The Secret Lives of Codebreakers
Page 34
Dollis Hill (P.O. research unit) 206, 261, 266, 267
Dolphin (key) 177, 186
Dönitz, Admiral Karl 176, 177, 182, 187
Dryden, Henry 231
Eastcote 101, 165, 283, 288
Edmonston-Lowe, Lucienne 247
El-Alamein 6, 188
Elizabeth, HRH Princess 128
Enigma, breaking of 18, 20, 41–48, 50–51, 56, 58, 68–69, 73–74, 75, 79–81, 94
Enigma, invention and development 41–43, 44
Enigma, descriptive of machine 5, 41–48
Enigma, descriptive of technical aspects 41–43, 45, 48, 94
Ettinghausen (later Eytan), Walter 136, 310, 311
Fasson, Lieutenant 192
Faulkner, Captain 10
Fawcett, Jane (MBE) 8, 61, 135
Fensom, Harry 264, 265, 270
Fish code (see “Tunny” codebreaking)
Fleming, Ian 7, 242, 243
Flowers, Dr. Thomas, 259, 261, 263, 264, 265–266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271
Foss, Hugh 42, 43, 184, 196, 204, 246, 247
Friedman, William 206
Gallilee, Mimi 27–28, 31–32, 52, 53, 65, 66, 67, 68, 108, 127, 137, 141, 144, 145, 172–173, 179, 201, 209, 217, 218, 247, 248, 249, 288, 289, 304, 305, 309, 311, 313
GCHQ 129, 286, 309
Gielgud, John 296
Giraud, General 213
Gleaner, HMS 84
Gores, Landis 34
Government Code and Cypher School 9–11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 23, 41
Grazier, Colin (Able Seaman) 192
Halfaya (Egypt) 134
Harris, Robert 216
Henniker-Major, Osla 1, 3, 25
Herivel, John 16, 26, 35, 42, 46, 47, 50, 53, 55, 56, 68–69, 79–80, 159, 160, 282, 288, 308, 311
Herivel Tip 26, 68–69, 79–80
Hess, Dame Myra 246
Hilton, Peter 16
Hinsley, Professor Sir Harry 6, 23, 49, 73, 74, 81, 98, 173, 178, 187, 198, 272, 274
Hiroshima 281
Hitler, Adolf 24, 41, 43, 52, 97, 99, 108, 109, 233, 234, 263, 277, 278
Home Guard 164, 170
Hyson, Dorothy 7, 72, 306
Ismay, General 138
Italian Enigma 48, 119, 131, 132
Japanese codes 42, 58, 105, 116, 183, 184, 204
Jay, Ione 197
Jeffreys, John 14, 44, 73
Jenkins, Lord Roy 7, 117, 262, 263, 306, 310
Jones, Sir Eric 129, 309
Kabackie Woods, meeting at 45–46
Keen, Harold 95, 191, 267
Klugman, James 230, 241
Knox, Dilly 13, 17, 18, 22, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 73, 77, 78, 84,
Knox, Dilly—continued
85, 86, 88, 119, 126, 131, 167, 168, 174, 195, 196, 242, 256, 257, 258, 259
Krebs 132
Kursk, the Battle of 233, 236, 237
Lawn, Oliver 24–25, 33, 36, 50, 76, 91, 94, 95, 101, 110–111, 114, 115, 124, 141, 165–166, 170, 171, 189, 196, 197, 207, 219, 240, 246, 247, 252, 280, 285, 290, 291, 292, 310, 312, 314, 318
Lawn, Sheila (née MacKenzie) 4, 12, 24, 33, 35, 62, 63, 71, 73, 120, 143, 149, 155, 196, 197, 221, 222, 240, 246, 247, 253, 280, 285, 291, 292, 303, 312, 318
Le Queux, William 168
Leon, Sir George 10
Leon, Sir Herbert 30
Lever, Mavis (see Batey, Mavis)
Loewe, Michael 183, 184
Long, Leo 228
Lucas, Frank 14, 77
Luftwaffe Enigma 5, 46, 98, 187
MacLean, Donald 230, 233
Matapan, Battle of Cape 6, 131–132
Menzies, Sir Stewart 19, 158, 164, 178, 179, 180, 279
Milner-Barry, Stuart 16, 42–43, 61, 114, 161, 162, 166
Millward, William 72, 129
Mitfords, the 122, 123
Montgomery, General 188, 243
Mountbatten, Earl 172
Muggeridge, Malcolm 32, 239
Murray, Joan (née Clarke) 96, 133, 134, 151, 198, 199
Murray, Odette 197
Naval Enigma 38, 48, 74, 84, 96, 100, 120, 133–135, 176, 182, 186, 187
Newman, Professor Max 260, 263, 296, 305
Nicolson, Harold 97
North Africa 134, 176, 188, 243
Payne, Diana 137, 153–154
Pearl Harbor 115, 183, 203
