Africa
Page 146
4 Post, op. cit., p.191
5 Douglas Rimmer, The Economies of West Africa, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p.60
6 Rimmer, op. cit., p248
7 Rimmer, op. cit., p.81
8 Rimmer, op. cit., p.84
9 Alan Rake, 100 Great Africans, Scarecrow Press, 1994, p.278
10 David Rooney, Kwame Nkrumah, I. B. Tauris, 1988, p.205
11 John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, Andre Deutsch, 1978, p.160n.
12 Paul Lee, West Africa, 3 articles, 19–25 November 2001
13 John Hatch, Africa Today – and Tomorrow, Frederick A. Praeger, 1960, p.50
14 Rimmer, op. cit., p.146
15 John Hatch, The History of Britain in Africa, Andre Deutsch, 1969, p.270
16 Ronald Segal, African Profiles, Penguin Books, 1962, p.281
17 West Africa, 26/08/1961
18 Segal, op. cit., p.280
19 Edith Hodgkinson, ‘Benin’, Africa South of the Sahara 1980–81, Europa Publications, 1980, p.173
20 Rake, op. cit., p.357
21 Arthur W. Lewis, Politics in West Africa, George Allen and Unwin, 1965, p.21
22 Lewis, op. cit., p.23
23 Lewis, op. cit., pp.62–3
24 Rimmer, op. cit., p.215
Chapter Nine The Horn of Africa
1 East African Standard, 13/05/1960
2 The Times, 24/12/1960
3 James Morris, Guardian, 11/12/1961
4 Observer, 11/02/1962
5 East Africa and Rhodesia, 23/08/1963
6 Norman Bentwich, The Times, 17/05/1963
7 See Tesfatsion Medhanie, Eritrea Dynamics of a National Question, B. R. Gruner, Amsterdam, 1986, p.19
8 Medhanie, op. cit., p.23
9 Medhanie, op. cit., p.26
10 Kevin M. Cahill, Somalia A Perspective, The State University of New York Press, Albany, 1980, p.52
11 Barry Lynch, ‘The Somali Democratic Republic. The One that Got Away’, in The New Communist Third World, editor Peter Wiles, Croom Helm, 1982, p.278
12 Somaliland News, 29/08/1960
13 Africa Digest, April 1962, vol. IX No. 5
14 Somali News, 03/08/1962
15 Barry Lynch, op. cit., p.279
16 Mohamed Omer Beshir, The Southern Sudan Background to Conflict, C. Hurst & Co., 1968, p.81
17 Beshir, op. cit., p.101
18 See Ali Mazrui, ‘The Multiple Marginality of the Sudan’, pp.240–55, in Sudan in Africa, editor Yusuf Fadl Hasan, Khartoum University Press, 2nd edition, 1985
19 Mazrui, op. cit., p.242
20 Mazrui, op. cit., pp.244–52
21 Guardian, 20/10/1965
22 Roy Lewis, The Times, 28/05/1970
23 Financial Times, 24/08/1966
Chapter Ten East Africa
1 Ali Mazrui, Violence and Thought, Longmans, 1969, p.14
2 Alan Rake, 100 Great Africans, Scarecrow Press, 1994
3 The Nationalist, Dar es Salaam, 12/01/1965
4 John Okello, Revolution in Zanzibar, East African Publishing House, 1967, p.24
5 A. Marshall MacPhee, Kenya, Ernest Benn, 1968, p.183
6 Sunday News, Dar es Salaam, 26/01/1964
7 Mazrui, op. cit., p.5
8 Africa Digest, April 1964, vol. XI, No. 5
9 Julius Nyerere, Freedom and Unity, Oxford University Press, 1967, p.85
10 Uganda Argus, 1/07/1963
11 See Donald Rothchild, editor, Politics of Integration, East African Publishing House, 1968, for documents and speeches on East African integration
12 Uganda Argus, 11/05/1964
13 Reginald Green and Ann Seidman, Unity or Poverty, Penguin Books, 1968, p.142
14 Sunday Post, 22/03/1964
