Young Stalin

by Simon Sebag Montefiore

  7. School: Stalin gains a year: RGASPI 558.4.669, P. Kapanadze. Keke. Strong will, always with a book, painting, Greek, improve yourself: GF IML 8.2.1.226–39, Petre Adamashvili. A. Gogebashvili, in charge of Psalms, and Gendarme, quoted in Ostrovsky, pp. 91–99. Stalin best pupil: Suliashvili, p. 13; and Lavrov in uniform, Russian language, pp. 16–23. Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 35, 42, 51–58. Poems at Gori: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.1–20, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili. Stalin threatens Lavrov with death: GDMS 2.1955–148.9–11, “Comrade Stalin at Gori Church School,” by Sandro Elisabedashvili. Beautiful alto and Shakespearean comedy: GF IML 8.2.1.49.185–210, Kote Khakhanashvili. Psalm prize, people attend weddings just to hear Stalin, grand manner, protest: GF IML 8.2.1.10.23–47, Simon Gogchilidze. GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Books in belt: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Ivan Geldiashvili. Be prepared: RGASPI 558.11.778.45, Stalin to Ordzhonikidze.

  4 · A HANGING IN GORI

  1. Keke. RGASPI 558.4.662. Kun, p. 11. “Don’t worry, Mummy”: Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 37. Accident: GF IML 8.2.1.10 S. P. Gogchilidze. “Detskie i scholy gody Iosefa Vissarionovicha Dzhugashvili”: GF IML 8.2.6.306. “Sore legs”—J. Djugashvili to rector of seminary, 15 Nov. 1897: RGASPI 558.4.32. Geza: RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili; also GDMS.

  2. Adelkhanov incident in Tiflis: Keke, and also interview with Pravda, 27 Oct. 1935. RGASPI 558.4.655, S. P. Gogchilidze. See also Molodaya Gvardiya no. 12, 1939, pp. 43–45: Beso’s words recalled by S. P. Gogchilidze and Masho Abramidze—how Egnatashvili tried to persuade Beso. The Adelkhanov factory: Service, Stalin, p. 24. Stink: M. Isaev in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 45. The seminal moment, “If Beso had prevailed, no Stalin”: the phrase is that of Service, Stalin, p. 25. Letters mention me: GF IML 8.2.1.10.23–47, Simon Gogchilidze. Year off: GF IML 8.6.306.

  3. House on Sobornaya Street; Stalin’s rebellion: Iremashvili, pp. 7–10. Work for Beliaev: RGASPI 71.10.273. Joins Kulijanav sisters: Keke. Expulsion from school, scholarship, high marks: RGASPI 71.10.275. See also RGASPI 558.4.655, G. Elisabedashvili, and RGASPI 558.4.243, S. P. Gogchilidze. Scholarship: Ostrovsky, pp. 96–97. Pneumonia and scholarship doubled: GDMS 89, A. Gogebashvili. Reading, books, writing: Suliashvili, p. 15. Memoirs of Mikha Davitashvili, G. Parkadze and Grisha Glurjidze: RGASPI 558.4.651 and GF IML 8.2.1.9. Influence of Z. Davitashvili: letter, E. Djugashvili to Z. Davitashvili, 15 Sept. 1927, quoted in Ostrovsky, p. 93. Social improvement ambitions and influence of father’s stories of bandits like Arsene Odzelashvili: RGASPI 558.4.655, G. Elisabedashvili. Reading all night and influence of Lado Ketskhoveli, book subscription, Darwin, doubts about God: memoirs of G. Glurjidze, P. Kapanadze, G. Elisabedashvili and Demna Shengelaya, quoted in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 50–54.

  4. Charkviani girl in love: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.1–20, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili. Stalin on the sister—she was thirteen and he may have been much younger than her: Charkviani, “Memoirs.”

  5. Hanging: Grigory Razmadze, Suliashvili, p. 20. G. Glebov, “Ocherk A. M. Gorkogo o Gori,” Zaria Vostoka no. 223, quoting Peter Kapanadze on 28 Sept. 1939, and article from Novoe Obrezrenie, 15 Feb. 1892; Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 48–50.A.M. Gorky, Nejegorodsky Listok, 26 Nov. 1896.

