40 Ibid.
41 Smith, The Closest of Enemies, p. 95.
42 “Geheimvermerk für DDR-Staats- und Parteichef Honecker über ein Gespräch des DDR-Politbüromitglieds Hermann Axen mit dem kubanischen Staats- und Parteichef Fidel Castro, 27. Juli 1984,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/IV 2/2.035, Bl. 2–11.
43 Szulc, Fidel, p. 639.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Carlos Moore, Castro, the Blacks, and Africa, p. 328.
47 Liss, Fidel!, p. 92.
48 Moore, Castro, the Blacks, and Africa, p. 329.
49 Ibid., p. 328.
50 Balfour, Castro, p. 121.
51 Ibid., p. 135.
52 Fidel Castro Speeches: Cuba’s Internationalist Foreign Policy 1975–80, p. 167.
53 Ibid., p. 200.
54 “Instructions for Joining a New Society,” in Heberto Padilla, A Fountain, A House of Stone: Poems, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991, p. 27.
55 Quoted from Quirk, Fidel Castro, pp. 662ff.
56 See Friedl Zapata, Geschichten aus der Geschichte Kubas, pp. 11ff.
57 Quirk, Fidel Castro, pp. 668ff.
58 Ibid., pp. 671ff.
59 Szulc, Fidel, p. 625.
60 Ibid.
61 Haubrich, “Mumifizierte Revolution,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 8, 1999.
62 Franqui, Family Portrait with Fidel, p. 129.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 Castro, Palabras a los intelectuales, pp. 11ff.
66 Ibid., pp. 20ff.
67 PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A 3153, Bl. 35.
68 “Zur Lage der politischen Kräfte in Kuba. Mission der DDR in der Republik Kuba,” January 10, 1963, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A16378/1, Bl. 15–19.
69 Liss, Fidel!, pp. 141, 146.
70 Hausbrich, “Schützende Hände,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 26, 1998.
71 Hausbrich, “Grüsse aus dem Fegefeuer,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 20, 1996.
72 Borge, Face to Face with Fidel Castro, pp. 164ff.
73 Ibid., pp. 156ff.
74 Ibid., p. 166.
Chapter 8 Alone against All
1 Smith, The Closest of Enemies, p. 209.
2 Ibid., p. 211.
3 Fidel Castro Speeches: Cuba’s Internationalist Foreign Policy 1975–80, p. 276.
4 Ibid., p. 278.
5 Jorge I. Dominguez, “Cooperating with the Enemy? U.S. Immigration Policies toward Cuba,” in Mitchell, Western Hemisphere Immigration and United States Foreign Policy, p. 34.
6 Ibid., p. 41.
7 “Vertraulicher Informationsbericht des ADN-Korrespondenten in Havanna,” May 11, 1966, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 53–64.
8 “Vertraulicher Informationsbericht des ADN-Korrespondenten in Havanna,” May 11, 1966, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 49–52.
9 “Brief des DDR-Botschafters in Havanna, Johne, an das Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten,” October 12, 1965, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 139–49.
10 “Brief des DDR-Botschafters in Havanna, Johne, an das Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten,” October 12, 1965, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/1, Bl. 126–32.
11 “Vertraulicher Informationsbericht des ADN-Korrespondenten in Havanna,” May 11, 1966, PAAA, Bestand MfAA, A3363/2, Bl. 119–22.
12 Leonard, Castro and the Cuban Revolution, p. 70.
13 “Informationen zu bekannt gewordenen exilkubanischen Terrororganisationen,” Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR, July 22, 1980, BstU, MfS-HAXXII Nr. 17 843, Bl. 78–89.
14 “Sachstandsbericht zur konterrevolutionären antikubanischen Terrorszene,” Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR, May 27, 1982, BstU, MfS-HAXXII Nr. 17 843, Bl. 112–18.
