Northland_A 4,000-Mile Journey Along America's Forgotten Border
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Northern Boundary Commission survey, 147–48
oil boom, xvi, 149–50, 166–67
settlers in, 165–66
wheat farming, 165–66
Northern Boundary Commission, 138–39, 147–48, 175, 203–4
Northern Pacific Railroad, 138, 208, 209, 210
North Hegman Lake (Minnesota), 118–19
North Lake, 18, 54
North to the Pole (Steger and Schurke), 113
Northwest Angle
Angle Inlet, Minnesota, 136, 137–38, 139–40, 142
border surveys, 138–39, 204
description, 133, 137
Fort Saint Charles, Minnesota, 141
Jake’s Northwest Angle, 137–38, 139–40, 141–42
Jim’s Corner, 136
Treaty of Paris and, 133, 135, 138
Northwest Boundary Commission, 204, 220
North West Company, 194
North-West Mounted Police, 192
Northwest Passage, 8, 26, 78, 125, 194, 195
Norway Point (New Brunswick), 43
Noyes, Minnesota, 136
Obama, Barack, 170, 183
Oceti Sakowin protest camp
arrests of protestors, 178, 182, 183
clashes with authorities, 178–79
Dakota Access Pipeline and, 145–46, 173–74
description and organization, 151–53, 172
disappearance after pipeline completion, 180–82
Doug James and, 155–56
ETP’s private security firm and, 170–71, 178, 179
lawsuits filed, 171
Leon Red Dog, 181–82
meaning of name, 152
number of protestors, 172, 179
police reaction to protests, 145, 171, 174, 178–79
treaty law and, 154, 162, 171
weapons and alcohol ban, 152, 171, 184
see also Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
Ogallala Aquifer, 91
Ohio River, 80, 91
Ojibwe (Chippewa) tribe
Brûlé and, 67
conflict with Sioux, 157
Jake Colson and, 139
migration into the Arrowhead, 118
Northern Boundary Commission survey and, 148
pictographs, 117, 118–19
shamanism, 118, 127–28
Warrior Hill, 127
Olds, Ransom E., 101
Old Town Canoe factory, 18
Olmsted, Frederick, 96
Onondaga, 26, 44, 66
Ontario Railway, 93
Oregon Country, 190, 195, 197, 217
Oregon Trail, 160, 216
Oregon Treaty (1846), 218
Ottawa River, 44, 64, 65, 125
overland trails, 159, 160–61, 163, 216
Pagan, Robert, 16
Paleo-Indians, 39, 117–18, 122, 130
Palmer, Bernard, 139
Panic of 1873, 207, 208
Papen, Franz von, 94
Paradise, Michigan, 75
Parsnip River (British Columbia), 194
Passamaquoddy Bay
border in, 3, 121, 135
Champlain and, 8
Downeast pipeline, 179
Passamaquoddy tribe and, 33, 34
smuggling, 5
Passamaquoddy Indians
Champlain and, 24
Diggity Stream rendezvous, 37–38, 39
history and culture, 32–34, 38–40
Indian Township Reservation, 32, 34, 35
Jay Treaty border commission and, 16
origin stories, 32
preserving language, culture, and rights, 32, 33–34
relations with US and Canadian governments, 34–36, 39
travel restrictions, 35–36
see also Soctomah, Donald
Path of Souls, 119, 127, 158
Patterson, Patrick, 47–48, 49–50
Payne, John, 76
Peace Arch Border Crossing (Washington), 222–23
Peace River, 194
Pelee Island (Ontario), 99
pemmican, 129
Penobscot Bay (Maine), 11
Penobscot Indians, 40, 53
Penobscot River (Maine), 18, 32, 33
Perry, Rick, 180
Picket Range (Washington), 218, 220
pictographs, 33, 117, 118–19
Pigeon River, 111, 120
Pilgrim Pipeline, 179
pipelines, petroleum. see Oceti Sakowin protest camp; specific pipelines
pipelines, water, 91
Platte Valley (Nebraska), 209
Plymouth Colony, 38, 45, 64
