, David, Hessian Tapestry: The Hesse Family and British Royalty, London: David & Charles, 1979.
Edwards, Anne, Matriarch: Queen Mary and the House of Windsor, London: Coronet Books, 1984.
Egan, Maurice Francis, Ten Years near the German Frontier: A Retrospect and a Warning, New York: George H. Doran Company, 1919.
Francq, Henri G., The Knout and the Scythe: The Story of the Hyenas, New York: Vantage Press, 1980.
Fuhrmann, Joseph T., The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914–March 1917, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
George, Grand Duchess, A Romanov Diary, New York: Atlantic International, 1988.
Gilliard, Pierre, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, London: Hutchinson, 1921.
Graham, Stephen, Part of the Wonderful Scene: An Autobiography, London: Collins, 1964.
Hall, Coryne, Little Mother of Russia, Teaneck, NJ: Holmes & Meier, 2006.
– ‘“An Energetic and Chivalrous Protector”: Danish Efforts to Help the Imprisoned Romanovs’, Royal Russia Annual no. 6, Summer 2014, 29–41.
Hamilton, Keith, ‘Addressing the Past: The Foreign Office and the Vetting of Diplomatic and Ministerial Memoirs during the Years between the World Wars’, in Christopher Baxter et al., Britain in Global Politics, 1: From Gladstone to Churchill, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 99–131.
Hanbury-Williams, Major General Sir John, The Emperor Nicholas II as I Knew Him, London: Arthur L. Humphreys, 1922.
Hardinge of Penshurst, Lord, Old Diplomacy, London: John Murray, 1947.
Hennessy, James, Queen Mary, 1867–1953, London: Allen & Unwin, 1959.
Horbury, David, ‘Half a Century of Royal Letters, 1899–1946’, Royalty Digest Quarterly, 2016: 3, 58–63.
Hough, Richard, Louis and Victoria: The First Mountbattens, London: Hutchinson, 1934.
Kerensky, A. F., ‘Why the Tsar Never Came to England’, Evening Standard, 4 July 1932.
________ The Kerensky Memoirs: Russia and History’s Turning Point, London: Cassell, 1965.
________ and Milyukov, P., ‘Light on the Murder of Tsar Nikolas’, Living Age, 311, 1921, 638–45.
King, Greg, The Court of the Last Tsar: Pomp, Power, and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
________ and Wilson, Penny, ‘The Departure of the Imperial Family From Tsarskoye Selo’, Atlantis Magazine, 4: 5, 2003, 12–30.
________ ‘The Officer Letters’, Atlantis Magazine, 4: 5, 2003, 73–86.
‘King could Have Saved the Tsar’, Mail on Sunday, 20 November 1988.
Kozlov, V. A., and Khrustalev, V. M., The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra, London: Yale University Press, 1997.
Lacey, Robert, Majesty: the Life and Reign of Elizabeth II, New York: Free Press, 2002.
Levine, Isaac Don, Eyewitness to History: Memoirs and Reflections of a Foreign Correspondent for Half a Century, New York: Hawthorn Books, 1973.
Lied, Jonas, Return to Happiness, London: Macmillan, 1943.
Livak, Leonid, Russian Émigrés in the Intellectual and Literary Life of Inter-War France: A Bibliographical Essay, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2010.
Lloyd George, David, War Memoirs, vol. III, London: Ivor Nicolson & Watson, 1934.
Lyandres, Semion, The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917 Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
McNeal, Shay, The Secret Plot to Save the Tsar: New Truths Behind the Romanov Mystery, London: Perennial, 2003.
Marie, Queen of Romania, The Story of My Life, New York: Scribner’s, 1934.
Marr, Andrew, The Diamond Queen, Elizabeth II and Her People, London: Pan Macmillan, 2011.
Maylunas, Andrei, and Mironenko, Sergei, A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra, Their Own Story, New York: Doubleday, 1997.
Miller, Ilana, The Four Graces: Queen Victoria’s Hessian Granddaughters, East Richmond Heights, CA: Kensington House Books, 2011.
Mironenko, Sergey, ‘Romanov Family Tensions on the Eve of the First World War and the Revolution’, 1917 Romanovs & Revolution: The End of Monarchy, exhibition catalogue, Amsterdam: Hermitage Amsterdam, 2017, 140–6.
Mosolov, A. A., At the Court of the Last Tsar, London: Methuen, 1935.
Nabokov, C. [Konstantin], The Ordeal of a Diplomat, London: Duckworth & Co., 1921.