15 Bourne, Castro, p. 180.
16 Ibid.
17 Borge, Face to Face with Fidel Castro, p. 169.
18 Betto, pp. 49ff.
19 “A Conversation with Fidel,” Cigar Aficionado, Summer, 1994.
20 Franqui, Diary, p. 320.
21 Balfour, Castro, p. 138.
22 Fidel Castro, War & Crisis in the Americas. Speeches 1984–1985, p. 110.
23 Julio Carranza Valdés, “Die Krise – Eine Bestandaufnahme,” in Hoffmann, Wirtschaftsreformen in Kuba, pp. 16ff.
24 Susan Eva Eckstein, Back from the Future: Cuba under Castro, p. 72.
25 Julio Carranza Valdés, “Die Krise – Eine Bestandaufnahme,” in Hoffmann, Wirtschaftsreformen in Kuba, pp. 16ff.
26 Betto, p. 301.
27 Balfour, Castro, p. 139.
28 Betto, pp. 299ff.
29 Ibid., pp. 300ff.
30 Balfour, Castro, pp. 148ff.
31 Granma Weekly Review, December 13, 1987, p. 10; cf. Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 62.
32 Carollee Bengelsdorff, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba: Between Vision and Reality, p. 135.
33 Ibid., p. 141.
34 Ibid., p. 134.
35 Ibid., p. 201.
36 Julie Marie Bunck, Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture in Cuba, p. 18.
37 “Telegramm der Botschaft der DDR in Havanna an das ZK der SED, Abteilung Internationale Beziehungen, Kopie aus der Politbüroakte Erich Honecker,” July 27, 1987, SAPMO-Barch, DY 30/2359, Bl. 432–3.
38 Liss, Fidel!, p. 154.
39 Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 65.
40 Balfour, Castro, p. 150.
41 Quoted in Liss, Fidel!, p. 155.
42 Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 71.
43 Ibid.
44 “Telegramm der Botschaft der DDR in Havanna an das ZK der SED, Abteilung Internationale Beziehungen, Kopie aus der Politbüroakte Erich Honecker,” July 27, 1987, SAPMO-Barch, DY 30/2359, Bl. 432–3.
45 Fidel Castro, In Defense of Socialism. Four Speeches on the 30th Anniversary of the Cuban Revolution, p. v.
46 Balfour, Castro, p. 153.
47 Ibid.
48 Fidel Castro, In Defense of Socialism. Four Speeches on the 30th Anniversary of the Cuban Revolution, pp. 100ff.
49 Andres Oppenheimer, Castro’s Final Hour: The Secret Story behind the Coming Downfall of Communist Cuba, p. 101.
50 Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance, p. 111.
51 “Brief des sowjetischen Staats- und Parteichefs Michail Gorbatschow an DDR-Staats- und Parteichef Erich Honecker,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/2359, Bl. 1–2.
52 “Niederschrift über das Treffen der führenden Repräsentanten der Bruderparteien sozialistischer Länder des RGW am 10. und 11. November 1986 in Moskau,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/2358, Bl. 1–2.
53 Ibid., Bl. 72–8.
54 Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance, p. 132.
55 Bengelsdorff, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba, p. 139.
56 Quoted in Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance, pp. 133ff.
57 Borge, Face to Face with Fidel Castro, p. 108.
58 “Vermerk über das Gespräch des Genossen Erich Honecker, Generalsekretär des ZK der SED und Vorsitzender des Staatrates der DDR, mit Genossen Jorge Risquet, Mitglied des Politbüros und Sekretär des ZK der KP Kubas, am 17. April 1989,” Abteilung Internationale Verbindungen des Zentralkommittees der SED, SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/2359, Bl. 439–40.
59 “Vermerk über das Gespräch des Genossen Hermann Axen, Mitglied des Politbüros und Sekretär des ZK der SED, mit Genossen Jorge Risquet, Mitglied des Politbüros und Sekretär des ZK der KP Kubas, am 17. April 1989,” Abteilung Internationale Verbindungen des Zentralkommittees der SED, SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/IV 2/2035, Bl. 12–21.