  6. This account of Stalin’s enrolment at the seminary is based on Keke, GF IML 8.2.15.2–15. Exam results at church school: RGASPI 71.10.275. Keke’s efforts, exams, offers, fees: GF IML 8.2.1.10 and RGASPI 558.4.665, S. P. Gogchelidze. RGASPI 558.4.61. On fees of 140 roubles per annum: Ostrovsky, pp. 108–10. On entrance enrolment: RGASPI 558.4.10. Tucker, Stalin as Revolutionary (henceforth Tucker), pp. 80–82. Encouraged to denounce other students: see Smith, p. 37. Help from Egnatashvili: author’s interview with Guram Ratishvili, grandson, Tbilisi. Help with “famous Princess Baratov” and fees from Davrichewy: Davrichewy, p. 31.

  5 · THE POET AND THE PRIESTHOOD

  1. Keke. Routine: Domentii Gogokhia, Molodya Gvardiya no. 12, 1939, p. 65. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Parkadze. Jones, pp. 51–52. Kun, pp. 21–31. Philip Makharadze, Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizheniya v Zakavkazi, pp. 57–58. Tucker, pp. 82–83. Service, Stalin, pp. 33–37. Marks: RGASPI 558.4.17, 558.4.48, 558.4.665, 558.1.4326, 558.3.25. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 10. Stalin changed, pensive: V. Ketskhoveli in Literaturnii Kritik no. 12, 1939, pp. 103–5. Calm: GF IML 8.2.1.12, Said Devdariani.

  2. Father: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Choir: RGASPI 71.10.404. Father sees rector and Stalin’s attitude: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.1–20, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili. Keke at seminary: GF IML 8.6.306.

  3. Humiliating, ransacking of boxes: Stalin to Ludwig in Stalin, Sochineniya, 3:113–14. Good marks: RGASPI 558.4.30 and 37. Atheist in first year, Simon Natroshvili story, five roubles for singing in choir: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Poet, burning eyes: Lev Kotyukov, “The Forgotten Poet Josef Djugashvili,” Zavtra no. 41 (46), 1994.

  6 · THE “YOUNG MAN WITH THE BURNING EYES”

  1. Analysis and quotations of Stalin’s poetry are based on Donald Rayfield’s translations and criticism in PN Review, vol. 44, 1984, pp. 45–47. I must also thank Professor Rayfield for his personal guidance. Giving up poetry: Stalin to Levan Shaumian, Kun, p. 4. Stalin welcomed by cultural elite: Service, Stalin, p. 40. Kotyukov, “The Forgotten Poet Josef Djugashvili.” Mandelstam, Pasternak: Montefiore, pp. 117–18.

  2. Tiflis, porridge of peoples: Jones, pp. 159–63. Lima and Bombay: Jones’s description, p. 81. Tiflis: Baedeker, pp. 465–71. Founding of Mesame Dasi, Kvali: Jones, pp. 49–50, 66–70. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze.

  3. Books: GF IML 8.2.1.9, G. Glurjidze. From Stalin, Tolstoy, etc., G. Glurjidze, G. Parkadze, G. Glenov, quoted in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 66–71. Stole from bookshop: M. Chaureli in Vstrechi s tov. Stalinym, pp. 156–57. Hugo’s 1893 hero and Vanity Fair, see Tucker, pp. 85–87, 132. Nekrasov and Chernyshevsky: Radzinsky, Alexander II, pp. 91 and 157–60. Dostoevsky: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, p. 22. Gogol, Saltykov, Shakespeare, Maupassant, etc.: A. A. Gromyko, Memoirs, p. 101. Beria, p. 143. Stalin, Gogol: Stalin, Works, 1:151. By heart: K. Voroshilov, Rasskazy o zhizhni, p. 247. Seminary reading, woodpile, inquisitor Abashidze, reading at night in church: Iremashvili, pp. 19–21. Punishments: RGASPI 558.4.48, 665 and 53. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

  4. Iremashvili, pp. 17–19.

  5. Das Kapital: Service, Stalin, p. 41.

  6. Sochineniya, 13:113–14. RGASPI 558.4.30 and 37. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Practical Marxism versus academic: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Laughing at peasants and urinating on icons: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.11–19, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili, and RGASPI 558.4.665.29. Marx books: GF IML 8.2.1.49.185–210, Kote Khakhanashvili. English books: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