Poets on the Peaks (Suiter), 219
Polis, Joe, 53
Polk, James, 217, 218
Pond, Abby, 19–20, 23, 46, 47
Pontiac, 100
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 100–101
Port Colborne, Ontario, 97–98
Porter, Augustus and Peter, 96
Pottawatomi Indians, 85
Presque Isle (Michigan), 84, 99
Prins & Zwanenburg, 209
Pruitt, Scott, 180
Puget Sound, 217
Puritans, 45
Quebec
Brûlé and, 67
Champlain (1609–1610), 27, 29, 44, 64
Champlain’s final years, 45–46
fortifications around, 45
founded by Champlain, 25
surrender to English forces in 1629, 45
Quetico Provincial Park (Ontario), 114
Quoddy Narrows (Maine), 4, 15
railroads, role in settling the Northwest, 208–11
Rainy Lake, 114, 125
Rainy River, 121
Rebecca Falls (Ontario), 130
Récollet priests, 82, 84
Red Cloud, 158, 162
Red Dog, Leon, 181–82
Red Paint People, 39–40
Red River Valley, 120, 165, 208
Reed, Roland, 212
Renaissance Center (Michigan), 101
Renaissance on Main (North Dakota), 167
Reno, Marcus, 147, 175–76, 204
reservations
children removed from families, 34, 224
fossil fuel reserves on Indian land, 166
Indian agents, 34, 154, 162–63, 164
meth and heroin smuggling through, 167
mortality rates and substance abuse, 155, 184, 199–200, 225
poverty, 104, 155, 225
US–Canada border straddled by, 35–36, 70
see also specific locations; specific tribes
Revenue Cutter Service, 5, 6
Richelieu River (Quebec), 27
Road of the Spirits, 158
Rocky Mountain Trench, 91
Rogers City, Michigan, 84
Roosevelt, Teddy, 49, 110, 113, 127
Ross Lake (Washington), 20
Route 1, 16, 17, 36
Route 2, 189, 190, 192, 206
Route 12, 136
Route 17, 201
Route 47, 174
Route 1806, 145, 173, 178, 180
Rover Pipeline, 179, 180
Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 60, 223
rubaboo, 125
Ruby Creek (British Columbia), 220
Ruby Ridge, Idaho, 213
Rugby, North Dakota, 148
Rush, Benjamin, 196
Sabal Trail Pipeline, 179
Sable Island (Nova Scotia), 12
Sacajawea, 196
Sagard, Gabriel, 64, 67
Sailors Encampment (Ontario), 93
Sail Rock (Maine), 15
Saint Anthony, North Dakota, 151
Saint Clair River, 84, 101
Saint Cloud, Minnesota, 135
Saint Croix Island (Maine)
canoeing on, 19
Champlain and de Mons expedition in 1604, 11–12, 39
description, 17
ruins of Champlain’s buildings found, 16–17
structures burned by Samuel Argall, 45
Saint Croix River
borde
r in watershed, 3, 16
Canada Border Services Agency cooperation with CBP, 20, 23
endangered species, 32
inland commerce, 18
Monument Brook headwaters, 18, 54
Treaty of Paris and, 16–17, 135
see also specific locations
Saint John, New Brunswick, 32, 52
Saint John River, 32, 38, 52, 54
Saint John Valley (New Brunswick), 52
Saint Lambert Lock, 57, 58
Saint Lawrence River
border in, 57, 70
Equinox and, 69–71, 74–77
exploration by Cartier, 64, 70
exploration by Champlain, 10–12, 25, 26, 64, 70
geological history, 63
Lachine Rapids, 57, 63, 78, 79, 80
shipping and commerce on, 57–58
Saint Lawrence River Divide, 116–17
Saint Louis, Missouri, 161, 183, 197, 200
Saint Louis River, 111
Saint Mary’s Lake (Montana), 200, 201
Saint Mary’s River, 67
Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Company, 207–8
Saint-Sauveur, Maine, 45
Saint Stephen, New Brunswick, 19, 20
Sand Creek massacre, 161
Sand Point Lake, 117, 120, 122
