Lost and Found in Russia

by Susan Richards

  Copyright © 2009 Susan Richards

  First published by I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. in the United Kingdom

  Other Press edition 2010

  Production Editor: Yvonne E. Cárdenas

  All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from Other Press LLC, except in the case of brief quotations in reviews for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. For information write to Other Press LLC, 2 Park Avenue, 24th Floor, New York, NY 10016. Or visit our Web site: www.otherpress.com.

  The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

  Richards, Susan, 1948–

  Lost and found in Russia / by Susan Richards. — Other Press ed.

  p. cm.

  “First published in the United Kingdom by I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.” — T.p. verso.

  eISBN: 978-1-59051-369-9 1. Russia (Federation)—Description and travel. 2. Richards, Susan, 1948—Travel—Russia (Federation) 3. Russia (Federation)—History—1991—Biography. 4. Russia (Federation)—History—1991–5. Russia (Federation)—Social life and customs. 6. Social change—Russia (Federation) 7. Volga River Region (Russia)—Description and travel. 8. Siberia (Russia)—Description and travel. 9. Volga River Region (Russia)—Social life and customs. 10. Siberia (Russia)—Social life and customs. I. Title.

  DK510.29.R54 2010

  947′.40861092—dc22

  [B] 2010011464

  v3.1

  For Roger

  CONTENTS

  Cover

  Title Page

  Copyright

  Dedication

  Preface

  Map

  Time Line

  1992–1993

  1992

  There Be Monsters • Benya’s Ark • Visions and Fakes

  1993

  Opening the Cages • False Pregnancy • The Red Cardinal • A-Little-Bit-Me • The Other Side of Despair • Tied Back to Back • Turning Russia Around • Connoisseur of Silences • The Devil’s Tune • An Abyss of Stars • A Piece of Green Pumice • Siberian Cassandra • The Art of Mind Control

  1994–1996

  1994

  Legend of the Golden Woman • The Path Not Taken • The Lost Heart of Russia • Russia’s Quakers • In the Wilderness • The Time of the Antichrist • Photography Is a Sin! • Music of the Forest

  1995

  The Dark Side

  1996

  Creeping Fascism • Banging the Table

  1997–1998

  1997

  In Search of the Russian Idea • The Prodigal Returns • Building Heaven or Hell • Touching the Cosmos • Riding Two Realities • Ticket to the End of the Earth • The Russian Orestes • A Country Going Cold Turkey • The Society of Original Harmony • Eating Children • Singing Cedars? • The Twelve-Step Cure • Music of the Spheres

  1998

  Looking for Mother Olga • The Goddess and Baba Yaga • Lifting Zina’s Curse

  1999–2004

  2004

  Cordelia of the Steppes • Freedom Is Slavery • My Dream House • Theirs Not to Reason Why • One Small Mend in the Past

  2005–2007

  2006

  Fairy Tale in Dubious Taste • The Two-Plank Bridge • St. Seraphim and the Bomb • The Crooked and the Beautiful • Glimpses of Grace • Finding the Golden Woman

  2008

  How About a Riddle? • The Worm Turns • The Price of Dreams • Pilnyak’s Island • Festival of Dead Leaves

  Acknowledgments

  About the Author

  PREFACE

  THIS BOOK GREW OUT OF MY VISITS TO A SMALL, APPARENTLY UNREMARKABLE town. It begins when Russians were in shock, after the fall of communism. It ends when the country, flush with petrodollars and resurgent pride, is succumbing to global recession. It is the story of a nation going through a nervous breakdown, pulling through, but paying the price. It is about a people lost and found, about their search for meaning.

  The vast stage of provincial Russia where the book is set barely connects to the world of Moscow and Petersburg. Its strangeness offers an explanation as to why we in the West are often baffled by Russia.

  The friends I made in that small provincial town are the backbone of this book. For better and worse, their lives mirror Russia’s fortunes in its transition from chaos to order. I have tried to capture their experience. But I have come to accept that it is in the nature of the relationship between our cultures that they will think I have failed.

  Anna, the tomboy, was born on the same date as me. On the surface we do not appear to have much in common, though in some obscure way we recognized that our lives are connected. Once, my friendship may have offered her support, but now things have changed so much that it runs the risk of damaging her. When we met, she was ready to sacrifice her life to build a free and democratic Russia. Today, she has found refuge in Russia’s resurgent Church.

  Curly-haired, irrepressible Natasha was endowed at birth with privilege and talent. Following her rainbow had led her to that obscure country town. To the locals, she and her dashing husband, Igor, seemed every bit as exotic as I did, as a foreigner. Our otherness made us objects of suspicion.

