p. 228
shipping channel that flows: Robert Loeffler, “The Great Lakes Water Drain,” Earth Watch Ohio, http://www.ecowatch.org/pubs/febmar08/great_lakes_drain.htm.
p. 228
“crops that are then shipped”: Maich, “America Is Thirsty,” 8.
p. 228
“the economic climate in northern Ontario”: Aaron Freeman, “Blue Gold: The Political Economy of Water Trading in Canada,” Multinational Monitor, Apr. 1, 1999.
p. 229
in containers of twenty liters: Noah Hall, “Capping the Bottle on Uncertainty: Closing the Information Loophole in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact,” Case Western Law Review 60 (2010), 1211.
p. 230
“no one can use it”: Fishman, The Big Thirst, 85.
p. 230
“better cheap politics than water”: Ibid.
p. 231
the twenty-first century’s equivalent: Marc Champion, “Water Hogs on the Ski Slopes,” Wall Street Journal, Jan. 24, 2008.
p. 231
six ships per month: “Thirsty Barcelona Gets Water Shipments,” Sky News, http://news.sky.com/home/sky-news-archive/article/1315908.
p. 231
“a drive-through hamburger”: Brian McAndrew, “There’s minimal legislation to stop the export of Canada’s greater natural resource—Water up for grabs,” The Guelph Mercury, Sept. 25, 1999.
p. 232
but Pickens believes time: Susan Berfield, “T. Boone Pickens Thinks Water is the New Oil—And He’s Betting $100 Million that He’s Right,” Bloomberg Business Week, June 12, 2008.
p. 232
proposals to tow icebergs: Thomas K. Grose, “Just Thaw and Serve,” Time, May 29, 2011.
p. 232
they already push icebergs: Michael Ryan, “Iceberg Wrangler,” Smithsonian, Feb. 2003.
p. 232
poles and the equatorial regions: “Water from Icebergs,” National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson12/l12la1.html.
p. 232
“the purest water”: Grose, “Just Thaw and Serve.”
p. 233
“underappreciated, mispriced”: Sarah O’Connor, “Traders seek a fresh well in world of commodities,” Financial Times, July 24, 2008.
p. 233
Otto Spork perpetrated fraud: OSC finds, Financial Post, http://business.financialpost.com/2011/05/18/otto-spork-perpetrated-fraud-osc-finds/.
p. 234
twelve thousand desalination plants: “Thirsty? How ’Bout a Cool, Refreshing Cup of Seawater?,” U.S. Geological Survey, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html.
p. 234
such widespread adoption: Susanna Eden, Tim W. Glass, and Valerie Herman, “Desalination in Arizona—A Growing Component of the State’s Future Water Supply Portfolio,” Water Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona, http://ag.arizona.edu/azwater/arroyo/Arroyo_2011.pdf.
p. 234
ten times more expensive: Adam Bluestein, “Blue Is the New Green.” “The cost of producing 1 cubic meter (264 gallons) of desalinated water ranges from about $1 to $1.50, compared with 10 cents to 20 cents to obtain water from a reservoir or well. (Average U.S. daily household use is about 350 gallons.)”
p. 234
450 million liters a day: “Shoaiba, Saudi Arabia,” Water-Technology.net, http://www.water-technology.net/projects/shoaiba-desalination.
p. 235
Navy aircraft carrier: Tom Harris, “How Aircraft Carriers Work,” How Stuff Works, Aug. 29, 2002, http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier.htm.
p. 235
in a reverse osmosis plant: Glennon, Unquenchable, 155.
p. 235
capitalists clearly think: Bluestein, “Blue Is the New Green.”
p. 236
projects that desalinated water: Glennon, Unquenchable, 153.
p. 237
capillary condensation: John Roach, “Water Harvested from Diesel Exhaust,” Cosmic Log on MSNBC.com, Apr. 26, 2011, http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/06/6419789-water-harvested-from-diesel-exhaust. For more information about capillary action, see “Capillary Action,” U.S. Geological Survey, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/capillaryaction.html. The site explains capillary action through a simple science experiment with water and celery.
