p. 182
attributed the rise in tooth cavities: Juliet Eilperin, “Filtered and bottled water consumption could increase tooth decay risk,” Washington Post, Jan. 17, 2011.
p. 183
“relegated to showers”: As quoted in Gleick, The World’s Water, 1.
p. 183
seventeen gallons more soft drinks: Ibid., 12–13.
p. 183
regulated as a food product: Sally Squires, “Is Bottled Water Worth the Price?,” Washington Post, Jan. 22, 1986, Health Section 14.
p. 183
manufacturers must remove or reduce: Gleick, The World’s Water, 43.
p. 183
water never enters into interstate commerce: Olson, “Bottled Water.”
p. 183
Ten states do not regulate: Gleick, The World’s Water, 37.
p. 183
only one-quarter of one person: “Money Down the Drain? A Review of Bottled Water in Massachusetts,” Massachusetts Senate Committee on Post Audit and Oversight (2000), 7.
p. 184
forty-three states fund one or fewer: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.”
p. 184
more than 330,000 times: “Drinking Water,” NYC Environmental Protection, http://nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/index.shtml.
p. 184
if fines are ever levied: “Money Down the Drain.”
p. 184
“specific source, mineral composition”: Gleick, The World’s Water, 59.
p. 184
Cleveland with the local tap: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.”
p. 185
“purity can be misguided”: Standage, “Bad to the Last Drop.”
p. 185
bottles contained arsenic: Olson, “Bottled Water.”
p. 185
arsenic, benzene, chloroform: “Bottled Water and Vended Water: Are Consumers Getting Their Money’s Worth?,” Office of Research, California Legislature Assembly (1985), 2.
p. 185
Kansas Department of Health: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.”
p. 186
discarded daily in trash cans: “Bottled Water,” Container Recycling Institute, http://www.container-recycling.org/facts/plastic/bottledwater.htm.
p. 186
water bottles in its trash: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.”
p. 186
“better for the environment”: “Pepsico’s Aquafina Launches the Eco-Fina Bottle, the Lightest Weight Bottle in the Market,” Pepsico, http://www.pepsico.com/PressRelease/pepsicos-aquafina-launches-the-eco-fina-bottle-the-lightest-weight-bottle-inthe03252009.html.
p. 186
overall recycling rate for plastic: Gleick, The World’s Water, 97.
p. 186
“16 percent of PET water bottles”: Howard, “Message in a Bottle.”
p. 186
the sixth state to do so: Gleick, The World’s Water, 101.
p. 187
a lot more greenhouse gas emissions: Maureen Clancy, “Bottled water can be a poor environmental choice,” San Diego Union-Tribune, Aug. 20, 2007.
p. 187
website lists a series of initiatives: Fiji Water Newsroom, http://www.fijiwater.co.uk/Newsstand.aspx.
p. 187
“Greenwashes of the Year”: Heidi Spiegelbaum, “The Greenwash Brigade,” American Public Media Marketplace, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/sustainability/greenwash-brigade/fiji-water-numbers.
p. 187
American Nuns similarly voiced: Gleick, The World’s Water, 140.
p. 188
Del Posto in New York and Poggio: Marian Burros, “Fighting the Tide, a Few Restaurants Tilt to Tap Water,” New York Times, May 30, 2007.
p. 188
“the greatest marketing scam”: Royte, Bottlemania, 149.
p. 188
water filter and reusable container: Rick Rouan, “Water experiences a bottleneck in sales,” Beverage Industry (Oct. 2010), 12; Glennon, Unquenchable, 48.
p. 189
install fifty water fountains: “UCF To Install Water Fountains In New Stadium,” WESH, Sept. 18, 2007, http://www.wesh.com/news/14143574/detail.html?rss=orl&psp=news.
p. 190
trendiest restaurants: Florence Fabricant, “In a Drought, Putting a Spin on the Bottle,” New York Times, Apr. 3, 2002.
p. 190
Atlanta restaurants did the same: Catherine Cobb, “Drought Drives Water Conservation Efforts in Southeast,” Nation’s Restaurant News, Nov. 4, 2007. Many of the restaurants only served tap water upon request.
7: Need Versus Greed
p. 192
Cochabamba’s residents lack access: Erik B. Bluemel, “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water,” Ecology Law Quarterly 31 (2004), 957, 965.
p. 192
up to ten times more: Elizabeth Peredo Beltran, “Water, Privatization and Conflict: Women from the Cochabamba Valley,” Global Issue Papers 4 (Apr. 2004), 13; William Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain,” The New Yorker, Apr. 8, 2002, 43.
p. 193
declared the property of the state: Maria McFarland Sanchez-Moreno and Tracy Higgins, “Special Report: No Recourse: Transnational Corporations and the Protection of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Bolivia,” Fordham International Law Journal 27 (2004), 1663, 1761.
p. 193
“a fundamental human right”: The Cochabamba Declaration (2000), available at http://www.citizen.org/cmep/article_redirect.cfm?ID=10304.