Neklyudov, Anatoly, Diplomatic Reminiscences before and during the World War 1911–1917, New York: Dutton, 1920.
Nicholas of Greece, HRH Prince, Political Memoirs 1914–1917, London: Hutchinson, 1928.
Nicolson, Harold, King George V: His Life and Reign, London: Constable, 1984.
O’Conor, John F., The Sokolov Investigation, New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1971.
Occleshaw, Michael, Armour Against Fate: British Military Intelligence in the First World War, London: Columbus Books, 1989.
________ The Romanov Conspiracies, London: BCA, 1993.
________ Dances in Deep Shadows: Britain’s Clandestine War in Russia 1917–20, London: Constable, 2006.
Paléologue, Maurice, An Ambassador’s Memoirs, 1914–17, London: Hutchinson, 1973.
Pares, Bernard, Fall of the Russian Monarchy: A Study of the Evidence, London: Cassell, 1988.
Pipes, Richard, The Russian Revolution 1899–1919, London: Fontana Press, 1992.
Poore, Judith, The Memoirs of Emily Loch: Discretion in Waiting, Forres, Moray: Librario Publishing, 2007.
Preston, Robert, ‘Sir Robert Preston Recalls Ekaterinburg’, Spectator, 11 March 1972, 19.
Preston, Thomas, Before the Curtain, London: John Murray, 1950.
‘Prince Michael bids to clear George V’s name over Tsar’s Death’, Daily Express, 2 February 2010.
Prochaska, Frank, ‘George V and Republicanism, 1917–1919’, Twentieth Century British History, 10: 1, 1999, 27–51.
Radzinsky, Edvard, The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1992.
Rappaport, Helen, Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs, London: Hutchinson, 2008.
________ Four Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Romanov Grand Duchesses, London: Macmillan, 2014.
Robertson, Anne, ‘Kings, Queens, Tsars, and Commissars: Russia Gets the Royal Treatment’, Demokratizatsiya (Washington DC), 4: 2, 1996, 201–22.
Rodzianko, Mikhail, The Reign of Rasputin: An Empire’s Collapse: Memoirs of M. V. Rodzianko, London: A. M. Philpot, 1927.
Rodzianko, Count Paul, Tattered Banners, London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1939.
Röhl, John C. G., Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser’s Early Life, 1859–1888, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
________ Wilhelm II: Into the Abyss of War and Exile 1900–1941, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Rose, Kenneth, King George V, London: Phoenix Press, 2000.
Service, Robert, The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution, London: Macmillan, 2017.
Shelking, Evgeniy, Recollections of a Russian Diplomat: The Suicide of Monarchies (William II and Nicholas II), New York: Macmillan, 1918.
Smith, Doug, Rasputin, London: Macmillan, 2016.
Soroka, Marina, Britain, Russia and the Road to the First World War: The Fateful Embassy of Count Aleksandr Benckendorff 1903–1916, London: Routledge, 2016.
Steinberg, Isaac N., In the Workshop of the Revolution, London: Gollancz, 1955.
Steinberg, Mark, and Khrustalev, Vladimir, The Fall of the Romanovs, London: Yale University Press, 1995.
Stopford, Albert, The Russian Diary of an Englishman, Petrograd 1915–1917, London: Heinemann, 1919.
Sukhanov, Nikolai, The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Summers, Anthony, and Mangold, Tom, The File on the Tsar, 2nd edn 1987 and 3rd edn 2002.
Suttie, Andrew, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics and Strategy 1914–18, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Sylvester, A. J., Life with Lloyd George: The Diary of A. J. Sylvester 1931–1945, London: Macmillan, 1975.
Taylor, Edmond, The Fall of Dynasties: The Collapse of the Old Order 1905–1922, New York: Doubleday, 1963.
Tomaszewski, Fiona K., A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914, New York: Praeger, 2002.
Trewin, J. C., Tutor to the Tsarevich: Charles Sydney Gibbes, London: Macmillan, 1975.
Urbach, Karina, Royal Kinship: British and German Family Networks 1815–1914, Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag, 2008.
________ Go-Betweens for Hitler, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Van der Kiste, John, Princess Victoria Melita: Grand Duchess Cyril of Russia 1876–1936, Stroud: Sutton, 1991.
________ Northern Crowns: Kings of Modern Scandinavia, Stroud: Sutton, 1998.
________ Crowns in a Changing World: The British and European Monarchies 1901–36, Stroud: Sutton, 2003.