p. 237
one gallon of diesel fuel: Roach, “Water Harvested from Diesel Exhaust,” 42.
p. 237
the LifeStraw is: Mike Hanlon, “The LifeStraw Makes Dirty Water Clean,” Gizmag.com, http://www.gizmag.com/go/4418.
p. 238
to drink from puddles: “Revolutionary ‘LifeStraw’ to assist during floods,” ABC News (Australia), May 6, 2011, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-05-06/revolutionary-lifestraw-to-assist-during-floods/2706866.
p. 238
as WaterMill produces: Bryn Nelson, “Turning Air Into Water? Gadget Does Just That,” Frontiers on MSNBC.com, Dec. 8, 2008, http://www.msnbc.ms.com/id/28003681/ns/technology_and_science-innovation.
p. 238
billboards in poor, rural areas: Andrew Chambers, “Africa’s not-so-magic roundabout, Guardian, Nov. 24, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/nov/24/africa-charity-water-pumps-roundabouts.
p. 239
struggling to spin it: Freschi, “Some NGOs CAN adjust to Failure.”
p. 239
astronauts aboard: Seth Borenstein, “Astronauts Sample Recycled Urine, Sweat,” Virginian Pilot-Ledger Star, May 24, 2009, N6.
p. 239
transport the heavy liquid: “International Space Station,” NASA, Nov. 17, 2008, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/waterrecycler.html.
p. 240
no matter how crystalline the water: Fishman, The Big Thirst, 157.
p. 240
recycling wastewater has become: Kathy Chu, “From toilets to tap: How we get tap water from sewage,” USA Today, Mar. 3, 2011.
p. 241
“better to be self-reliant”: Ibid.
p. 241
more expensive pipeline: Fishman, The Big Thirst, 154-165.
p. 242
your golden retriever: Maureen Cavanaugh and Gloria Penner, “Political Analysis: The Legacy of Toilet to Tap,” KPBS, Aug. 4, 2010, http://www.kpbs.org/news/2010/aug/04/political-analysis-legacy-toilet-tap.
p. 242
plant would treat sewage water: Tom Arrandale, “Flushing Away Fears: Toilets-to-Tap Water Recycling Gets Past the Yuck Factor,” Governing, May 2008, http://www.sandiego.gov/water/waterreuse/pdf/flushingawayfears.pdf.
p. 242
wash dishes and run faucets: “Water Use Statistics,” DrinkTap.org, http://www.drinktap.org/consumerdnn/Home/WaterInformation/Conservation/WaterUseStatistics/tabid/85/Default.aspx.
p. 244
gallons of gray water: Glennon, Unquenchable, 164.
p. 244
“charge industrial users”: Caigan Mackenzie, “Wastewater Reuse Conserves Water and Protects Waterways,” National Environmental Services Center, Winter 2005, http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/articles/OT/WI05/reuse.pdf.
p. 244
13 percent of piped water is lost: “Water Use Statistics.”
p. 244
a major water pipe bursts: Charles Duhigg, “Toxic Waters: Saving U.S. Water and Sewer Systems Would Be Costly,” New York Times, Mar. 14, 2010.
p. 245
simply from leaking pipes: Bluestein, “Blue Is the New Green.”
p. 245
costs about $200 per foot: Fishman, The Big Thirst, 109.
p. 245
will span more than sixty miles: “New York Third Water Tunnel,” Wonders of the World Databank, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/ny_third_water.html.
p. 246
“can’t go a day without water”: Charles Duhigg, “Saving U.S. Water and Sewer Systems Would Be Costly,” New York Times, Mar.