p. 194
“recognized as an economic good”: The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development (1992), available at http://www.wmo.in/t/pages/prog/hwrp/documents/english/icwedece.html.
p. 195
sub-Saharan Africa: “Keeping sanitation in the international spotlight,” The Lancet 371 (Mar. 29, 2008), 1045.
p. 195
illnesses caused by contaminated water: “Water Facts,” Water.org, http://water.org/water-crisis/water-facts/water.
p. 195
the death of one child: Morris, The Blue Death, 264.
p. 195
every dollar spent to improve sanitation: J. Bartram et al., “Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health,” The Lancet 365 (2005), 810.
p. 195
within a fifteen-minute walk: John Thompson et al., “Waiting at the Tap: Changes in Urban Water Use in East Africa Over Three Decades,” Environment & Urbanization 12 (2000), 37, 48.
p. 196
170 million people have to walk: Fishman, The Big Thirst, 240.
p. 196
put a human face on the situation: Aylito’s story is adapted from Tina Rosenberg, “The Burden of Thirst,” National Geographic, Apr. 2010.
p. 197
A group of Indian girls stopping: The photograph, by Tom Maisey, can be found at Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Girls_carrying_water_in_India.jpg.
p. 198
greatest threat facing their citizens: Personal communication with William Reilly, former EPA Administrator (Sept. 21, 2005).
p. 198
the term “water deprivation”: Ben Crow, “Water: Gender and Material Inequalities in the Global South” (Center for Global, International, & Regional Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, working paper no. 2001-5, 2001), 3, http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=cgirs.
p. 198
“poverty is, quite literally, de-civilizing”: Fishman, The Big Thirst, 246.
p. 199
95 percent of water systems: Glennon, Unquenchable, 248.
p. 200
growing at an annual 6 percent: Gleick, The World’s Water, 45.
p. 200
privatized across the globe: Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain.”
p. 200
infrastructure to public/private partnerships: Gleick, The World’s Water, 48.
p. 201
have been renegotiated: J. Luis Guasch, Jean-Jacques Laffont, and Stephane Straub, “Renegotiation
of Concession Contracts in Latin America” (ESE Discussion Papers, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, 2004), 103, http://ideas.repec.org/p/edn/esedps/103.html.
p. 210
“full cost recovery”: Bakker, “Archipelagos and Networks,” 2.
p. 202
water provision and sewer lines expanded: Sebastian Galiani et al., “Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on Child Mortality,” Journal of Political Economy 113 (Feb. 2005), 83.
p. 202
one of the authors concluded: Ernesto Schargrodsky, “Water and Human Well Being Executive Session” (VIU, San Servelo, July 20, 2009), http://www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/centers/cid/ssp/docs/events/workshops/2009/water/Schargrodsky_Infrastructure_disc_090720.pdf.
p. 203
“he forgot to lay the pipes”: Glennon, Unquenchable, 247.
p. 203
to privatization in Argentina: Ibid.
p. 203
“cutting off poor Argentines”: “Buenos Aires: Collapse of the Privatization Deal,” Food & Water Watch, http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/global/latin-america/argentina/buenos-aires-collapse-of-the-privatization-deal.
p. 204
“rate hikes, cut-offs”: Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, “The Struggle For Latin America’s Water,” North American Congress on Latin America.
p. 204
human right to water: Gleick, Unquenchable, 206 (table listing “international documents, treaties, declarations, and standards recognizing the right to water and related forms of health and human development”).
p. 204
“accessible and affordable water”: General Comment No. 15 (2002), The right to water (arts. 11 and 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/a5458d1d1bbd713fc1256cc400389e94.
p. 204
seven to fourteen gallons a day: Peter Gleick has suggested the basic minimum for drinking, cooking, bathing and sanitation should be 13 gallons a day. Glennon, Unquenchable, 229.
p. 205
“what corporations and investors want”: The Council of Canadians, http://www.canadians.org/.
p. 205
resolution in 2010 declaring: The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, A/64/L.63/Rev.1 (2010).
p. 206
“from one of charity or commodity”: Erik B. Bluemel, “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water,” Ecology Law Quarterly 31 (2004), 957, 973.
p. 206
at least fifteen national constitutions: “Right to Water: Moving towards a global consensus?,” World Water Council, http://www.worldwaterforum5.org/fileadmin/wwc/Programs/Right_to_Water/Pdf_doct/Story_RTW_CD_March07_compressed.pdf.
p. 206
“in any civilised society”: Chameli Singh v. State of U.P., Indian Supreme Court (1996) 2SCC549:(AIR 1996 SC 1051).
p. 207
list went on and on: S.K. Garg v. State of U.P. and Ors., May 28, 1998.
p. 207
stopping the burial of bodies: M.C Mehta v. Union of India (1988) 1 SCC 471.
p. 208
“large numbers due to dehydration”: S.K. Garg v. State of U.P. and Ors.
p. 208
17 percent of Indians do not have access: Amy Yee, “Liter by Liter, Indians Get Cleaner Water,” New York Times, Mar. 21, 2012.
