Forensics
Page 31
Finally, thanks to my indefatigable agent, Jane Gregory, who always has my back, and to my family, who are always there for me when I need them.
SELECT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arthur Appleton, Mary Ann Cotton: Her Story and Trial (London: Michael Joseph, 1973)
Bill Bass, Death’s Acre: Inside the Legendary ‘Body Farm’ (London: Time Warner, 2004)
Colin Beavan, Fingerprints: The Origins of Crime Detection and the Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science (New York: Hyperion, 2002)
Carl Berg, The Sadist: An Account of the Crimes of Peter Kürten (London: William Heinemann, 1945)
Sue Black & Eilidh Ferguson, eds., Forensic Anthropology: 2000 to 2010 (London: Taylor & Francis, 2011)
Paul Britton, The Jigsaw Man: The Remarkable Career of Britain’s Foremost Criminal Psychologist (London: Bantam Press, 1997)
David Canter, Criminal Shadows: Inside the Mind of the Serial Killer (London: HarperCollins, 1994)
David Canter, Forensic Psychology: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
David Canter, Forensic Psychology for Dummies (Chichester: John Wiley, 2012)
David Canter, Mapping Murder: The Secrets of Geographical Profiling (London: Virgin Books, 2007)
David Canter & Donna Youngs, Investigative Psychology: Offender Profiling and the Analysis of Criminal Action (Chichester: John Wiley, 2009)
Paul Chambers, Body 115: The Mystery of the Last Victim of the King’s Cross Fire (Chichester: John Wiley, 2007)
Dominick Dunne, Justice: Crimes, Trials and Punishments (London: Time Warner, 2001)
Zakaria Erzinçlioğlu, Forensics: Crime Scene Investigations from Murder to Global Terrorism (London: Carlton Books, 2006)
Zakaria Erzinçlioğlu, Maggots, Murder and Men: Memories and Reflections of a Forensic Entomologist (Colchester: Harley Books, 2000)
Colin Evans, The Father of Forensics: How Sir Bernard Spilsbury Invented Modern CSI (Thriplow: Icon Books, 2008)
Stewart Evans & Donald Rumbelow, Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates (Stroud: History Press, 2010)
Nicholas Faith, Blaze: The Forensics of Fire (London: Channel 4, 1999)
James Fallon, The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientist’s Personal Journey into the Dark Side of the Brain (London: Current, 2013)
Roxana Ferllini, Silent Witness: How Forensic Anthropology is Used to Solve the World’s Toughest Crimes (Willowdale, Ont.: Firefly Books, 2002)
Neil Fetherstonhaugh & Tony McCullagh, They Never Came Home: The Stardust Story (Dublin: Merlin, 2001)
Patricia Frank & Alice Ottoboni, The Dose Makes the Poison: A Plain-language Guide to Toxicology (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011)
Jim Fraser, Forensic Science: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
Jim Fraser & Robin Williams, eds., The Handbook of Forensic Science (Cullompton: Willan, 2009)
Ngaire Genge, The Forensic Casebook: The Science of Crime Scene Investigation (London: Ebury Press, 2004)
Hans Gross, Criminal Investigation: A Practical Handbook for Magistrates, Police Officers, and Lawyers (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 5th edition, 1962)
Neil Hanson, The Dreadful Judgement: The True Story of the Great Fire of London, 1666 (London: Doubleday & Co., 2001)
Lorraine Hopping, Crime Scene Science: Autopsies & Bone Detectives (Tunbridge Wells: Ticktock, 2007)
David Icove & John DeHaan, Forensic Fire Scene Reconstruction (London: Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 2009)
Frank James, Michael Faraday: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
Gerald Lambourne, The Fingerprint Story (London: Harrap, 1984)
John Lentini, Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013)
Douglas P. Lyle, Forensics for Dummies (Chichester: John Wiley, 2004)
Michael Lynch, Truth Machine: The Contentious History of DNA Fingerprinting (Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 2008)
Mary Manhein, The Bone Lady: Life as a Forensic Anthropologist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999)
Mary Manhein, Bone Remains: Cold Cases in Forensic Anthropology (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013)