  7. G. Ninua, Zaria Vostoka, 17 July 1939. A. Okuashvili, Zaria Vostoka, 18 Sept. 1935. Stalin’s account: Stalin, Sochineniya 8 (1948): 174. More practical Marxism: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Visit to Jordania: N. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniyom N. N. Jordania,” Posledniya Novosti, 16 Dec. 1936, p. 2. Jordania: Uratadze, p. 11. Room on Mt. David, journal: D. Gogokhiya in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 72. Views evolving: Suny, “Beyond Psychohistory,” p. 55. Lado, Jordania and Jibladze return and Kvali: Ostrovsky, pp. 121–23. Avoiding mother: Keke. Iremashvili, pp. 20–23. Kvali letter refused: GDMS 1955–146.17, G. Elisabedashvili. Home bedbugs: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

  8. Alliluyev Memoirs, p. 44.

  9. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Davrichewy, p. 174. Marxism: Stalin, Works, 1:296–372 “Anarchism or Socialism?” and 1:4. Brdzola issue 1. L. Trotsky, My Life, pp. 129–30. Tucker, pp. 88–93. Stalin version of Marxism, see Service, Stalin, pp. 48–53. Credo: Ilizarov, p. 227. Sergo Kavtaradze, “Memoirs.”

  7 · BATTLE OF THE DORMITORIES: SOSO VERSUS FATHER “BLACK SPOT”

  1. Inquisitor Abashidze: Iremashvili, pp. 19–21. Punishments: RGASPI 558.4.48, 665 and 53.

  2. GDMS 3(1).1955
–146.11–19, G. Elisabedashvili, also RGASPI 558.4.665.29. GF IML 8.2.1.49.185–210, Kote Khakhanashvili. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

  3. Abashidze stories: D. Gogokhiya, Simon Natroshvili, P. Talakvadze and Black Spot, G. Elisabedashvili, Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 66–67, 84–87. Renan’s Life of Jesus Christ: RGASPI 558.4.676. Molodaya Gvardiya no. 12, 1939: P. Talakvadze, pp. 84–85. Marks, letter to Serafim, reprimands: RGASPI 558.4.48, 558.4.665, 558.1.4326, 71.1275. Refusal to cut hair: Kun, pp. 27–28. Punishments: RGASPI 558.4.53, 558.4.665, 558.4.53, 558.4.663, 558.4.60. Keke visits: Keke. Beso last meetings: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze. No more embracing: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Grisha Glurjidze. Teacher in Metekhi: RGASPI 558.11.76.113, Stalin to Beria, 19 Sept. 1931.

  4. Debauches: Kun quoting A. Avtorkhanov, p. 30. Lessons in secret, Beso drags by ear; my sister: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Lisa Akopova: RGASPI 558.1.721. RGASPI 558.11.775.10–13, letter about Praskovia Pasha Mikhailovskaya, fathered by Stalin in 1899. Ilizarov, pp. 284–86. Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, pp. 13–14. Stalin reading Napoleon: memoir of Nikolai Popkhadze, seminarist and cousin of Svanidzes, told to Peter Mamradze. Kote Charkviani’s sister: see G. Elisabedashvili, RGASPI 558.4.665 and GDMS 3(1)1955–146.1–20, Charkviani, “Memoirs.”

  5. Expulsion?: RGASPI 558.1.635, Stalin interrogation, Baku, 26 Mar. 1910: unexpectedly charged twenty-five roubles. Failure to pay fees: RGASPI 71.10.275, Yelena Tskhakaya. Old friends: RGASPI 558.1.5378, P. Kapanadze. Kun, pp. 7–34. Smith, pp. 52–53. Illness: Keke Djugashvili to H. Knickerbocker: New York Post, 1 Dec. 1930. Money to Kapanadze: RGASPI 558.1.5978 and 5080. Betrayed forty students: Simon Vereshchak, “Stalin v tyurme,” Dni, 22 Jan. 1928. “I was expelled for Marxist propaganda”: E. Yaroslavsky, Landmarks in the Life of Stalin, 1939, p. 14; also RGASPI 558.4.4349. Lack of funds: RGASPI 558.4.214. Church offer to be teacher: RGASPI 558.4.65. Expulsions: Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 88. Yenukidze, quoted by Trotsky, Stalin, p. 21. Davrichewy, p. 67. Ostrovsky, pp. 153–55. On God: Molotov, Molotov Remembers (henceforth Molotov Remembers), p. 212. Priests teach how to understand people, and remark to Churchill—past belongs to God: Stalin to Marshal Vasilevsky in Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 470 and 228. To Harriman—only God can forgive and may God help this enterprise: see A. Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin (New York, 1975), p. 154. Meeting with Patriarch Sergei and Metropolitans Nikon and Alexei, 4 Sept. 1943: Dmitri Pospielovsky, The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, 1:200. For a fuller account: V. Alexeev, “Neofizialny dialog (o vstreche Stalina s rukovodstvom pravoslavnoi zerkvi),” Agitator no. 6, 1989. See also Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes, p. 236. GIAG 440.2.12, 440.2.64, and RGASPI 558.4.53. Lack of funds: RGASPI 558.4.214. School results on the Svidetelstvo Certificate: GF IML 8.1.414. Executor of God’s will: letter from Stalin to Kosygin, 22 Oct. 1946: displayed at TsMSIR. Stalin did return to the seminary to raise funds for the Party during 1904–5, terrorizing the teachers.