  The pale beauty Tatiana, with her innate wisdom, was the peacemaker in the volatile group. Back then, her husband, Misha, was one of millions of ants struggling to make the chaos work for them, fetching and carrying, dodging the heel of the law. Now, he is Mikhail Ivanovich, an important manufacturer. He and Tatiana may take their holidays in Provence, but when I look into Tatiana’s gray eyes I am afraid for her.

  Hope brought us together. The year was 1992, and the euphoria of the Gorbachev period had evaporated. The story behind our hopefulness goes back two centuries, to when Catherine the Great became empress of Russia. A German princess, she dreamed of building an island of European values on the wild eastern frontier of her empire. Her people posted advertisements in Germany, promising fertile land, housing, and livestock to anyone who was prepared to settle there. Thousands responded. For a year they traveled east, then sailed down the Volga River. When they arrived they found nothing to match the promises. They were left in the wild steppe, a prey to vengeful Tartar horsemen.

  Russian history seems to move in circles. Fast forward two centuries, to 1988 and the final days of communism. Again a Russian government was promising the descendants of those original German settlers that they could settle the same piece of land—since when the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union the entire community was deported, lest they collaborate. After the war, for decades they lived in exile in remote parts of Siberia and central Asia, accused of a crime they did not commit. Finally, almost fifty years later, Gorbachev’s government agreed to give them back their original homeland, by way of making amends. What is more, the German government was offering the homeland money, in the hope that this might deter Russia’s Germans from moving back to Germany, as was their right.

  This was what attracted Natasha and Igor to move there from the Caucasus, Catherine the Great’s original dream of building an island of European values on the steppe, with German investment. It drew me there, too. We were all desperate for reasons to be hopeful. Even if the rest of Russia was paralyzed, I longed to find one small piece of countryside where people would be busy building the microcosm of a Russia worth living in.

  But instead of a buzz of activity, I found a place embalmed in sullen silence. What had happened? No one would tell me. In fact, hardly anyone would talk to me at all; and yet it was that wall of silence that drew me back there over several years. It seemed to me th
at if I could understand, really understand, what was going on in the fog of confusion hanging over one small place, the larger picture of Russia in that confused time might become more comprehensible.

  From there, I slipped through a crack in the wardrobe, into another Russia.

  On the borders of early maps you sometimes find blank places where the mapmaker’s information peters out. Sometimes these are decked out with pictures of dragons and fabulous monsters, the creatures of travelers’ tales. That was where I was traveling during Russia’s lost years, way off the map of my known world. In the course of my journeys, President Boris Yeltsin sank deeper into a stupor, the oligarchs squabbled over Russia’s wealth, miners went unpaid, and teachers fainted from hunger in front of their pupils.

  The agony of transition was throwing up strange manifestations that defied my plodding, Western rationality. While I could not share these collective visions of shining beings and visitors from distant planets, nor could I dismiss them—too many people were seeing them, and their roots in the culture ran too deep. It took me a long time to accept that perhaps I had just ventured into a place where reality was different.

  In these places off the map of my world I met another face of Russia, too, one where time had almost stopped, under the carapace of communism. There, choreographers, KGB colonels, and other urban refugees were happily building their New Jerusalem in Siberia, as sectarians have done for centuries.

  But it was deep in the forest that I found myself face-to-face with the heart of whatever it is that makes the Russian people different. I found it hundreds of miles from the nearest road or railway, in a community vigorously pursuing the dream of a Russia which had never opened up to the West.

  Older still was the tradition of paganism which, having survived ten centuries of persecution, had bubbled to the surface in parts of the countryside in that in-between time. There, I met the witch of Russia’s fairy tales, who was busy healing victims of the upheaval.

  The hardest parts of this journey began when I tried to write about my experiences. That brought me up against the limits of my own language. How wise Wittgenstein was when he concluded that there were some things about which we should stay silent. But having once embarked on this book, I did not have that luxury.

  I have never managed to reconcile the reality of my world with that of this other Russia. But now, I would not want to.

  From the start of my journey, there were hints of stranger things to come.

  AUTHOR’S NOTE

  I have changed the names of one regional business and some regional newspapers to protect the privacy of my characters.

  TIME LINE

  1990

  FEBRUARY 8 Mikhail Gorbachev and US Secretary of State James Baker agree that if Germany reunites, NATO will not be expanded.

  1991

  JUNE 12 Boris Yeltsin is elected as first president of Russian Federation.

  JULY 7 $1.5 billion food credit for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) approved by the United States.

  AUGUST 19–21 Hard-line Soviet leaders launch a coup to save USSR. Mass demonstrations face down the coup.

  AUGUST 24 Gorbachev resigns as general secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU).

  AUGUST 29 Russian parliament dissolves the CPSU.

  NOVEMBER 6 Yeltsin bans the CPSU on territory of Russian Federation.

  DECEMBER 21 USSR dissolved. Russian Federation and former republics become sovereign states.