p. 208
entitlement of twenty-five liters: Alix-Gowlland Gualtieri, “South Africa’s Water Law and Policy Framework: Implications for the Right to Water” (IELRC Working Paper, 2007), 1, 4, http://www.ielrc.org/content/w0703.pdf.
p. 209
municipalities have installed prepaid meters: Mazibuko, Case CCT 39/09 at 7.
p. 209
lower court said the practice: Mazibuko and Others v. City of Johannesburg and Others (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions as amicus curiae) [2008] 4 All SA 471 (W).
p. 209
“to realise the achievement of the right”: Mazibuko, Case CCT 39/09 at 25.
p. 209
more than eight million South Africans: “In the matter between: Lindiwe Mazibuko and Others and the City of Johannesburg and Others,” Constitutional Court of South Africa, Case CCT 39/09, 2 (2009).
p. 210
“to receive it from the hydrants”: Jeffrey A. Kroessler, “Water for the City,” The Old Croton Aqueduct: Rural Resources Meet Urban Needs (Yonkers, NY: Hudson River Museum of Westchester, 1992), 14.
p. 211
of water from rain barrels: Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain,” 47–51.
p. 213
from 0.01 to 0.05 cents: “Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries: Proven Household Water Treatment Options, “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” Nov. 2010.
p. 213
technique has been disseminated: Daniele S. Lantagne et al., “Household water treatment and safe storage options in developing countries: A review of current implementation practices,” Woodrow Wilson Center Navigating Peace Initiative.
p. 213
130 million sachets: “Safe Drinking Water,” P&G Health Sciences Institute, http://www.pghsi.com/pghsi/safewater.
p. 214
“is warranted on the basis”: Thomas Clasen et al., “Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis,” BMJ 334 (Mar. 12, 2007), http://www.bmj.com/content/334/7597/782.
p. 214
review of POU field studies: Lorna Fewtrell et al., “Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Lancet Infectious Diseases 5(2005), 42, 48.
p. 215
those who purchase the kits: Nava Ashraf, James Berry, and Jesse M. Shaprio, “Can Higher Prices Stimulate Product Use? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Zambia,” American Economic Review 100 (2010), 2383.
p. 215
“willing to pay for water quantity”: Alix Peterson, Michael Kremer, and Robyn Meeks, “Water and Human Well Being: Report of an Executive Session on the Grand Challenges of a Sustainability Transition, San Servolo Island, Venice, Italy: July 20-21, 2009” (CID Working Paper No. 188, Center for International Development Working Paper, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Nov. 2009).
p. 215
this level of use is no small achievement: Daniele S. Lantagne et al., “Household water treatment and safe storage options in developing countries.”
p. 215
“You’re a professor?”: The quotations in this section are from a talk Scott Harrison gave at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment on April 27, 2009.
p. 217
Scott Harrison, the founder: The photograph, provided by the Silicon Prairie News, can be found at Wiki media, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scott_Harrison_2010.jpg.
p. 220
cities around the globe hosted events: Amanda Rose, “Twestival Raises Over $250K and Counting,” http://mashable.com/2009/02/18/twestival-results.
p. 221
and the teaser headline: “Hot Bachelors,” People, June 30, 2008, 99.
p. 223
the exercise of a human faculty:
p. 223
the famed skeptic”
8: Finding Water for the Twenty-First Century
p. 225
“a shocking plot to sell”: “H2O,” Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, http://www.cbc.ca/h2o/index.html.
p. 226
past fifty years to transport: See Adam Dicke, “Bulk Water Transfers,” Water Is Life, http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/DICKEAC.
p. 226
the water to Asian markets: Lynette Kalsnes, “Great Lakes Face Increasing Pressure for Water from World, Own Backyard,” WBEZ95.1, June 21, 2011, http://www.wbez.org/frontandcenter/2011-06-21/great-lakes-face-increasing-pressure-water-world-own-backyard-88159.
&n
bsp; p. 226
“Once the tap is turned on”: Maude Barlow, “The Globalization of Water,” Global Water Issues, http://www.enviroalternatives.com/waterglobal.html.
p. 227
“fair is fair, and Great Lakes”: “Barricading the Great Lakes,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 13, 1985.
p. 227
level has fallen to the lowest: Glennon, Unquenchable, 98.
p. 227
“no interest in feeding”: “Canada’s water isn’t for sale,” Montreal Gazette, July 22, 2001, A18.
p. 227
“will allow elites to assure”: Martin O’Malley and Angela Mulholland, “Canada’s Water,” CBC News Online, http://www.portaec.net/library/ocean/water/canadas_water.html.
p. 228
the plot of the H2O television series: Steve Maich, “America Is Thirsty,” Maclean’s, Dec. 28, 2005, 26–30.
p. 228
Toronto withdraws 1.7 billion liters: “Toronto Water at a Glance,” Toronto.ca, http://www.toronto.ca/water/glance.htm.
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