14, 2010.
p. 246
“water neutral”: Ling Woo Liu, “Water Pressure,” Time, June 12, 2008.
p. 246
badly burned by protests: Ibid.
p. 248
“rolling Thanksgiving dinner”: Gretchen Daily and Katherine Ellison, The New Economy of Nature (Washington, D.C.: Island Press), 74.
p. 249
new sewage treatment infrastructure: Michael Finnegan, “New York City’s Watershed Agreement: A Lesson in Sharing Responsibility,” Pace Environmental Law Review 14:626, 1997.
p. 250
study reported 216 payments: Tracy Stanton et al., The State of Watershed Payments: An Emerging Marketplace (Washington, D.C.: Ecosystem Marketplace, 2010), xi.
p. 250
Quito water fund: This case study is adapted from Stanton, The State of Watershed Payments, 18.
p. 250
Ruvu and Sigi River basins: This case study is adapted from Stanton, The State of Watershed Payments, 34.
p. 251
“When the well’s dry”: Glennon, Unquenchable, 16.
p. 253
platinum, palladium: “US firm plans to mine asteroids for minerals, water,” Agence France-Presse, Apr. 25, 2012.
p. 253
delivered into orbit: Gregg Easterbrook, “Giving NASA a Real Mission,” Harvard Business Review, May 3, 2012.
p. 254
“emphasis will be on spectacular”: Will Oremus, “Deep Space Mine,” Slate.com, May 11, 2012.
Afterword: A Glass Half Empty/A Glass Half Full
p. 255
“the rights to our town’s water”: McCloud Water shed Council, http://www.mccloudwatershedcouncil.org/about-us.
p. 256
“a new Draft Environmental Impact Report”: “Atty. Gen. Brown Warns Nestlé of Legal Challenge to Water Bottling Plant,” Office of the Attorney General, July 29, 2008, http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/print_release.php?id=1591.
p. 256
“we are withdrawing our proposal”: “Nestlé Waters North America Withdraws McCloud Project Proposal,” Nestlé Waters, Sept. 10, 2009, http://www.press.nestle-watersna.com/press/Nestle-Waters-North-America-Withdraws-McCloud-Project-Proposal.htm.
p. 257
“they are going to run”: Charlie Unkefer, “McCloud meeting marks the end of the Nestlé era,” Mount Shasta Herald, Sept. 15, 2009.
p. 257
including at Cascade Locks: Andre Meunier, “Nestlé eyes Columbia Gorge spring to bottle water,” Oregonian, June 12, 2009.
p. 257
Save Our Groundwater: Glennon, Unquenchable, 45.
p. 258
“taxation without representation”: Unkefer, “McCloud meeting marks the end of the Nestlé era.”
Index
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 83
Acheron, 34
Agency for International Development, 216
Aguas del Tunari, 193, 203, 211
Air Water machine, 238
albatross, 120, 233
Alexander the Great, and vizier Khidr, 29–30
Allahabad Water Committee, 208
“always ask” system, 51–52, 85
Amazon.com, 252
American Backflow Prevention Association (ABPA), 150
American Gazetteer, 60
American Idol, 220
American Society of Dowsing, 223
American Water Works Association (AWWA), 152, 156, 242
Americans with Disabilities Act, 108
Anderson, Debra, 18, 257
Anderson, Rocky, 188
Anstey, Christopher, 169
Appleton, Al, 247
Appollinaris, 171
Aqua Nomine Caesaris, 57
Aquafina, 20, 136, 175, 178, 179, 182, 186
Aquarius Water Transportation, 231
aqueducts, 53–57, 60, 68, 70–71, 81, 104
Archives of Family Medicine, 184
Arkyd series, 252
Arrowhead, 17, 171
arsenic, 9, 113, 114–19, 133–36, 185
Athena, 38
backflow, 149–52
back-siphonage, 150
Badoit, 171, 176, 178, 179
Baker, M. N., 98
Barlow, Maude, 48, 226–27
Barrat, Michael, 239
Baseline Threat Report, 153
baths, 41, 54, 172, 169.
