The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
Page 235
in orthogenetic theories, 354, 355-365, 381-382, 391-393, 395
in pre-Darwinian concepts of evolution, 137-140 (see also germinal selection)
primacy of, for Darwin, 254-260, 339-341
principle of divergence and, 224-236
as restrictive, 1294-1295
selection as term and, 722
selection vs. sorting and, 659, 670-671, 783-784
significance of evo-devo results for, 1065-1069
“syllogistic core” of, 125
synergism of positive constraint with, 1040-1045
as tautological, 368n-369n
textbooks and, 577-579
natural theology central premise of, 261-262
formalist version of, 271-278, 322-323 (see also Agassiz, Louis; continental formalist tradition)
functionalist version of, 262-271 (See also British functionalism; Paley, William)
Lamarck and, 173
Origin as refutation of, 116-125
Natural Theology (Paley), 116-121, 262-271
Nature magazine
Gould and Eldredge article for (1993), 971-972
Gould letter to, 985
Necker Cube metaphor, 639-641, 656, 667
Nehm, R. H., 843-844, 852
Nelson, G. E., 577, 580
neo-Darwinism
Goldschmidt and, 453-456
in late nineteenth century, 198, 199-200, 216, 358 (see also Wallace, A. R.; Weismann, August)
in twentieth century, 216 (see also Modern Synthesis, hardening of)
Neo-Lamarckism
Cope and, 366-370
functionalist versions of, 367
Hyatt and, 370-383
orthogenetic versions of, 366-367
neontology
punctuated equilibrium and, 778-781
species selection and, 653
nesting, as property of hierarchical levels, 682-683
Neumann, C. J., 1129-1130
neutral features, 221. See also non adaptive origin
neutral theory of molecular evolution, 22, 143, 167, 521n, 676-677
properties of gene-individual and, 685-689
Newell, N. D., 44, 775, 1304
Newman, Cardinal, Apologia Pro Vita Sua, 37-38
Newsweek, 983
New Yorker, 975
New York Times, 912-913, 931, 983
Nichols, D. J., 831
Nicholson, A. J., 561-562
Nield, E. W., 997
Nietzsche, F., 52
Genealogy of Morals, 85, 1215-1218
historical method and, 1214-1218, 1231, 1248, 1258
nonadaptative origin. See also “correlations of growth”; exaptation; spandrels
category of currently neutral features with, 1246-1249
centrality of, in evolutionary theory, 1258-1270
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nonadaptive origin (continued)
consequential status and, 1249
geographic variation and, 534-535, 538-539, 586
germinal selection and, 220-221
inadaptive vs. nonadaptive features and, 1247
modes of speciation and, 535, 538, 541, 546
nooks and crannies and, 1249
polymorphisms and, 534, 538, 541, 546
spandrels and, 1249-1258
terminology of, 1246-1270
non-directionality of variation. See isotropy of variation
non-progressivism, concept of, 468-470. See also progress
non-trending clades, concept of, 936-939
nooks and crannies
currently neutral features with nonadaptive origin and, 1249
spandrels and, 1253-1258
normalizing clade selection, 78, 713, 714, 883-885
novelty, origin of. See also efficacy, as Darwinian principle; punctuations; speciation
macroevolutionary theory and, 1039-1040
role of saltational change in, 1146
“nuclear winter,” 1312
“nuon,” 691
Nüsslein-Volhard, C., 1129-1130
Occam’s razor, 552-554
Oenothera lamarckiana (evening primrose), 68, 418, 420, 426-427, 428, 429, 434-435, 446-447
Oertiella species, 852
Ohnmacht of selection, 355-365
Ohno, S., 694, 695
Oken, L., 300, 318-319, 355-356
“old age theory,” 370-372
Olson, E. C., 256n, 559, 574-576, 584, 917
ontogenetic drive, 722-724
ontogeny. See also evolutionary developmental biology
Goethe’s cyclical principle and, 287-288
Lamarckism and, 182
“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, " 208