Sand Point Lodge (Ontario), 121–23
Sandy Bay (New Brunswick), 42–43
Santa Fe Trail, 159
Sartain’s Union Magazine, 53
Saskatchewan, 148, 191, 192
Saskatchewan River, 202
Sault Ste. Marie, 67, 85
Savignon, 63–64
Schurke, Paul
on Boundary Waters trip, 115–16, 117–18, 120, 122–23, 126–27, 129–32
in Ely, Minnesota, 114–15
polar and Brazilian expeditions, 113, 127
Schurke, Sue
on Boundary Waters trip, 116, 126–27, 129–30
in Ely, Minnesota, 113–14, 115
North Pole expedition outfitting, 113
Wintergreen outdoor clothing line, 113
scurvy, 12, 25
Seattle, Washington, 206, 208, 220, 221, 226
Second Amendment, 213
Seneca, 26, 79, 80, 81, 83
September 11, 2001, effects of, xvi, 19, 72–73, 98
Seven Years’ War, 92, 192
Seward, William H., 76
Shackleton, Ernest, 113
Shamrock (steamer), 140
Sheridan, Philip, 191
Sheridan, Wyoming, 174
Shoshone, 153, 162, 163, 196
Shuh, Richard, 97–98, 105
Singer Castle, 75–76
Sioux Nation
bands, 155, 159
broken treaties, 151, 154, 164, 171
Cheyenne River Reservation, 170, 179, 182–83
conflict with Ojibwe, 157
defeat of US Army, 150
early history and migrations, 157–58
former territory size, 158, 164
Northern Boundary Commission survey and, 147–48
“Oceti Sakowin” meaning, 152
peace negotiations with United States, 150–51
“Sioux” name origin, 157
and white settlers in mid-1800s, 159, 160–61
Wounded Knee protests in 1973, 155
see also Oceti Sakowin protest camp; Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
Sitting Bull, 163, 166, 168, 184, 191, 192
Skagit Range (Washington), 218
Slave Trade Act, 6
Slope County, North Dakota, 149
Snake River, 196
Snyder, Gary, 219
Soctomah, Donald, 32–35, 37–38, 39–40, 43, 154
see also Passamaquoddy Indians
Soo Locks (Michigan), 93, 101
South Shore Canal, 61–62
Spain, exploration and colonization, 9
Spednic Lake, 18, 31, 36, 37–38, 40–44, 47
Spednic Lake Provincial Park (New Brunswick), 37
Spokane Valley (Washington), 216
Sprague, Manitoba, 136, 137
square-stern canoes, 18–19, 50
Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
drinking water from Missouri River, 147
numbers of protestors, 151
oil and gas leases, 166
poverty and unemployment rate, 155
see also Dakota Access Pipeline; Oceti Sakowin protest camp
Stankiewicz, Jeff, 213–16
St. Croix International Waterway Commission, 19
Steger, Will, 113, 115, 127
Stegner, Wallace, 192
Stephen, 89, 92
Stó:lo- tribe, 220
Streisand, Barbra, 183
Suiter, John, 219
Sully Springs (North Dakota), 174
Superior National Forest, 110
Susquehanna Indians, 66
Taft, William Howard, 37
terrorists, xiv, 20, 94
Terry, Alfred, 175
Tesla, Nikola, 96
Tesoro Logistics oil spill, 150
Thirty Years’ War, 45
Thompson, David, 138
Thoreau, Henry David, 49, 53
Thousand Islands (New York), 75–77
Three Forks, Montana, 197
Thunder Bay International Airport, 104–5
Thunder Bay (Ontario), 58, 98, 103–5
Ticonderoga, New York, 28
Tiger Bay (Minnesota), 126, 128
Tillerson, Rex, 180
Toledo, Ohio, 83, 88
Tomyhoi Creek (Washington), 220
Tonti, Henri de, 82, 83, 85
Tornado Alley, 193
Toronto, Ontario, 66, 88, 89, 97, 136
totem poles, 153, 156
TransCanada, 170
transcontinental railroads, 206, 208–9
Trans-Pecos Pipeline, 153, 179
Traverse City, Michigan, 84, 88
Treat Island (Maine), 14
Treaty of 1818, 217