  6. Leaving the seminary: Keke. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 142. Christian gent: Conrad Black, FDR: Champion of Freedom, p. 1080. Stalin and Tulin (Lenin): RGASPI 558.4.669, Peter Kapanadze. If no Lenin: Mgeladze, p. 82. Hiding out: Maria Makhstoblidze in Ostrovsky, p. 144. Criticism of Jordania: RGASPI 558.4.665, D. Kalandarashvili. James Moore, Gurdjieff, pp. 368–69.

  8 · THE WEATHERMAN: PARTIES AND PRINCES

  1. Weatherman: GF IML 8.2.1.5, V. F. Berdzenoshvili. Pay: RGASPI 558.4.66. Observatory: Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi, pp. 30–34.

  2. Keke. RGASPI 558.4.665 G. Elisabedashvili. GF IML 8.14.160, Vano Ketskhoveli.

  3. Jones, chapters 3 and 4. Service, Stalin, pp. 52–53. Kun, pp. 53–54. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 23–25.

  4. GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Look: Iremashvili and Trotsky, quoted in Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 47.

  5. Workers’ circles: M. A. Moskalev, Bolshevistsky organizatsii Zakavkazya periode pervoi russkoi revolyutsii, p. 17. Molodaya Gvardiya, vol. 12, 1939, p. 101: 10 June 1926.

  6. Early Christians: Trotsky, My Life, p. 137. Committees: Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 53–54. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 23–34.

  7. Gendarme reports, Capt. V. B. Lavrov to Col. E. P. Debil: GIAG 153.2.302, GARF 124.11.1902.127, GARF 102.7.1902.175. GF IML 8.14.160.3, Matiorz Grikurov: Stalin and Beso at Adelkhanov shoe factory. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 23–34.

  8. Stalin worships Lado Kestkhoveli and Sasha Tsulukidze: A. Yenukidze, Nashi podpolnye tipografii na Kavkaze, p. 24. Tsulukidze in Tskhakaya’s words: Voprosy Istorii KPSS, no. 5, 1965. I. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, “Mikhail G. Tskhakaya,” pp. 111–12. “Friend of Illich—Mikho,” Literaturanaya Gruzia, no. 1, 1965, pp. 15–20. Anna Alliluyeva in Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 24–27, 36–40, 47–48. Kun, pp. 192–98. Richardson, Long Shadow, p. 117. Beria, p. 150. L. Vasileva, Kremlin Wives, pp. 55 and 70. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Dalyokaya muzika, pp. 251–52, and Dvadtsaty pisem k drugu, pp. 39–47. See L. P. Beria, Lado Ketskhoveli, pp. 5–65. Also: Beria, p. 308.

  9. Svanidzes: GF IML 8.2.1.34.343–51, Mikheil Monaselidze. Kamo: no decent people, enthralled—see Dzhavaira Khutulashvili in Kun, p. 75. Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 60. Stalin reading Napoleon: memoir of Nikolai Popkhadze, seminarist and cousin of Svanidzes told to Peter Mamradze. GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. “Soso’s gramophone” and teaching mentally limited Kamo, giving nickname: GF IML8.2.1.7.64–84, G. F. Vardoyan. GF IML 8.5.384.3–10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo, GF IML 8.5.380.5–6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death.

  10. GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Memoir Nikolai Popkhadze to Peter Mamradze. Sagirashvili, pp. 168–77.

  11. SD split: Jones, chapters 3 and 4. Service, Stalin, pp. 52–53. Kun, pp. 53–54. Arsenidze, quoted in Kun p. 54. Muddled young: S. T. Arkomed (Grigol Karadzhian), Rabochee dvizhenie, pp. 55–56. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. N. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania,” Poslednye Novosti, 16 Dec. 1936.