Mary Manhein, Trial of Bones: More Cases from the Files of a Forensic Anthropologist (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005)
Alex McBride, Defending the Guilty: Truth and Lies in the Criminal Courtroom (London: Viking, 2010)
William Murray, Serial Killers (Eastbourne: Canary Press, 2009)
Niamh Nic Daéid, ed., Fifty Years of Forensic Science: a commentary (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010)
Niamh Nic Daéid, ed., Fire Investigation (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004)
Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (London: HarperCollins, 1997)
John Prag & Richard Neave, Making Faces: Using Forensic and Archaeological Evidence (London: British Museum Press, 1997)
Fiona Raitt, Evidence: Principles, Policy and Practice (Edinburgh: Thomson W. Green, 2008)
Kalipatnapu Rao, Forensic Toxicology: Medico-legal Case Studies (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012)
Mike Redmayne, Expert Evidence and Criminal Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Mary Roach, Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers (London: Viking, 2003)
Jane Robins, The Magnificent Spilsbury and the Case of the Brides in the Bath (London: John Murray, 2010)
Andrew Rose, Lethal Witness: Sir Bernard Spilsbury, Honorary Pathologist (Stroud: Sutton, 2007)
Edith Saunders, The Mystery of Marie Lafarge (London: Clerke & Cockeran, 1951)
Keith Simpson, Forty Years of Murder (London: Panther, 1980)
Kenneth Smith, A Manual of Forensic Entomology (London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1986)
Clive Stafford-Smith, Injustice: Life and Death in the Courtrooms of America (London: Harvill Secker, 2012)
Maria Teresa Tersigni-Tarrant and Natalie Shirley, eds, Forensic Anthropology: An Introduction (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013)
Brent E. Turvey, Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Science (Amsterdam; Oxford: Academic Press, 2012)
Francis Wellman, The Art of Cross-examination: With the Cross-examinations of Important Witnesses in Some Celebrated Cases (New York: Touchstone Press, 1997)
P. C. White, ed., Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004)
James Whorton, The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain was Poisoned at Home, Work and Play (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
Caroline Wilkinson, Forensic Facial Reconstruction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Caroline Wilkinson & Christopher Rynn, Craniofacial Identification (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)
George Wilton, Fingerprints: Scotland Yard and Henry Faulds (Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, 1951)
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
While every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders of illustrations, the author and publishers would be grateful for information about any illustrations where they have been unable to trace them, and would be glad to make amendments in further editions.
1 SCENE OF THE CRIME
3 Police Officer Sharon Beshinevsky. Photo: Getty Images
4 Doctor Edmond Locard, Founder of Police Sientific Laboratory of Lyon. Photo: Maurice Jarnoux/Paris Match via Getty Images
16 SIOs combing the area around Sharon Beshinevsky’s murder scene for evidence. Photo: Getty Images
2 FIRE SCENE INVESTIGATION
21 Michael Faraday, whose 1861 book The Chemical History of a Candle paved the way for modern fire scene investigators. Photo: Wellcome Library, London
25 Fire scene investigators at the scene of the Stardust Disco Fire, in which 48 people died and more than 240 were injured. Photo © The Irish Times
30 The fossilised remains of a
diatom, a single-celled organism – viewed under a microscope. Photo: Spike Walker/Wellcome Images
3 ENTOMOLOGY
44 A page from The Washing Away of Wrongs, a 13th-century Chinese textbook on forensic medicine. Photo: Wellcome Library, London
50 This image, which superimposes a photograph of Isabelle Ruxton’s face onto the skull found in the stream, helped seal Buck Ruxton’s conviction. Courtesy of the University of Glasgow
60 David Westerfield in the dock, San Diego, California. Photo: Getty Images