See also spas
Batman Begins, 143
Bechtel, 193, 201
Bellamy, Hilary, 138
beluga whales, 120
benzene, 175
Berryman, Ron, 18
Bezos, Jeff, 252
Bigelow, Edward, 99
Bihar, 52
Bimini, 26
Binayo, Aylito, 196
biological weapons, 145–48, 153
Bioterrorism Act, 152, 155, 156
bladders, 231, 233, 236
Blaxton, William, 140
Blaxtone incident, 140–41
Bloomberg, Michael, 155
Blue Origin, 252
bluegill, 154
BMJ, 214
Bonior, David, 116, 118
Book of Genesis, 86
Book of Jeremiah, 33, 49–50
Book of John (Jesus before a crowd), 33
Book of John (Samaritan woman at well), 32
Book of Kings, 97
Boorde, Andrew, 79
borninseptember.org, 219
bottled water, and myth, 10, 44;
and chlorination, 23, 100;
and commerce, 10, 16, 22–24;
and public construction, 108;
environmental impact of, 186–88;
and fluorine, 159;
and Benjamin Franklin, 171;
and glaciers, 233;
and Great Lakes, 229;
history of, 164, 168, 170–90;
and marketing, 20, 43, 59, 100, 136, 162, 174–75, 178, 180;
and popularity, reasons for, 180–85;
and profit margin, 176–77;
regulation of, 183–85;
and restaurants, 190–91;
statistics of, 176;
and taste, 178–79, 182;
and bottling technology, 23
Brady, Diamond Jim, 170
Branson, Richard, 252
Bras-Brown, Robert Le, 186
brine, 235–36
British Royal Society, 90
Broad Street Pump, 87–91
Brown, Jerry, 255–56
Bullein, William, 79, 81, 84
Bullivant, Benjamin, 58
Bureau des Constatations Médicales, 42
Burr, Aaron, 62– 63
Buster Backflow, 151
Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation, 128–29
calcium hypochlorite, 213
campi (of Venice), 111–12
Canadian Environmental Law Association, 231
Cardin, Pierre, 181
CARE International, 250–51
Carpenter, David, 122
Centers for Disease Control, 76, 159, 213
Chaco Indians, 35
Chadwick, Edwin, 91–94
Chan, Jackie, 143
Chapelle, Francis, 75, 79
Charity: Water, 216–17, 219, 220
Charlotte Fire Department, 150
Charon, 34
Chase Manhattan Bank (JP Morgan Chase), 66
Chelsea Waterworks Company, 67
Cheney, Dick, 130, 131
Chesbrough, Ellis Sylvester, 95
Chez Panisse, 188
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, 95
Children’s Safe Drinking Water program, 213
chlorine, 99–101, 119, 120, 145, 148, 149, 173, 184, 185, 213
cholera, and Bangladesh, 114, 117;
and chlorine, 100;
and humors, 84;
and immunity, 76;
and London, 67;
and miasmatic theory, 85;
and New York, 66;
and John Snow, 87–91, 131–33;
as weapon during war, 142, 14
8
cisterns, 33, 47, 49–50;
and the Great Conduit, 67, 104;
in Manhattan, 57;
in Venice, 111, 112
Citizens Against Drinking Sewage, 241
Citizens for Michigan’s Future, 227
Clean Water Act, 109, 126, 131, 235
Cloaca Maxima, 86
Clorin, 216
Coca-Cola, 175, 177–79, 246
Cochabamba Declaration, 193–94, 204
Cochabamba, 192, 200–204, 211
Cocytus, 34
Collect, 59–60, 65
Columella, 81
Commercial Advertiser, 59
Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, 152
Complete Book of Running, The, 174
Connaughton, Janet, 18
Connelly, Jennifer, 220
Conservation International, 187
Container Recycling Institute, 186
“cordon sanitaire,” 96
Corporate Accountability International, 257
Council of Canadians, 205, 206
Cranach, Lucas, 30
Critical Infrastructure Protection Advisory Group, 152
Cronon, William, 43
Croton Hydrants, 69
Croton Reservoir, 68
cryptosporidia, 213
Cryptosporidium parvum, 110, 135, 145
Drinking Water Page 32