  12. Gendarme reports, Capt. V. B. Lavrov to Col. E. P. Debil: GIAG 153.2.302, GARF 124.11.1902.127, GARF 102.7.1902.175. GF IML 8.14.160.3, Matiorz Grikurov. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 24–27, 47–48.

  13. Teacher: Raguza, Stalin, p. 65. Mochalov in Service, Stalin, p. 51. April 1901 riot: Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 49–51. Istoricheskie mesta Tbilisi, pp. 68–73. Conscription: Davrichewy, p. 31. Police interrogation including “exempted from conscription 1901 due to family matters”: RGASPI 558.4.214.

  14. Shaumian, Vedenev murder, Lelashvili: Ostrovsky, pp. 585–89. Memoir of Nikolai Popkhadze, seminarist and cousin of Svanidzes, told to Peter Mamradze. Shaumian: Anastas Mikoyan, Memoirs, 1:72.

  9 · STALIN GOES UNDERGROUND: KONSPIRATSIA

  1. Konspiratsia and the secret world is based closely on the following sources: Richard Pipes, The Degaev Affair, pp. 26, 87, master of the revolution. Jonathan Daly, Autocracy under Siege, pp. 6, 9, 21–37, 38–44, 87–96; who learned from whom?, pp. 95–131. Radzinsky, Alexander II, pp. 91, 153–62, 217–22, 340. Perlustration, creation of Okhrana, code names, danger of flying suicide bombers: Charles A. Ruud and Sergei A. Stepanov, Fontanka 16: The Tsar’s Secret Police, pp. 54–56 and 69–79. On flying suicide bombers: Iain Lauchlan, Russian Hide-and-Seek, p. 361. Poles and Jews more hanged: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, p. 31. Yard keepers and Georgian cult of loyalty and violence: Jones, p. 99. Yenukidze on vengeance: Nikolaevsky box 207, folder 207–15, BN letter to T. Vulikh, 8 Aug. 1949. Stalin and spook: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Davrichewy, p. 31. RGASPI 558.4.214.

  2. Avoiding spies and laughing at them: GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili.

  3. “Neopublikovannye materialy iz biografii t. Stalina,” Antireligioznik, vol. 12, 1939, pp. 17–21: memoir of bookshop owner Ambako Chelaidze.

  4. GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Ostrovsky, pp. 166–67.

  5. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili
. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania.” Jones, pp. 72–74.

  6. November meetings, Gendarme reports: GIAG 153.2.302/102.00.1898.5–52/153.1.3431/2. GARF 102.00.1898.5.52.B. List of twenty-four delegates to the Conference: GDMS 93.3, M. Gureshidze. Ostrovsky’s version is the most convincing: Ostrovsky, pp. 167–70. Slanderer sent to Batumi: Uratadze, pp. 66–67. Muddled youngster: Arkomed, Rabocheedvizhenie, pp. 55–56. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. Vakar,“Stalinpo vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania.” S. Talakvadze, Kistorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Gruzii, 1:59–63. Jones, pp. 106–7.

  10 · “I’M WORKING FOR THE ROTHSCHILDS!”—FIRE, MASSACRE AND ARREST IN BATUMI

  1. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria. Porfiro Kuridze in Batumskaya, pp. 63–70. Chernomorskii Vestnik, 5 Jan. 1902.

  2. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. Throughout this chapter I have drawn on Batumskaya: Kote Kalandarov, pp. 36–40; Porfiro Lomdzharia, pp. 41–49; Gerasim Kaladze, pp. 49–55; Illarion Darakhvelidze, pp. 55–63; Porfiro Kuridze, pp. 63–70; Khachik Kazarian, pp. 75–78; G. Chkaidze, p. 124; Hashimi Smirba pp. 150–71. GF IML 8.2.1.20, K. Kandelaki. RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria (official version Batumskaya, pp. 106–12). Porfiro Kuridze, Bakinsky Rabochyi, 12 Jan. 1937. Chernomorskii Vestnik, 5 Jan. 1902.

  3. New Year’s Eve: GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. Lomdzharia bandit, visits to Tiflis: GDMS 1955–146.29–44, G. Elisabedashvili. GMIKA 18.50, Kote Kalandarov. GMIKA 26.104.33–42, Porfiro Kuridze. Batumi: Annals of the Working Collective Batumi, p. 315. Jones, pp. 28 (Mandelstam quote) and 87–88. Ostrovsky, pp. 170–71. Robert W. Tolf, The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry, pp. 87–90.