60 Ibid.
61 “Rede des Genossen Fidel Castro am 26. Juli 1989,” Abteilung Internationale Verbindungen des Zentralkommittees der SED, SAPMO-BArchiv, DY 30/IV 2/2035, Bl. 29–32.
62 “Vermerk über das Gespräch des Genossen Hermann Axen, Mitglied des Politbüros und Sekretär des ZK der SED, mit Genossen Raúl Castro Ruz, 2. Sekretär des ZK der KP Kubas und 1. Stellvertreter des Staats- und Ministerrats der Republik Kubas am 3. September 1989 in Berlin,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/IV 2/2035
, Bl. 38–40.
63 Estervino Montesino Segui, “The Cuban Perspective on Cuban–Soviet Relations,” in Wayne S. Smith, The Russians Aren’t Coming: New Soviet Policy in Latin America, p. 141.
64 Quoted in ibid., pp. 140ff.
65 Quoted in ibid., p. 143.
66 Hoffmann, Wirtschaftsreformen in Kuba, p. 45.
67 Ibid., pp. 46ff.
68 Ibid., p. 47.
69 Ibid., p. 53.
70 Ibid., pp. 45ff.
71 Mikoyan, “The Future of the Soviet–Cuban Relationship,” in Smith, The Russians Aren’t Coming, pp. 119ff.; Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 92.
72 Bengelsdorff, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba, p. 149.
73 Quoted in Estervino Montesino Segui, “The Cuban Perspective on Cuban–Soviet Relations,” in Smith, The Russians Aren’t Coming, p. 144.
74 Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 93.
75 Ibid.
76 Ibid.
77 Pavlov, Soviet–Cuban Alliance, p. 234.
78 Ibid., p. 264.
79 Oppenheimer, Castro’s Final Hour, p. 127.
80 Fidel Castro, War & Crisis in the Americas. Speeches 1984–1985, pp. 141ff.
81 Millett, From Triumph to Survival, p. 140.
82 El Nuevo Herald, Miami, 1998; in Cuba News/Noticias – CubaNet News.
83 Richard L. Millett, “From Triumph to Survival: Cuba’s Armed Forces in an Era of Transition,” in Millett et al., Beyond Praetorianism, p. 135.
84 Phillys Green Walker, “Cuba’s Revolutionary Armed Forces: Adapting in the New Environment,” Cuban Studies, 26 (Pittsburgh, 1989), 69.
85 Phyllis Green Walker, “Challenges Facing the Cuban Military,” Cuban Briefing Papers Series, 12, Washington DC: Georgetown University, October 1996, p. 3.
86 Bengelsdorff, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba, p. 143.
87 Phyllis Green Walker, “Challenges Facing the Cuban Military,” Cuban Briefing Papers Series, 12, Washington DC: Georgetown University, October 1996, p. 4.
88 “Die Krise – Eine Bestandsaufnahme,” in Hoffmann, Wirtschaftsreformen in Kuba, p. 19.
89 Quoted in ibid., p. 59.
90 Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 12–13, 1991, p. 7.
91 Bengelsdorff, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba, p. 138.
92 Fidel Castro, “Conversation with Federico Mayor Zaragoza,” ex-director of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), January 24–28, 2000, Consejo de Estado. E-mail to the author.
93 Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 19, 1991.
94 Fidel Castro, “Conversation with Federico Mayor Zaragoza.”
95 Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 124.
96 Ibid., p. 96.
97 Ibid., p. 98.
98 Ibid., p. 110.
99 Ibid., p. 115.
100 Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 16, 1991.
Chapter 9 The Eternal Revolutionary
1 Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 102.