Pears, Peter 252
Petard, HMS 191–192
Philby, Kim 175–176, 180, 229, 230, 233, 239, 241
Pidgeon, Geoffrey 64, 300
Plowman, Diana 27, 135, 138, 139, 143, 190, 249
Polish cryptographers, contribution of 43–47, 76–77
Powell, Michael 250, 252
PQ17 convoy 186
Pressburger, Emeric 250, 252
Priestley, J. B. 249
Putt, S. Gorley 8, 195
Quayle, Sir Anthony 7, 72, 306
Radley, Dr. Gordon 268, 269
Rees, David 306
Rejewski, Marian 76, 213
Ridley, Captain 11, 33, 144
Roberts, Captain Jerry 63, 170, 237, 250, 262, 263, 265, 270, 285, 286
“rods” 43, 73, 131
Room 40 22, 39, 40, 41, 158, 168
Rommel, Field Marshal 134, 176, 188, 243
Roosevelt, President 202, 203
Rothschild, Victor 239
Roseveare, Bob 197
Russia: German invasion of 109, 117, 188–189, 228, 233–234; dealings with Ultra 228, 229–239; intercepting Soviet messages 279
Scharnhorst 214
Scherbius, Arthur 41
Schmidt, Hans Thilo 44
Sebag-Montefiore, Ruth 10, 11, 71
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) 10, 12, 13, 54, 230, 233
Shark (key) 177, 186, 191, 192
Sinclair, Admiral Sir Hugh 10, 12, 141
Singapore, fall of 176
Skillen, Hugh 183
Slusser, Robert M. 198
Smith, Howard 60–61, 306
Snow, C. P. 161
Stalin, Josef 41, 189, 232, 234, 238, 239, 312
Stanmore 101, 283
Station “X” 12
Stephenson, Sir William 212
Strachey, Oliver 14, 174, 204
Stripp, Alan 42, 74
Taylor, Colonel Telford 208, 209
Thomas, Edward 167, 187
Tiltman, Colonel John 14, 23, 31, 89, 164, 173, 183, 204, 279
Tirpitz 186, 187, 214
Travis, Commander Edward 3, 31, 78, 100, 157, 161, 172, 178, 179, 181, 204, 207, 209, 278, 279
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (Lord Dacre) 50, 125
Trumpington, Baroness 60, 125–126
“Tunny” codebreaking 250, 260–271
Turing, Alan 6, 16, 17, 18, 32, 47, 48, 54, 59, 73, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85, 90, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 126, 133, 134, 144, 146, 159, 161, 162, 171, 182, 190, 191, 198, 199, 205, 206, 207, 242, 259, 260, 263, 264, 266, 292, 293–299, 304
Tutte, W. T. Tutte 260
Twinn, Peter 16, 46, 47, 54, 75, 85, 100, 242
U-110 133
U-33 83–84
U-559 191–192
U-67 177
United States of America, closer cooperation with 202–212
Valentine, Jean 105–106, 124–125, 142, 143, 147, 148–150, 154, 155, 165, 185, 186, 280, 311
Vincent, Professor E. R. P 23–24
Watkins, Gwen 91, 303, 313, 314
Watkins, Vernon 314
Welchman, Gordon 16, 18, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 54, 55, 56, 57, 73, 78, 80, 89, 95, 96, 97, 145, 157, 160, 161, 162, 165, 181, 182, 191, 211, 212, 220, 265, 266, 267, 268, 279, 286, 287
Wilson, Angus 7, 61, 88, 89, 126, 306
Wiles, Maurice 184
Winterbotham, Frederick 19, 93, 107, 114, 115, 310, 311, 320
Woburn Abbey 68, 152, 217
Wylie, Shaun 182, 197, 249
Wynn-Williams, Charles 261, 267
Young, Irene 27, 33, 63, 142, 145, 250
Zygalski sheets 44, 46, 73,
76, 77
Bletchley Park in 1926, long before its codebreaking days, when its then owners, the Leon family, would often give “grand house parties.” Getty Images
Bletchley railway station, at which most of the recruits caught their first view of their wartime destination, some in the dead of night when the station was unlit and there was “not a soul about.” Lens of Sutton Collection
Mavis Batey (née Lever), a key member of Dilly Knox’s codebreaking team; her highly skilled work played a vital role in the 1941 Battle of Cape Matapan.
