by Guy Arnold
20 Ismail Serageldin, Poverty Adjustment and Growth in Africa, p.iii, The World Bank, 1989
21 Serageldin, op. cit., p.14
22 Ngumba Musa-Nda, ‘A greater role for local development strategies’, 1988, Regional Development Dialogue 9(2): 1–11
Part IV The 1990s: New Directions and New Perceptions
Chapter Thirty-One The End of the Cold War
1 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, p.35, Hamish Hamilton, 1992
2 Martin Walker, The Cold War, p.354, Fourth Estate, 1993
3 Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit, p.76, Vintage, 2003
4 Scott Peterson, Me Against My Brother, p.19, Routledge, 2000
5 Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, p.125, Touchstone Books, 1997
6 Huntington, op. cit., p.31
7 Curtis, op. cit., p.76
8 Huntington, op. cit., p.241
9 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo, p.142, Zed Books, 2002
10 Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works Disorder as Political Instrument, p.112, James Currey, 1999
11 Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy, p.19, Zed Books, 2000
12 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.3
13 Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti-War, p.42, Little, Brown & Co., 1993
14 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.33
15 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.142
16 The Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, p.122, OUP, 1995
17 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.27
18 Observer, 1/03/1992
Chapter Thirty-Two South Africa: The Last Hero
1 Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, p.590, Little, Brown & Co., 1994
2 Frank Welsh, A History of South Africa, p.461, Harper Collins, 1998
3 Mandela, op. cit., p.595
4 Welsh, op. cit., p.508
5 Mandela, op. cit., p.602
6 Welsh, op. cit., p.509
7 Welsh, op. cit., p.512
8 Mandela, op. cit., p.606
9 Mandela, op. cit., p.612
10 The Independent, 17/12/1994
11 UNDP, Human Development Report 1998, OUP, 1998
12 Anthony Sampson, Mandela, p.534, Harper Collins, 1999
13 Sampson, op. cit., p.530
14 Sunday Independent (SA), 16/07/1995
15 Sunday Independent (SA), 6/12/1998
16 Sampson, op. cit., pp.522/23
17 South African Star, 16/12/1997
18 Welsh, op. cit., p.502
19 Roy Hattersley, Observer, 31/08/1997
20 Business Report (SA), 6/10/1998
21 Welsh, op. cit., p.513
22 Business Report (SA), 22/08/1995
23 Allister Sparks, Natal Witness (SA), 9/08/1995
24 Shaun Johnson, Sunday Independent (SA), 14/12/1997
25 Christopher Saunders, ‘South Africa: Recent History’, p.1060, Europa: Africa South of the Sahara 2001, Europa Publications, 2001
26 Saunders, op. cit., p.1061
27 Mandela, op. cit., p.604
28 Welsh, op. cit., p.502
29 Quoted in Sampson, op. cit., p.533
30 The Independent, 22/11/1996
Chapter Thirty-Three Democracy
1 Harry Shutt, A New Democracy, p.146, Zed Books, 2001
2 Shutt, op. cit., p.149
3 Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, p.118, James Currey, 1999
4 Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy, p.27, Zed Books, 2000
5 Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy, p.332, Vintage, 1991
6 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.51
7 Jean-François Bayart, Stephen Ellis and Beatrice Hibou, The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, p.xiii, James Currey, 1999
8 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.23
9 See The Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, and p.337, OUP, 1995
10 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.xvi
11 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.38. Their book deals with this subject in depth in this pertinent examination of the problems suggested by the title.