4 PATHOLOGY
68 Dr Hawley Crippen and his lover, Ethel le Neve, in the dock at the Old Bailey. Crippen would be convicted of murder and sentenced to death, while le Neve walked free. Photo: Pictorial Press/Alamy
70 A series of slides produced by Spilsbury showing sections of the scar found on the torso buried in the cellar. Photo © The Royal London Hospital Archives and Museum
72 George Smith and Bessie Munday on their wedding day. She would later become his first victim. Photo: TopFoto
75 Bernard Spilsbury. Photo: TopFoto
5 TOXICOLOGY
93 Marie Lafarge, who was convicted of murdering her husband Charles with eggnog laced with arsenic. Photo: Wellcome Library, London
99 A contemporary advert for a radium-based facial cream, ‘made to the formula of Dr Alfred Curie’. Photo: Science Photo Library
100 Nine of the ‘Radium Girls’, whose jobs painting watch-faces with glow-in-the-dark paint gave them fatal radiation poisoning. Photo: PA Photos
108 Serial killer Harold Shipman, and (inset) a letter accompanying the forged will of his final victim, Kathleen Grundy. Photo: PA Photos
113 Aconite, also known as monkshood and wolfsbane. Symptoms of aconite poisoning include nausea, vomiting, burning and tingling in the limbs, and difficulty in breathing. If untreated, death can occur within two to six hours. Photo: Wellcome Library, London
6 FINGERPRINTING
119 The Bertillionage record of twenty-one-year-old George Girolami, arrested for fraud. Photo: adoc-photos/Corbis
123 A CID assistant checks a new set of prints against Scotland Yard’s fingerprinting records in 1946. Photo: Getty Images
126 Buck Ruxton’s fingerprints, taken in Liverpool Prison, 1936. University of Glasgow Archive Services, Department of Forensic Medicine & Science Collection, GB0248 GUAFM2A/25
135 Spanish forensic experts search wreckage after the Madrid train bombings. Photo: Pierre-Philippe Marcou/AFP/Getty Images
7 BLOOD SPATTER AND DNA
141 From top left: Samuel Sheppard after the alleged attack, his wife Marilyn Reese Sheppard and Sheppard testifying at his trial in a neck brace. Photo: Bettmann/Corbis
143 Dr Paul Kirk examines blood spatter on Marilyn Sheppard’s pillow. Photo: Bettmann/Corbis
151 Colin Pitchfork, the first person in the UK to be convicted on the basis of DNA evidence. Photo: Rex Features
8 ANTHROPOLOGY
167 Forensic anthropologists excavating a mass grave in Kosovo. Photo: AP/PA Photos
170 Clyde Snow testifies at the 1986 trial of nine former Argentinean military junta. Photo: Daniel Muzio/AFP/Getty Images
172 Members of the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team excavate a common grave. Photo: EAAF/AFP/Getty Images
9 FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
195 A collection of ‘criminal faces’ compiled by Cesare Lombroso. Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library
204 A photograph of Alexander Fallon, a victim of the King’s Cross fire, compared with the facial reconstruction created using his remains. Photo: PA Photos
206 The ‘Butcher of Bosnia’, Radovan Karadžić. Photo: AFP/Getty Images
10 DIGITAL FORENSICS
225 Police searching for Suzanne Pilley’s body near Arrochar, Scotland. Her remains were never found, though David Gilroy was found guilty of her murder in 2012. Photo: Mirrorpix
229 John McAfee surrounded by the media after his arrest in Guatemala. Photo: Rex Features
229 McAfee’s house in Belize. Photo: Henry Romero/Reuters/Corbis
11 FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
237 Peter Kürten, the ‘Vampire of Dusseldorf’. Photo: Imagno/Austrian Archives/TopFoto
237 Police searching the Pappendell Farm, Dusseldorf, for the bodies of Kürten’s victims. Photo: Rex Features/Associated Newspapers
239 ‘Jack the Ripper’ was a media sensation: here, a contemporary magazine cover depicts Constable Neil’s discovery of Mary Anne Nichols’s body. Photo: Interfoto Agentur/Mary Evans Picture Library
244 Police lead away George Metesky, the ‘Mad Bomber of New York’. Photo: Rex Features/CSU Archives/Everett Collection
12 THE COURTROOM
265 The brown paper bag used to store Gary Dobson’s bomber jacket, which was found to be stained with Stephen Lawrence’s blood. Photo: Rex Features