Courtesy of The Bletchley Park Trust
Oliver Lawn, who joined the Park as a young undergraduate mathematician from Cambridge and oversaw the building of the bombe machines.
Courtesy of Sheila and Oliver Lawn
Linguist and codebreaker Sheila Lawn (née MacKenzie), recruited from university in Scotland, and who met husband-to-be Oliver (above) at the Park’s recreational dancing sessions. Courtesy of Sheila and Oliver Lawn
Codebreaker and novelist-to-be Angus Wilson (second from right) at Bletchley Park; noted for his frayed nerves, he is reputed to have thrown a bottle of ink at a Wren.
Captain Jerry Roberts, who worked on the pioneering Tunny codebreaking operation later in the war and deciphered a message from Hitler himself. Courtesy of Jerry Roberts
Wren Jean Valentine; after a stint of bombe operation, she was posted right away across the world to Ceylon to work on Japanese codes. Crown Copyright, used with kind permission, Director GCHQ
The revolutionary bombe machine, as devised by Alan Turing and refined by Gordon Welchman; this technology was a vital key to Bletchley’s success and its impact on the course of the war is almost immeasurable; its operation was a painstaking, physically arduous affair for the Wrens concerned. Getty Images
Brainchild of Dr. Thomas Flowers, the Colussus codebreaking machine, used later in the war, was the forerunner of the modern computer. Getty Images
An early 1936 three-rotor Enigma machine; this was the elegant, portable enciphering technology considered by the Germans to be unbeatable. Getty Images
Dilly Knox
Alan Turing
Peter Twinn
Gordon Welchman
Frank Birch
Hugh Alexander
The masterminds: Bletchley Park’s foremost cryptographical geniuses, each with their own rich and often surprising hinterlands. Knox and Birch were of the older generation; WW1 codebreaking pioneers. Photograph by James Veysey, CAMERA PRESS LONDON
For codebreakers and translators alike, the need for total accuracy at all times in the handling of intercepts made the work at Bletchley uniquely intense and wearing.
Crown Copyright, used with kind permission, Director GCHQ
The huts and blocks at the Park were very strictly demarcated for security reasons. There were operational rooms that the vast majority who worked there would never see.
Crown Copyright, used with kind permission, Director GCHQ
Hut 3—felt by many, along with Hut 6, to be the real hub of the Bletchley operation, where the codebreakers would endure grueling, incredibly focused eight-hour shifts.
Getty Images
Felt by some to be “perfectly monstrous,” the main house looks rather pretty in the severe winter of 1940.
Courtesy of The Bletchley Park Trust
The lake in front of the house froze over in the winter of 1940; the young codebreakers are clearly keen to get their skates on. In the background are some of the huts.
Courtesy of The Bletchley Park Trust
The cast of the revue Combined OPS; it has been suggested that all the amateur dramatics, opera singing, and dancing that took place at the Park were a vital mental pressure valve for the codebreakers.
Courtesy of The Bletchley Park Trust
Jean Valentine, who now gives talks at Bletchley Park, demonstrates a detailed re-creation of a bombe machine. Courtesy of The Bletchley Park Trust
HRH Duke of Kent presides over the 2009 commemorative badge ceremony; with him, among others, are, from left, the Hon Sarah Baring (far left), Oliver and Sheila Lawn, Jean Valentine, and on his right, former Wren Ruth Bourne and Captain Jerry Roberts and, far right, Baroness Trumpington. Courtesy of The Bletchley Park Trust