12 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.36
13 Nicholas Thompson, Scott Thompson, The Baobab and the Mango Tree, p.89, Zed Books, 2000
14 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.118
15 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.162
16 Bayart, op. cit., pp.4–5
17 Thompson, op. cit., p.118
18 Thompson, op. cit., p.118
19 Georges Nzongola-Ntalanja, The Congo, p.8, Zed Books, 2002
20 Ghanaian Times, 16/08/1998
21 Thompson, op. cit., p.49
22 David Pool, From Guerrillas to Government, p.168, James Currey, 2001
23 Pool, op. cit., p.196
24 Thompson, op. cit., p.165
25 Anver Versi, ‘Victory to the People’, African Business, February 2003, p.13
26 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.102
27 Tony Hodges, Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, p.61, James Currey, 2001
28 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.130
29 Chabral, Daloz, op. cit., p.157
30 Bayart, op. cit., p.2
31 Thompson, op. cit., p.118
Chapter Thirty-Four Civil Wars: Algeria, Somalia, Sudan
1 Hugh Roberts, The Battlefield Algeria 1988–2002, p.109, Verso, 2003
2 Roberts, op. cit., p.4
3 Roberts, op. cit., p.313
4 Roberts, op. cit., p.104
5 Roberts, op. cit., p.250. The particular merit of Hugh Roberts’s book is the analysis he provides as to why things happened the way they did in Algeria, as opposed to many accounts of the civil war that simply record what happened or assume that it was a straightforward confrontation between secular and fundamentalist forces.
6 Roberts, op. cit., p.285
7 Scott Peterson, Me Against My Brother, p.52, Routledge, 2000
8 Peterson, op. cit., p.60
9 Peterson, op. cit., p.112
10 Peterson, op. cit., p.144
11 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Unvanquished, p.53, I. B. Tauris, 1999
12 Boutros-Ghali, op. cit., p.96
13 Boutros-Ghali, op. cit., p.100
Chapter Thirty-Five Genocide and Border Confrontation
1 See Scott Peterson, Me Against My Brother, p.259 et seq., Routledge, 2000
2 Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, p.147, James Currey, 2001
3 Mamdani, op. cit., p.146
4 Mamdani, op. cit., p.185
5 Catherine Watson, ‘Rwanda: War and Waiting’, Africa Report, November/December 1992, p.55
6 Mamdani, op. cit., p.187
7 Mamdani, op. cit., p.213
8 Mamdani, op. cit., pp.196–204
9 Quoted in Lindsay Hilsum, Observer, ‘Hutu Warlord Defends Child Killings’, 3/07/1994
10 Mamdani, op. cit., p.213
11 Mamdani, op. cit., p.232
12 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Unvanquished, p.134, I. B. Tauris, 1999
13 Boutros-Ghali, op. cit., p.136
14 Boutros-Ghali, op. cit., p.138
15 Boutros-Ghali, op. cit., p.140
16 Peterson, op. cit., p.252
17 Peterson, op. cit., p.293
18 The Washington Post, ‘Stopping Rwanda’s Bloodbath’, 5/05/1994
19 Peterson, op. cit., p.302
20 The Economist, 23/10/1999
Chapter Thirty-Six Failed States and the Return of the Imperial Factor
1 The Independent, 16/05/2000
2 Observer, 19/10/1997
3 West Africa, 22/10–09/11/1997
4 The Times, 21/10/1997
5 Baffour Ankrah, New African, May 1998
6 Financial Times, 20/02/2003
7 The Independent, 23/09/2002
8 The Independent, 25/09/2002
9 Observer, 29/09/2002
10 The Independent, 9/12/2002
11 The Independent, 28/01/2003
12 Financial Times, 20/0
2/2003
13 See Thomas Jaye, ‘Roots of the Crisis’, West Africa, pp.20–21, issue 4359, 20–26 January 2003
14 For a detailed account of the civil war, see Guy Arnold, Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa, pp.148–56, Scarecrow Press, 1999
15 James Astill, Observer, 22/06/2003
16 Rupert Cornwell, The Independent, 4/07/2003
Chapter Thirty-Seven The Congo: Africa’s Great War
1 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo, p.172, Zed Books, 2002
2 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., p.199
3 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., p.208
4 Jean-François Bayart, Stephen Ellis and Beatrice Hibou, The Criminalization of the State in Africa, p.22, James Currey, 1999
5 Bayart et al, op. cit., p.108
6 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., p.214
7 The Economist, 24/10/1998
8 Richard Werbner (editor), Postcolonial Subjectivities in Africa, pp.123–4, Zed Books, 2002
9 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., p.227
10 The Independent, 21/03/2001
11 The Independent, 22/10/2001
12 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., p.227
13 The Monitor (Kampala), 3/07/2000
14 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., p.233
15 Denis M. Tull, ‘Reconfiguration of Political Order? The State of the State in North Kivu (DR Congo)’, African Affairs (The Journal of the Royal African Society, vol. 102, No. 408, July 2003), p.431
16 The Independent, 30/05/2003
Chapter Thirty-Eight Mugabe’s Zimbabwe
1 Address to the Nation, 4 March 1980
2 David Blair, Degrees in Violence, p.165, Continuum, 2003. This book provides a detailed account of the violence, the activities of the ‘war veterans’ and the developing polarization between Mugabe and his government on the one hand and the white farmers and black political opponents (Movement for Democratic Change – MDC) on the other.