15 The photograph is reproduced in Kenyatta, A Photographic Biography, by Anthony Howarth, East African Publishing House, 1967
16 MacPhee, op. cit., p.173
17 See William Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks, Harper and Row, 1967
18 Ali Mazrui, On Heroes and Uhuru Worship, Longmans Green, 1969, p.57
19 Attwood, op. cit., p.215
20 Policy Statement by Bro. Tom Mboya, Kenya Federation of Labour 1960 Annual Conference, Nairobi, p.3 (Quoted in Ioan Davies, African Trade Unions, Penguin Books, 1966, p.101)
21 Ioan Davies, African Trade Unions, Penguin Books, 1966, pp.163–4
22 George Bennett, ‘Patterns of Government in East Africa’, International Affairs, vol. 45, No. 1, January 1969, p.90
23 See Independent Kenya, Anonymous, sponsored by the Journal of African Marxists, Zed Press, 1982, p.12
24 Independent Kenya, p.26
25 A. J. Hughes, East Africa The Search for Unity, Penguin Books, 1963, p.243
26 Hughes, op. cit., p.243
27 The Times, 28/09/1962
28 Guardian, 5/10/1962
29 Kenya Weekly News, 5/10/1962
30 Cranford Pratt, The Critical Phase in Tanzania, 1945–1968, Cambridge University Press, 1976, p.134
31 Pratt, op. cit., p.166
32 Rodger Yeager, Tanzania: An African Experiment, Westview Press, 1989, p.73
33 See Julius Nyerere, ‘Ujamaa The Basis of African Socialism’ in Nyerere, Freedom and Unity, Oxford University Press, 1967, p.162 et seq.
34 Guardian, 2/06/1970
Chapter Eleven White Racism in Central Africa
1 Bulawayo Chronicle, 17 & 18 February 1949
2 Quoted in Patrick Keatley, The Politics of Partnership, Penguin Books, 1963, p.272
3 Speech at Que Que election meeting, 02/03/1956, quoted in Ronald Segal, The Race War, Jonathan Cape, 1966, p.85
4 John Hatch, Africa Today – and Tomorrow, Frederick A. Praeger, 1960, p.251
5 Theodore Bull (editor), Rhodesian Perspective, Michael Joseph, 1967, p.17
6 Richard Hall, The High Price of Principles, Hodder & Stoughton, 1969, p.61
7 Hall, op. cit., p.101
8 Daily Telegraph, 03/07/1965
9 Hall, op. cit., p.127
10 Hall, op. cit., p.156
11 Quoted in Guy Arnold, The Last Bunker, Quartet Books, 1976, p.136
12 Bull, op. cit., p.108
13 Eileen Haddon, ‘Rhodesia’s Four Years of Sanctions’, Africa Contemporary Record 1969–70, editors Colin Legum and John Drysdale, African Research Ltd, 1969–70, pp.A4ff
14 Ben Pimlott, Wilson, Harper Collins, 1992, p.453
15 Richard Gibson, African Liberation Movements, Oxford University Press, 1972, pp.179–80
17 Observer, 13/10/1968
18 Guardian, 25/10/1965
19 Ken Flower, Serving Secretly, John Murray, 1987, p.48
20 Pimlott, op. cit., p.371
21 Martin Loney, Rhodesia, Penguin Books, 1975, p.161
22 Hall, op. cit., p.67
23 Kenneth Kaunda, UNIP Proceedings of the Annual Conference at Mulungushi, p.iv., Guidelines, p.12
24 Hall, op. cit., p.39
25 Jan Pettman, Zambia Security and Conflict, Julian Friedmann, 1974, p.41
26 Hastings Banda, Malawi Hansard, 16/12/1966, p.67
27 Philip Short, Banda, Routlerdge & Kegan Paul, 1974, p.283
28 Malawi News, 21/05/1960
28 See Carolyn McMaster, Malawi Foreign Policy and Development, Julian Friedmann, 1974, pp.48–49
29 Hall, op. cit., p.32
30 Short, op. cit., p.249
31 Short, op. cit., p.313
Chapter Twelve Portugal in Africa