Onychophora, 1148-1149, 1169
“opportunism,” as term, 1289-1290
orchid principle, 104. See also discordance
“order for free” concept, 1054
D’Arcy Thompson and, 1208
Kauffman and, 1180, 1208-1212, 1213-1214
Ordovician fossil record, 754, 769
organismal selection. See also agency, as Darwinian principle; individuality, meaning of; levels of selection; natural selection
birth and death biases in, 449
concept of speciation rate and, 669-670
Darwin’s argument for, 128-132
Darwin’s handling of exceptions and, 133-136, 596-597
development of Darwin’s views on, 132-133
exclusivity of, in Darwin, 14, 60, 125, 133, 135
failure of logic of, 596-597
as level in hierarchy theory, 700-701
“organism” as term and, 600-601
spandrels and, 1289-1291
validation of, and progress, 1321-1322
Weismann’s Allmacht of selection and, 197-201, 215, 219, 596
organization, as criterion for individuality, 603
“organized adaptive complexity,” 710-712
Orgel, L., 693-694
Origin centennial (1959), 70, 503, 505, 566, 570-576
in Chicago, 558-562, 570, 572-576, 755
in Philadelphia, 570-572
Origin of Species (Darwin)
accuracy of quotes from, 1014
agency as theme in, 125-137
continued relevance of, 58, 96-97
as defense of minimal commitments, 12, 59
“Difficulties on Theory” passage in, 64, 251, 332, 1058, 1130-1131, 1218-1224
editions of, 99n
efficacy as theme in, 137-159
emphasis on historical explanation in, 1333-1335
errors in, 153-155, 166, 757
facts in, 108-109
figure in, 228-229, 241, 242, 243-244
historical reviews of, 163-169
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human evolution in, 151
mentions of Owen in, 327
methodological aspect of, 59, 97-116
as one long argument, 59, 97-99, 101-103
principle of divergence and, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237, 238, 239-240, 1313
scope as theme in, 159-163
theoretical aspect of, 59, 116-163
tripartite structure of, 111-112, 128
uniformitarianism as theme in, 94-96, 757-758
Wallace’s paper and, 227, 233, 336
orthodenticle gene, 1162
orthogenesis, 66-67
biogenetic law and, 353, 362, 367-368
dismissal of, in Modern Synthesis, 507, 510
early pluralism of Modern Synthesis and, 515, 517-518
Eimer’s version of, 66, 355-365
Goldschmidt and, 462, 464-465
Hyatt’s “hard version” of, 66-67, 353, 365-383 (see also Hyatt, Alpheus)
misconceptions about, 352-355
relative frequency argument and, 354-355
role of natural selection as force in, 354, 355-365, 381-382, 391-393, 395
as term, 351-352
Weismann and, 220-221
Whitman’s version of, 67, 383-395
Orwell,
G., 451, 466
Osborn, H. F., 567-568, 1082, 1083, 1085
Ospovat, D., 229, 234n, 314, 330-331
Oster, G., 256n, 1023
ostracodes, 827-828, 829, 842, 852
“our of Africa” hypothesis (“entity theory”), 911-912
Overton, W., 989
ovoviviparity. See viviparity
Owen, Richard, 46, 51, 280, 282n, 312-329
adaptation and, 324-326
categories of homology and, 316-317, 1070-1073
concept of constraint and, 323-324
as formalist, 65, 313n
On the Nature of Limbs, 313-314, 317, 319, 328, 332
relationship with Darwin, 326-329
review of Origin, 327-328
vertebral archetype and, 316-326, 328-329, 1091
oyster. See Gryphaea
paleobiology, as profession, 774-775
Paleolithic art, 953-956
paleontology. See also fossil record; macroevolutionary theory; entries for specific paleontologists
criterion for species selection and, 653-654
Cuvier and, 295n
Darwin’s work in, 102, 153-154
directional properties of change and, 468-469
discourse about trends in, 886-893
efforts to document gradualism and, 752-755, 759-760
exemplars of gradualism in, 752-753, 761-765
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 71, 521, 556-566, 580-584, 1224-1225