3 Martin Meredith, Mugabe, p.121, Public Affairs Ltd (Oxford), 2002
4 Meredith, op. cit., p.122
5 Meredith, op. cit., p.126
6 Meredith, op. cit., p.148
7 Meredith, op. cit., p.149
8 See ‘Zimbabwe’, The Annual Register 2002, pp.288–91, Keesing’s Worldwide, 2003
9 Blair, op. cit., p.174
10 Quoted in Blair, op. cit., p133
11 Blair, op. cit., p.137
12 Quoted in Blair, op. cit., p.112
13 Meredith, op. cit., pp.144, 226
14 Stephen Chan, ‘Mugabe: Right and Wrong’, pp.343–7, African Affairs, The Journal of the Royal African Society, vol. 102, No. 407, April 2003
15 Chan, op. cit., p.347
16 ANC Today, 8 March 2002
Chapter Thirty-Nine Corruption
1 I have had more than one conversation with European businessmen in Africa who say something as follows: ‘You have no idea how corrupt these people are (wherever they may be). I had to pay off the minister, his number two and two civil servants before I could secure the contract.’ ‘It takes two to be corrupt.’ Such a response is not understood. They (the Africans) were corrupt. The businessman was just doing what was necessary to obtain his contract!
2 Nicholas Thompson, Scott Thompson, The Baobab and the Mango Tree, p.11, Zed Books, 2000
3 Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars, p.162, Zed Books, 2001
4 Patrick Chabal, Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, p.79, James Currey, 1999
5 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.95
6 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.95
7 See The Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, pp.63–5, OUP, 1995
8 The Commission on Global Governance, op. cit., p.173
9 South Commission, The Challenge to the South, pp.51–2, OUP, 1990
10 Janet MacGaffey, Remy Bazenguissa-Ganga, Congo-Paris, Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law, p.81, James Currey, 2000
11 Harry Shutt, A New Democracy, p.96, Zed Books, 2001
12 Shutt, op. cit., p.96
13 Jean-François Bayart, Stephen Ellis, Beatrice Hibou, The Criminalization of the State in Africa, p.xiii, James Currey, 1999
14 Shutt, op. cit., p.96
15 David Sogge, Give and Take ‘What’s the Matter with Foreign Aid’, p.86, Zed Books, 2002
16 A. Alesine and B. Weder, 1999, ‘Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?’, Paper No. W7108, Cambridge National Bureau of Economic Research
17 Shutt, op. cit., p.97
18 Shutt, op. cit., p.20
19 Hugh Roberts, The Battlefield Algeria 1988–2002, p.107, Verso, 2003
20 Roberts, op. cit., p.307
21 See Tony Hodges, Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, James Currey, 2001
22 Hodges, op. cit., p.71
23 Hodges, op. cit., p.72
24 Karl Maier, This House has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis, p.xxii, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2000
25 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.100
26 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo, p.236, Zed Books, 2002
27 Nzongola-Ntalaja, op. cit., pp.236–7
28 Duffield, op. cit., p.133
29 Eboe Hutchful, Ghana’s Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform, p.3, UN Research Institute for Social Development, in association with James Currey, 2002
30 Hutchful, op. cit., p.37
31 Hutchful, op. cit., p.223
32 See Bayart, Ellis, Hibou, op. cit.
33 Sogge, op. cit., p.179
34 Frances Christie, Joseph Hanlon, Mozambique and the Great Flood of 2000, p.74, James Currey, 2001
35 Christie, Hanlon, op. cit., p.138
36 See Vijay Prashad, Fat Cats and Running Dogs, pp.38–9, extract from the Houston Chronicle, ‘U.S. Foreign Aid as Lever that moved Enron Deal’, Houston Chronicle, 1 November 1995, Zed Books, 2002
37 Tom Lodge, Bus Stop for Everyone, p.147, James Currey, 2002
38 Lodge, op. cit., p.151. His chapter ‘Countering Corruption’, pp.129–52, gives a finely balanced account of the problem in Mbeki’s South Africa.