2 Bengelsdorff, The Problem of Democracy in Cuba, p. 168.
3 Ibid., p. 169.
4 Eckstein, Back from the Future, p. 109.
5 Liss, Fidel!, p. 61.
6 Fidel Castro, “‘Einige dieser Massnahmen sind uns zuwider’ – Dokumentation der Rede zur Legalisierung des US-Dollars,” in Hoffmann, Wirtschaftsreformen in Kuba, pp. 47ff.
7 Fidel Castro: “Conversation with Federico Mayor Zaragoza.”
8 Carmelo Mesa-Lago, “Cuba’s Raft Exodus of 1994: Causes, Settlement, Effects, and Future,” The North–South Agenda (Miami), April 12, 1995, pp. 4ff.
9 Neue Zürcher Zeitung, June 23, 1998.
10 Jennifer Abbassi, “The Role of the 1990s Food Markets in the Decentralization of Cuban Agriculture,” Cuban Studies, 27 (Pittsburgh, 1998), 32.
11 Volker Skierka, “Brave Zahler – Ein Deutscher entwickelte das kubanische Steuersystem,” Die Zeit, January 22, 1998.
12 Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 17, 2000. The article gives the number of joint ventures as 370, and estimates total direct investment up to 1998 at 1.8 billion (citing the Institute for European Latin American Relations). The likelihood that this figure would reach at least 2 billion by the end of the millennium came from, among other things, the report in late 1999 that the Spanish Altadis group had bought into the Havanos S.A. tobacco company to the tune of some 500 million. The Cuban side, however, has not issued exact figures.
13 Fidel Castro, “Conversation with Federico Mayor Zaragoza.”
14 Instituto de Relaciones Europeos-Latinoamericanas (IRELA), Dossier 68: 40 años de revolución en Cuba: transición hacia donde?, Madrid, 1999, p. 24.
15 Financial Times, March 24, 1999.
16 Institut für Iberoamerikakunde, Lateinamerika Jahrbuch 1999, Hamburg, 1999, p. 287.
17 Financial Times, March 24, 1999.
18 IRELA Dossier, 68 (see n. 14), 24.
19 Granma International, December 14, 1997, p. 6.
20 Ibid., p. 9.
21 César Chelala, “Provide a Health Boost for Cubans,” International Herald Tribune, February 8, 2000.
22 Carlos Lage, in conversation with the author, in Die Zeit, July 22, 1999.
23 IRELA Dossier, 68 (see note 14), 23.
24 Carlos Lage, in conversation with the author, in Die Zeit, July 22, 1999.
25 Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 17, 2000.
26 Susanne Gratius, “Kuba 1999: Zwischen Repression und Agonie,” Brennpunkt Lateinamerikas, 10 (May 28, 1999), 79.
27 IRELA Dossier, 68 (see note 14), 26.
28 Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 17, 2000.
29 Gratius, “Kuba 1999: Zwischen Repression und Agonie,” Brennpunkt Lateinamerikas, 10 (May 28, 1999), 79.
30 Die Zeit, May 20, 1999.
31 Ibid.
32 Financial Times, March 24, 1999.
33 Die Zeit, July 22, 1999.
34 “Castro Healthy, Firmly In Power, CIA Chief Says,” Miami Herald, December 6, 1997.
35 IRELA Dossier, 68 (see note 14), 10ff.
36 “Cuba after the V. Party Congress: An Irela Briefing,” Instituto de Relaciones Europe–Latinoamericanas, BRF-97/8-CUB, November 5, 1997; IRELA Dossier, 68, 10ff.
37 Castro, “Conversation with Federico Mayor Zaragoza,” op. cit.
38 Ibid.
39 Jorge I. Dominguez, “U.S.–Cuban Relations: From the Cold War to the Colder War,” Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs, 39(3) (Miami, 1997), 63.
40 Granma International, December 14, 1997, p. 12.
41 US Department of State International Information Programs (online), Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996.