impact model in, 1309-1312
impact of punctuated equilibrium model in, 778
insufficiency of Modern Synthesis for, 1327
Olson’s critique of Modern Synthesis and, 574-576
orthogenesis and, 365
stasis as common knowledge in, 749-755
stasis as data in, 759-765, 971
stymied practice in, 761-765, 1303-1306
paleospecies, definability of, 76, 784-796
correspondences with biospecies and, 785-789
overestimation of biospecies by, 792-793
“Scheinproblem” of temporal continua and, 784-785
underestimation of biospecies by, 789-792
Paleozoic fossil record, 753
Paley, William, 51, 59, 60, 230, 262-271
case for adaptationism, 268-271
Darwin’s refutation of, 120-121, 123-125
Evidences of Christianity, 265-266
influence on Darwin, 119-120, 253
natural theology and, 116-121
panda principle, 104. See also discordance
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Panganiban, G., 1140
pangenes, 424
pangenesis, 68
Darwin’s principle of, 166, 423, 424-425
De Vries’ concept of, 424-425
panmixia, hypothesis of, 63, 205-207, 221
“paradox of the visibly irrelevant,” 834
parallel hierarchies, notion of, 642n
parallelism. See also convergence vs. parallelism; positive constraint
distinction between convergence and, 52, 81-82
episodes in history of debate about, 1081-1089
examples of convergence reinterpreted as, 83, 1069
eye development and, 82, 83, 1123-1134
importance of, 1061-1089
logical types of similarities and, 1076-1081, 1128-1129
meaning of, 1076-1089
origin of term, 1081-1084
as positive constraint, 82, S3
role of historical constraint and, 1056-1057
within small clades, 1132-1134
of underlying generators, 1122-1134
paralogs, 1079
Pareto, V., 614
Parker, G. E., 986-987, 988
Parker, W. C., 733
parsimony, 552-554
Parsons, P. A., 871-872
particulate inheritance, 510
“parts,” 674
Patel, N. H., 1133-1134
Patten, W., 1118, 1121
Patterson, C., 1080, 1088
Paul, C. R. C., 825-826, 827, 828, 845, 853 875
Pax-6 system, 82, 83, 1123-1134
Pelaz, S., 1094
pendentives, 1250
Pcnnisi, E., 1111, 1152
Penny, D., 1014
“peripatric speciation,” 536, 702
Permian extinction, 1315
personal selection
germinal selection and, 200, 214-224
as term, 200n (see also organismal selection)
Peterson, S. A., 952
Phacops rana, 865
Pharaonic bricks vs. Corinthian columns analogy, 1134-1142
Phenacodus, 833, 842
phenotypes, and critiques of punctuated equilibrium, 802-810
Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck), 108
philosophy of science, 28-29, 598. See also entries for specific philosophers
conventionalism in, 639-641
phyletic life cycles, concept of, 368-373
phyllotactic patterns, 1212
“physiological genetics,” 460
phytoplankton, 1319. See also Foraminifera
Piatigorsky, J., 1242-1244
pigeons
Darwin and, 337, 385-386
Whitman and, 67, 386-395
Pineda, D., 1129
pinmaking analogy, 231
Pittendrigh, C. S., 577, 578
placentation. See viviparity placentotrophy. See viviparity planarians, 1129
planetary dynamics, 490. See also geological time
Darwin’s response to Kelvin and, 501-502
Kelvin’s argument on, 492-493
plankton. See Foraminifera
plant morphology. See ABC Model; Goethe, J. W. von “plastids,” 209
plate tectonics, 1311, 1312
Playfair, J., 495
Pleistocene fossil record, 769-771
plurifaction
confusion with faithful replication, 621
dual hierarchies and, 642n
selectionist mechanics and, 71, 611
“plus ça change” model, 872-874
Podos, J., 1287
political theory, 977
Pollock, R. A., 1164-1165
polymorphisms, and nonadaptational modes of speciation, 534, 538, 541, 546
polytomies, and punctuated equilibrium, 77, 820, 821
Pope, Alexander, 680
popular culture, punctuated equilibrium in, 973-979