1 Colin Legum, Africa South, July-September, 1960
2 Amilcar Cabral in ‘Foreword’ to Basil Davidson, The Liberation of Guine, Penguin Books, 1969, p.9
3 Patrick Chabal, A History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa, Hurst, 2002, p.31
4 Eduardo Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique, Penguin Books, 1969, p.50
5 James Duffy, Portugal in Africa, Penguin Books, 1962, p.203
6 Hugh Kay, Salazar and Modern Portugal, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1970, p.183
7 Ronald Segal, The Race War, Jona
than Cape, 1966, p.83
8 Segal, op. cit., p.66
9 Sid Gilchrist, Angola Awake, Ryerson Press, 1968, p.60
10 Chabal, op. cit., p.30
11 William Minter, Portuguese Africa and the West, Penguin Books, 1972, p.150
12 Minter, op. cit., pp.134–5
13 Segal, op. cit., p.83
14 Dean Acheson, to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 1969
15 Minter, op. cit., p.94
16 Duffy, op. cit., p.204
17 Basil Davidson, In the Eye of the Storm, Angola’s People, Longman, 1972, p.96 Davidson’s wide travels in Portuguese Africa with the liberation movements provided him with many insights into the background of the Portuguese African wars
18 Davidson, op. cit., p.120
19 Gilchrist, op. cit.
20 Observer, 21/05/1961
21 Douglas L. Wheeler and Rene Pelissier, Angola, Pall Mall Press, 1971, p.193
22 Russel W. Howe, Current, November 1961
23 Observer, 11/02/1962
24 Flying Review International, April 1966
25 Quoted in Mondlane, op. cit., p.70
26 Mondlane, op. cit., p.139
27 Eduardo Mondlane, Socialist International, 05/03/1965
28 Figaro, 24/10/1967
29 Basil Davidson, The Liberation of Guine, Penguin Books, 1969, p.21
30 West Africa, 17/04/1965
31 Chabal, op. cit., p.9
32 Davidson, op. cit., p.125
33 Basil Davidson, West Africa, 02/11/1968
Chapter Thirteen South Africa
1 Ronald Segal, The Race War, Jonathan Cape, 1966, p.119
2 Mary Benson, The Struggle for a Birthright, Penguin Books, 1966, p.21
3 Benson, op. cit., p.23
4 Govan Mbeki, The Peasants’ Revolt, Penguin Books, 1964, p.23
5 Brian Bunting, The Rise of the South African Reich, Penguin Books, 1964, p.134
6 Quoted in Frank Welsh, A History of South Africa, Harper Collins, 1998, p.460
7 Bunting, op. cit., p.132
8 Alistair Horne, Macmillan I957–1988, vol. II (official biography), Macmillan, 1989, p.194
9 Welsh, op. cit., p.449
10 See Laurie Platzky and Cherryl Walker, The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa, Johannesburg, 1985, p.10
11 Leonard Thompson, A History of South Africa, Yale University Press, 1990, p.200
12 Bunting, op. cit., p.162
13 Star (Johannesburg), 26/11/1970
14 Ruth First, Jonathan Steele, Christabel Gurney, The South African Connection, Temple Smith, 1972, p.41
15 Thompson, op. cit., p.205
16 Investor’s Chronicle, 26/11/1971
17 US Business Involvement in Southern Africa, House of Representatives, US Government Printer, Washington D. C., 1972
18 Alex Kepple, South Africa: Workers Under Apartheid, International Defence and Aid, 1971
19 Fenner Brockway, The Colonial Revolution, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1973, p.593
20 James Fairbairn, New Statesman, 06/02/1960