39 Michael Schulz, Frederik Soderbaum, Regionalization in a Globalizing World, p.77, Zed Books, 2001
40 Chabal, Daloz, op. cit., p.99
Chapter Forty Century’s End: Globalization
1 The Annual Register, ‘South Africa’, p.299, Keesings Worldwide, 2003
2 Desmond Cohen, Working Paper ILO AIDS ‘Human Capital and the HIV experience in Sub-Saharan Africa’, ILO Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work, Geneva, June 2002
3 See Human Development Report 2003, UNDP 2003
4 Economic Commission for Africa, Transforming Africa’s Economies, p.1, ECA, Addis Ababa, 2001
5 The World Bank, Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? The World Bank, Washington DC, 2000
6 The World Bank, op. cit., p.39
7 The Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood, p.10, OUP, 1995
8 Vijay Prashad, Fat Cats and Running Dogs, p.44, Zed Books, 2002
9 Prashad, op. cit., p.149
10 Harry Shutt, A New Democracy, p.72, Zed Books, 2001
11 Shutt, op. cit., p.82
12 Mark Curtis, Web of Deceit, pp.226–7, Vintage, 2003
13 Eboe Hutchful, Ghana’s Adjustment Experience ‘The Paradox of Reform’, p.245, UN Research Institute for Social Development, in association with James Currey, 2002
14 Curtis, op. cit., p.248
15 Curtis, op. cit., p.235
16 See Curtis, Web of Deceit
17 Curtis, op. cit., p.249
18 Curtis, op. cit., p.437
19 See UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, OUP, 1999
20 Judith Richter, Holding Corporations Accountable, p.146, Zed Books, 2001
21 Prashad, op. cit., p.145
22 David Sogge, Give and Take ‘What’s the Matter with Foreign Aid?’, p.126, Zed Books, 2002
23 James Petras and Henry Veltmeyer, Globalisation Unmasked,
p.31, Zed Books, 2001
24 Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy, p.8, Zed Books, 2000
25 Abrahamsen, op. cit., p.9
26 Martin Khor, Rethinking Globalisation, p.15, Zed Books, 2001
27 Hugh Roberts, The Battlefield Algeria 1988–2002, p.222, Verso, 2003
28 Roberts, op. cit., p.325
29 See Janet MacGaffey and Remy Bazenguissa-Ganga, Congo-Paris Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law, James Currey, 2000
30 François Houtart and François Polet (eds), The Other Davos. P.7, Zed Books, 2001
31 Houtart and Polet, op. cit., p.27
32 Christian Comeliau, The Impasse of Modernity, p.32, Zed Books, 2000 (translation 2002)
33 Comeliau, op. cit., p.83
Epilogue
1 Sam Kiley, Observer, 17/08/2003
2 See Anver Versi, ‘Who Rules Africa’, p.13, African Business, No. 290, August/September 2003
3 See Nilla Ahmed, ‘G8 Leaders told to fulfil promises’, p.31, West Africa, issue 4379, 9–15 June 2003
4 S. K. B. Asante, ‘Making NEPAD a shared vision’, p.30, West Africa, issue 4374, 5–11 May 2003
5 Richard Dowden, The Independent, 31/05/2003
6 The Independent, 15/07/2003
7 Harry Shutt, A New Democracy, p.21, Zed Books, 2001
8 James Butty, ‘USA hears Africa’s trade demands’, p.27, West Africa, issue 4383, 7–13 July 2003
9 Anver Versi, ‘He came, he saw, did he conquer?’, p.15, African Business, No. 290, August/September 2003
10 Editorial, Mail and Guardian, South Africa
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