population characteristics, and properties of taxonomic groups, 806-807
population genetics
Modern Synthesis and, 514-516, 531
punctuated equilibrium and, 1023
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population thinking, 8
Poseidonamicus, 832
“position of organic stability,” 402n
positive constraint. See also aptive triangle; channeling; historical constraint
as channeling, 84, 1027-1032, 1037-1051, 1122-1142
evolvability and, 1271-1272, 1276
overextension of, 83
paradoxical flexibility of, 1271-1272, 1294-1295
“Pharaonic bricks” and “Corinthian columns” analogy and, 83
relative power of, 81, 82, 1047-1051
stasis and, 879-880
synergism with natural selection, 80-83, 1040-1045
as term for nonstandard causes of change, 81, 1032-1037, 1051-1061
top-down vs. bottom-up adaptation and, 84, 1147-1155, 1272-1273
Powers, T. P., 1099
“preadaptation,” as term, 86, 1231-1232
Precambrian life, 153-154
pre-Darwinian concepts of evolution, 23, 64-66. See also Chambers, Robert; Lamarckism
common themes of, 94
Darwin’s revolution and, 93-97, 98-99, 161
directionality of change and, 94
dualism and, 97-98
as “internalist” accounts, 160-161
natural selection in discourse of, 137-140
origins of Darwin’
s views and, 193-197
saltation and, 94
structuralist-functionalist dichotomy and, 64-66, 257
Price, G. R., 663
Price, P. W., 997, 998
Prigogine, Ilya, 922
Principles of Animal Ecology (Alle, Emerson, Park, Park and Schmidt), 544-545
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 174, 175, 195-196
progress. See also directionality of variation
biomechanical advantage and, 1270
biotic competition and, 469-470, 475-477
cultural concern with, 467-468, 588
Darwin’s rationale for, 47, 52, 58, 68-69, 185, 468, 469-470, 475-477
De Vries’ classification and, 433-434
failure of uniformitarian argument for, 1321-1322
geological license for, 467-470
internal vs. external generation of, 190
in knowledge, 969n
Lamarck and, 179-181, 183-186, 190
large- vs. small-scale forces of, 23
textbooks and, 580, 581
progress vs. diversity antinomy, 190
“promophology,” 209
Protagoras, 680-681, 908
Prothero, D. R., 846-847, 855-856, 861-864, 997
protistan cells, 1190
Provine, W., 99n
history of Modern Synthesis and, 505, 507, 512-513, 522-524
Sewell Wright and, 522-524
Prunum species, 843-844, 852
publication bias, 763-765, 803-804, 854, 855. See also reporting bias
“punctuated anagenesis,” 795, 840-841, 924
punctuated equilibrium theory, 37. See also hierarchy theory; punctuated equilibrium theory, critiques of; punctuated equilibrium theory, implications of; punctuated equilibrium theory, research in; punctuations; stasis; tiers of time
centrality of, for hierarchy theory, 39, 41-42
as challenge to natural selection, 152
as conservative approach, 778-781
creationism and, 981-984, 986-990
criteria for species as individuals and, 606, 607-608
definability of paleospecies and, 784-796
definitions in, 766-774
deme-individuals and, 603-604, 701-703, 882-883, 920
efficacy of species selection and, 651-652, 886-893
errors in early advocacy of, 76-77, 796-802
fossil record as data and, 760-761
geological time and, 765, 766
geology and, 45, 61, 152
microevolutionary links of, 774-781
operational definitions in, 765-781
original paper on (Eldredge and Gould, 1972), 761, 879-880, 979-980, 1001, 1010
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punctuated equilibrium theory (continued)
primary claims of, 765-784
punctuated equilibrium as term and, 774-775
reasons lor punctuational patterns and, 793-796
reformative role of, 765
saltationism and, 75, 781, 986-987, 988, 1005-1006, 1008-1010