21 Jack Halpern, South Africa’s Hostages, Penguin Books, 1965, p.307
22 Halpern, op. cit., p.310
23 Halpern, op. cit., p.378
24 Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 11/08/1963
25 Halpern, op. cit., p.59
26 Frank Taylor, Daily Telegraph, 10/04/1968
Part II The 1970s: Decade of Realism
Chapter Fifteen Four Different Development Paths
1 Houari Boumedienne, Recording, Radio Algeria, 29/03/1971
2 See Peter Mansfield, The Arabs, Allen Lane, Penguin Books, 1976
3 Mansfield, op. cit., p.474
4 Mansfield, op. cit., p.475
5 Mansfield, op. cit., p.475
6 Michael Field, Inside the Arab World, John Murray, 1994, p.129
7 Field, op. cit., p.132
8 Tom Forrest, ‘Recent Developments in Nigerian Industrialisation’, in Industry and Accumulation in Africa, editor Martin Fransman, Heinemann, 1982, p.324
9 IBRD, 1979
10 Forrest, op. cit., p.331
11 Douglas Rimmer, The Economies of West Africa, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984, p.131
12 Annual Report, Central Bank of Nigeria, 1978
13 Federal Government of Nigeria, Third National Development Plan 1975–80, vol. I, The Central Planning Office, Lagos 1975, p.29
14 Forrest, op. cit., p.334
15 Ola Oni and Dr Bade Onimode, Economic Development in Nigeria: The Socialist Alternative, The Nigeria Academy of Arts Sciences and Technology, 1975
16 Oni and Onimode, op. cit., p.172
17 Oni and Onimode, op. cit., p.191
18 Colin Legum, Africa Contemporary Record 1971–72, (ACR), ‘Tanzania’, p.B206, Rex Collings, 1972
19 Legum, op. cit., ‘Tanzania’, p.B211
20 Legum, Africa Contemporary Record 1972–73, ‘Tanzania’, p.B255, Rex Collings 1973
21 Legum, Africa Contemporary Record 1974–75, p.B284, Rex Collings, 1975
22 Julius Nyerere, The Arusha Declaration – Ten Years After, Dar es Salaam, 1977, pp.19–20
23 Legum, Africa Contemporary Record 1970–71, ‘Botswana’, pp.B471–2, Rex Collings, 1972
24 Legum, Africa Contemporary Record 1973–74, ‘Botswana’, p.B308, Rex Collings, 1974
Chapter Sixteen Oil and Israel; A New International Economic Order
1 People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, Memorandum submitted by Algeria to the Conference of Sovereigns and Heads of State of OPEC Member Countries, Algiers, March 1975, p.5
2 Michael Tanzer, The Race for Resources, Monthly Review Press, 1980, p.244
3 Tanzer, op. cit., provides an in depth analysis of the process whereby control is exercised in developing countries by multinationals and their supporting institutions of the West.
4 Tanzer, op. cit., p.194
5 Tanzer, op. cit., p.71
6 Keesings Record of World Events, November 1973
7 Africa Digest, vol. XIX No. 3, June 1972
8 East African Standard, 22/11/1973
9 Quoted in Legum, Africa Contemporary Record 1973–74, Collings, 1974, p.C80
10 Colin Legum, ‘The Year in Perspective’, p.xviii, Africa Contemporary Record 1974–75, Collings, 1975
11 Times of Zambia, Lusaka, 18/09/1975
12 UN Resolution 2626 (XXV) 2229th plenary meeting, 1 May 1974
Chapter Seventeen The Growth of Aid
1 I am indebted to Kogan Page for permission to quote extensively from my book, Aid in Africa, published in 1979, in which I analysed aid to Africa through the 1970s.