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 160
Treaty of 1908, 121
Treaty of Paris (1783)
bad maps and conflicting language, 8, 111, 133, 134–35
border commission surveys, 50, 111, 120–21, 138–39
Boundary Waters and, 111, 124, 134, 135
haggling over border, 16, 50, 135
“highlands” and Maine’s border, 50, 52
Lake of the Woods and, 52, 134, 135, 138–39
Northwest Angle and, 133, 135, 138
Saint Croix River and, 16, 135
voyageurs’ route and, 124
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632), 45
Triple Divide Peak (Montana), 200
truchements (interpreters), 64, 65, 66, 67, 75
Tug Hill Plateau (New York), 77
Tumwater, Washington, 217
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 53
Twin Lakes (Washington), 218, 221
Two Bears, Carol, 152–53
Union Pacific, 209
United Tribes International Powwow, 171–72
Upper Saint John Valley (Maine), 38
US Army Corps of Engineers, 146–47, 178, 179, 180, 183
US–Canada border, general
length, xiv
Oregon Treaty (1846), 218
people and history, overview, xv, xvi–xvii
route and location, general, xiii–xiv
smuggling, xiv, 5, 167
terrorists and, xiv, 20, 94
US Customs and Border Protection, xv, 20, 23, 48
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 52, 138–39
see also Treaty of Paris; specific locations
USCGC Eagle, 6
US Coast Guard, 6, 35, 100
US Customs and Border Protection (CBP), xv, 19–20, 23, 48
US Joint Planning Committee, 51
US Life-Saving Service, 6
US–Mexico border, xiv, 20
Valley County Pioneer Museum (Glasgow, Montana), 193
; Van Buren, Martin, 51
Vanceboro border crossing, 18, 37, 38, 43, 47
Vancouver, Washington, 153
Veblen, South Dakota, 172, 173
Vera Lake (Minnesota), 116
Vermilion Batholith, 116
Virginia City, Nevada, 159
Von Papen Plot, 94
voyageurs, 124–26, 129, 130, 134, 194, 196
Wabanaki Confederacy, 40
Wagosh Lake (Minnesota), 131
Waite, Maine, 36–37
Walden (Thoreau), 49
Waldorf Astoria (New York), 76
War of 1812, xv, 161, 217
“War Plan Red,” 51
Warren, George, 121
Warren Island (Ontario), 121
Warroad, Minnesota, 135–36, 137, 142
Washington
border in, 20, 148, 216
early settlers, 216–17
mountains, 190, 216, 218–19
Washington County, Maine, 49
Washington, George, 5, 134
Waterton Lake, 204
water wars, 91, 121, 185
Weaver, Randy, 213
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 52, 138–39
Webster, Daniel, 52
Welland Canal (Ontario), 93–95, 97
Western Interior Seaway, 149
Western Shoshone Indian Nation, 153
Westinghouse, George, 96
West Quoddy Head (Maine), 15, 221
West Road River (British Columbia), 194
Whalen, Phillip, 219
wheat exports, 103–4
Wheaton’s Lodge (Maine), 47–48, 49–50
Wheaton, Woodie, 49
White Iron Lake (Minnesota), 114
Wilderness Act (1964), 110, 128
Williston Basin, 150, 166, 184
Williston Brewing Company (North Dakota), 167
Williston, North Dakota, 166–67, 169, 184
Wilson, Woodrow, 6
Winchester Mountain (Washington), 219–20, 221
Winnebago tribe, 67, 118
Winnipeg, Manitoba, 139, 153
Wolfe Island (Ontario), 77
Wolf Willow (Stegner), 192
Wood River, Illinois, 196
Wounded Knee, South Dakota, 155
Wright, Russell, 4–5
Yakama Nation, 169
Yangtze River, 91
Yeaton, Hopley, 5–6, 15
Yellowstone River, 168, 169
Zupancich family, 126
Zups’ lodge (Minnesota), 126
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