42 Bert Hoffmann, “Helms-Burton und kein Ende?,” p. 41.
43 Ibid., p. 40.
44 John M. Kirk, The Effectiveness of Helms-Burton, 1996–97: A Canadian Perspective, Dalhouse University, Halifax, February 1997, p. 1.
45 Hoffmann, “Helms-Burton und kein Ende?,” p. 41.
46 Robert L. Muse, Is the Helms-Burton Act Legal as a Matter of International Law?, Washington, 1997, p. 3.
47 Joaquin Roy, “The Helms-Burton Law: Development, Consequences, and Legacy for Inter-American and European–US Relations,” Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs (Miami), 39(5), 83.
48 “The People of Cuba vs. The Government of the United States of America for Human Damages. Demand submitted to the Civil and Administrative Court of Law at the Provincial People’s Court in Havana,” May 31, 1999.
49 “Stenografische Niederschrift der offiziellen Gespräche des DDR-Staats-und Parteichefs Erich Honecker mit Fidel Castro in Havanna, 28. Mai 1980,” SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/2359, Bl. 55–6.
50 “The People of Cuba vs. The Government of the United States of America for Human Damages,” op. cit., pp. 36ff.
51 “Expediente Civil No. 88/99. Sentencia Número Ciento Diez (110),” Havana, November 2, 1999, in Condenado El Gobierno de Estados Unidos. Sentencia del Tribunal Provincial Popular de Ciudad de La Habana en el proceso por la Demanda de
l Pueblo de Cuba contra el gobierno de Estados Unidos por daños humanos, Havana, 1999, pp. 88ff.
52 Fidel Castro, “Speech on the occasion of the 47th anniversary celebrations of the attack on the Moncada barracks on 26 July 1953, on the Plaza Provisional de la Revolución in Pinar del Río,” Consejo del Estado, Havana, August 5, 2000.
53 Volker Skierka, “Karle und die Manager – Auf Umwegen zieht auf Kuba der Kapitalismus ein,” Die Zeit, September 9, 1999; and Günther Roller, Commercial Director, MCV Cairo, in conversation with the author.
54 “Contribution by Cuban state and Party leader Fidel Castro to Round Table No. 3 at the United Nations summit of 7 September 2000 in New York,” Consejo del Estado, Havana, e-mail to the author.
55 Neue Zürcher Zeitung, November 1, 2000.
56 “Cuban Beaches Lure Japanese,” International Herald Tribune, September 5, 2000.
57 Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook 2000, http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html
58 Fidel Castro, Closing speech at the First International Congress on Culture and Development, June 11, 1999, Palacio de las Convenciones, Havana, recorded by the Stenographic Service of the Council of State. Consejo del Estado, Havana, June 1999, pp. 75 and 39.
59 Manuel Pastor Jr and Andrew Zimbalist, “Has Cuba Turned the Corner? Macroeconomic Stabilization and Reform in Contemporary Cuba,” Cuban Studies (Pittsburgh), 27, 1998, p. 15.
60 Retranslated from “Bericht des Pentagons über Kubas Streitkräfte,” Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 9–10, 1998.
61 Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 31, 2000.
62 Fidel Castro, “El saludo a Clinton,” Consejo del Estado/Embajada de Cuba, Info über Kuba/Millenniumsgipfel, e-mail to the author, September 12, 2000.
63 Gabriel García Márquez, “Rescued at Sea, Elián Was Shipwrecked on Land,” International Herald Tribune, March 30, 2000.
64 Conte Agüero, Cartas del Presidio, Havana, 1959, pp. 65ff.
65 Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart, Energia Nuclear. Peligro ambiental o solución para el siglo XXI?, Havana-Turin, 1997.
66 Associated Press/CBC News, The Canadian Press, Internet download.
67 “Congressman Visits Elian’s Home,” April 18, 2000: http://www.herald.com.
68 “Elián Needs His Father, Not a Labrador Puppy,” International Herald Tribune, January 20, 2000.
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