2 L. Valentin, Pravda, 14/08/1976
3 See chapter 16, above, for details of the Arab-African debate on compensatory finance from the oil states to Africa
4 Polar Star, June 1978
5 Jens Erik Torp, The Development Strategies behind the Aid Programme of the Soviet Union to African Countries, Nordiska Afrika Institutet, 1976
6 For an analysis of UNCTAD III see Africa Digest, vol. XIX No. 3, June 1972
7 What kind of Africa by the year 2000? (Final Report of the Monrovia Symposium on the future development prospects of Africa towards the year 2000), OAU, 1979
8 The World Bank, Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action, World Bank, 1981, p.119
Chapter Eighteen Strategic Highways
1 Richard Taylor, ‘Uhuru Highway’, Africa Magazine, No. 3, 1971
2 Richard Synge, ‘Trans-African Highway’, Third World, Jan/Feb 1975
3 Richard Taylor, op. cit.
4 ‘Botswana and Southern Africa’, address by President Seretse Khama to the Foreign Policy Association of Denmark, 13/11/1970
5 See Lord Hailey, An African Survey, revised 1956, Oxford University Press, 1957, p.1577
6 Reported in The Times, 08/02/1973
7 Douglas Anglin, ‘The Politics of transit routes in land-locked Southern Africa’, in Landlocked Countries of Afr
ica, Zdenek Cervenka (editor), The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, 1973, p.102
Chapter 19 The Cold War Comes to The Horn
1 The Observer, 20/12/1970
2 Hugh Hanning, The Times, 26/02/1971
3 See Colin Legum, Ethiopia: The Fall of Haile Selassie’s Empire, Rex Collings, 1975, p.2
4 See Africa Digest, vol. XX No 5, October 1973
5 Patrick Gilkes, ‘Ethiopia: It Takes More Than Aid To End Starvation’, The Times, 1/11/1973
6 Tesfatsion Medhane, Eritrea: Dynamics of a National Question, B. R. Gruner, Amsterdam, 1986, p.21
7 See US Congress, Senate Sub Committee on United States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: Ethiopia, Hearings 91st Congress, 2nd Session, June, 1, 1970
8 Martin Doornbus, Lionel Cliffe, Abdel Ghaffar, M. Ahmed and John Markakis, Beyond Conflict in the Horn, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, James Currey, 1992, p.7
9 Alan Rake, Gemini News Service, 20/03/1973
10 A. J. McIlroy, Daily Telegraph, 14/04/1973
11 Michael Wolfers, Guardian, 5/03/1974
12 Martin Walker, Guardian, 15/04/1974
13 The Times, 2/07/1974
14 Alan Rake, Guardian, 20/08/1974
15 Colin Legum, op. cit., p.4
16 Colin Legum, op. cit., p.74
17 Fred Halliday, ‘The Fighting in Eritrea’, New Left Review, No. 67 (May–June 1971), p.65
18 US Policy for Sale of Arms to Ethiopia Hearings, 94th Congress, Ist Session, March 5, 1975 (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1975) p.11
19 Medhane, op. cit., p.79
20 See Colin Legum and Bill Lee, Conflict in the Horn of Africa, Africana Publishing Company, New York & London, 1977, p.7
21 Medhane, op. cit., p.99
22 For portraits of these two leaders see Alan Rake, Who’s Who in Africa, Scarecrow Press, 1992
23 For a detailed history of Ethiopia in the years prior to the revolution of 1974, see Patrick Gilkes, The Dying Lion, Feudalism and Modernization in Ethiopia, Julian Friedmann, 1975
24 Legum and Lee, op. cit., p.96
25 Daily Telegraph, 1/03/1978
26 Washington Post, 20/12/1977
27 Kevin M. Cahill, M. D., Somalia A Perspective, The State University of New York Press, Albany, 1980, p.31
28 Cahill, op. cit., p.34
29 Cahill, op. cit., p.42
Chapter Twenty Rhodesia
1 The Times, 9/11/1971
2 Guardian, 10/11/1971
3 The Times, 10/11/1971