267 Gary Dobson and David Norris, who were both convicted of the murder of Stephen Lawrence in 2012. Photo: CPS
275 Roy Meadow arrives at the General Medical Council to face a professional conduct committee over evidence he gave in several baby death cases. Photo: Rex Features
276 Sally Clark outside the High Court after her release. Photo: Rex Features
COLOUR PLATES
1 Crime scene notes taken by John Glaister Junior. University of Glasgow Archive Services, Department of Forensic Medicine & Science Collection, GB0248 GUAFM2A/1
2, 3 Police officers comb the area where the remains of Isabella Ruxton and her maid, Mary Rogerson, were found. University of Glasgow Archive Services, Department of Forensic Medicine & Science Collection, GB0248 GUAFM2A/73 and 109
4 A maggot’s head under a microscope. Photo: Science Photo Library/Getty
5 A blowfly feeding on decaying meat. Photo: Wikimedia Commons
6 An illustration from Eduard Piotrowski’s seminal work on bloodstains
7 A body in situ at the ‘Body Farm’, Tennessee. © Sally Mann. Courtesy of the Gagosian Gallery
8, 9, 10 Graham Coutts, who was convicted of Jane Longhurst’s murder, caught on CCTV moving her body from the storage facility where he kept it in the weeks after her death. Photos: Rex Features
11, 12, 13 Death of a Court Lady, from a series of Japanese watercolour paintings, c. 18th century. Wellcome Library, London
14, 15 Betty P. Gatliff works on a facial reconstruction. Photo: PA Photos
16 Sections of a brain, showing bullet path and bullet. Image courtesy of Bart’s Pathology Museum, Queen Mary University of London
17 Section of liver, showing knife wound and knife. Image courtesy of Bart’s Pathology Museum, Queen Mary University of London
18 One of Frances Glessner Lee’s ‘Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death’. Courtesy of Bethlehem Heritage Society/The Rocks Estate/SPNHF, Bethlehem, New Hampshire
19 A model of old man’s head in wax, created by the seventeeth-century sculptor Giulio Zumbo. Courtesy of the Pathology Museum
INDEX
Page references for photographs are in italics
Abu Dujana Al-afghan 161
aconite 112–14
Adams, John Bodkin 110
adversarial system 13–14, 279–81, 283–5
age progression 205–7
Al-Qaeda 134, 161
Al-Sane, Adnan 192
alcohol 98
Allen, Jim 41–2
Allport, William H. 178
Alnwick Castle 110
Alvarez, Inspector Commissioner 120
‘Analysis of Dust Traces, The’ (Locard) 5
Andrade, Frances 282
Anthony, Donna 274
anthropology 165–89
Argentina 169–71
Gardiner case 173–5
Kosovo 165–8
Leutgert case 176–8
Manheim 186–8
Syria 172–3
vein pattern analysis 183–6
anthropometry 118
Area Forensic Manager (AFM) 7
Argentina
‘Dirty
War’ 169–70
fingerprinting 119–20, 127
Forensic Anthropology Team 169, 170–2
Arnold, Peter 1, 2–3, 4, 7–9, 13–17, 284
arsenic 89, 94–5, 96–7, 102
Cotton case 95–6
Lafarge case 90–4
Marsh test viii–ix, 92–3, 95
Arsenic Act 1851 94–5
Arsenic Century, The (Whorton) 102
arson 27, 29, 31, 35–6, 37–42
Asbury, David 131, 132, 133
Ashworth, Dawn 149–50
Atkinson, Sergeant Albert 122
Australia 285
Austria 127
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) 11
autopsy 66, 78, 82–4, 87
Bach, Johann Sebastian 197
ballistics 10–11, 287–9
Bankes, Isabella 67
Barlow, Jeffrey 210
Barlow, Kenneth 83
Bass, William 81
Behavioural Investigative Advisers (BIAs) 256
Berg, Karl 236–8
Bergeret d’Arbois 56
Berry, Mike 250–1, 257–62,
Bertillon, Alphonse 118
beryllium 100
Beshenivsky, PC Sharon 1–3, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11–12
Bishop, Linda 28
Bisset, Samantha and Jazmine 255–6
Black, Sue 168–9, 172, 180, 181–3
court process 269–70, 275, 280–1, 284–5
Gardiner case 174
Kosovo 166–8, 169
MacRae case 188–9
Syria 172–3
time of death 81
vein pattern analysis 183–6, 276, 292
blood spatter 138–48
Billie-Jo Jenkins case 145–8
Shepherd case 140–2
blood typing 142
Bloodworth, Sir Thomas 18
blowflies 47–8, 49, 51–61
Blum, Deborah 102
bodies
anthropology 165–89
autopsy 66, 78, 82–4
and crime scene 3–4
drug concentrations 103–4
effects of fire 37
and entomology 43–61
facial reconstruction 190–209
pathology 63–87
putrefaction 80–2
rigor mortis 73, 80
temperature 79–80
time of death 45, 55–6, 57–8, 60–1, 79–81, 106–7