  1992

  JANUARY 29 Yegor Gaidar’s “shock therapy” economic reforms launched; most prices liberalized and spiral up.

  JANUARY Throughout the year the conflict between Yeltsin and parliament (Congress of People’s Deputies) intensifies.

  MARCH 21 Tatarstan declares independence from Russia. Fragmentation threatens Russia.

  OCTOBER 1 Chubais launches massive privatization program, giving every citizen a 10,000-ruble privatization voucher.

  NOVEMBER Constitutional Court partially lifts ban on the Communist Party.

  DECEMBER 9 Congress forces resignation of Prime Minister Gaidar.

  1993

  JANUARY 3 Yeltsin and Bush sign START 2, envisaging reduction of nuclear weapons.

  MARCH 28 Yeltsin declares state of emergency. Congress threatens to impeach him.

  APRIL 25 Yeltsin narrowly wins national referendum on his reforms.

  JULY 9 G7 countries announce $28.4 billion aid for former USSR.

  SEPTEMBER 21 Yeltsin disbands parliament, introduces presidential rule, brings Gaidar back to run economy.

  SEPTEMBER 26 Ten thousand demonstrate on behalf of legislators.

  OCTOBER 3–4 Political impasse turns to armed conflict. Nationalist and communist deputies barricade themselves in parliament, with their militias. Yeltsin sends tanks to shell parliament; 187 killed. Opposition leaders jailed.

  DECEMBER 25 Elections to new parliament (State Duma). Referendum on new constitution with strong presidential role narrowly approved.

  1994

  JANUARY 16 Gaidar quits government over end to reform program.

  SPRING In Kremlin, Yeltsin’s bodyguard Alexander Korzhakov comes to dominance.

  DECEMBER 1 First Chechen war begins. Russian troops enter Chechnya.

  1995

  FEBRUARY 8 Strike of five hundred thousand miners. Yeltsin starts to lose grip.

  JUNE 2 Paris Club reschedules Russia’s $9.5 billion debt.

  JUNE 14–23 Basayev’s Chechen terrorists kill hundreds of civilians. Peace negotiations agree to withdrawal of Russia’s army from Chechnya.

  AUGUST NATO launches air strikes in Yugoslavia.

  1996

  SPRING Anatoly Chubais offers oligarchs control of key state assets in return for media support and financing of Yeltsin’s reelection.

  JUNE–JULY Terrorist acts in Moscow subway and in North Caucasus.

  Yeltsin steals election from Communist Party.

  AUGUST 30–31 General Lebed, Yeltsin’s national security chief, signs peace treaty with Chechen leader. His popularity threatens Yeltsin.

  OCTOBER 15 Lebed fired.

  DECEMBER 1 Russian troops withdraw from Chechnya.

  1997

  MAY 27 NATO–Russia Founding Act binds NATO not to deploy nuclear weapons or substantial numbers of foreign troops on territory of its new members.

  SUMMER-AUTUMN War breaks out between Chubais and the oligarchs, and between the oligarchs themselves, when Chubais tries to curtail their “sweetheart deals.”

  AUTUMN Search for Yeltsin’s successor.

  1998

  MAY 16 Russia becomes member of G8.

  JULY 17 Remains of Tsar Nicholas II and family buried in St. Petersburg on eightieth anniversary of their murder.

  SUMMER Financial crisis in Russia: government devalues ruble, defaults on its domestic debts, and declares moratorium on payment to foreign creditors following collapse of Asian market and commodity prices. International Monetary Fund and World Bank give Russia credits.

  DECEMBER 16 Bombing of Iraq starts. Kremlin disapproves.

  1999

  SPRING Climax of struggle for succession to Yeltsin.

  MARCH 17 Vladimir Putin appointed secretary of Security Council.

  MARCH 18 Russia condemns NATO air strikes against Yugoslavia, in response to repression of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.

  MARCH 19 First enlargement of NATO since Cold War, with Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary acceding.

  AUGUST 7 Chechen terrorists invade neighboring Dagestan.

  AUGUST 26 Russian troops march into Chechnya. Second Chechen war begins.

  SEPTEMBER 9–16 Apartment blocks in four Russian cities bombed. Death toll approximately three hundred.

  DECEMBER 14–31 Yeltsin appoints Putin as his successor and resigns.

  2000

  JANUARY–FEBRUARY Putin revives relations with West, hints at interest in joining NATO.

  MARCH 26 Putin is elected president.

  MAY Putin cur
tails powers of regional governors and brings Chechnya under direct presidential rule.

  AUGUST 12 Nuclear submarine Kursk sinks, losing all hands.

  JUNE 13 Oligarch Vladimir Gusinsky’s arrest signals drive to break oligarch power.

  NOVEMBER Independent media curbed.

  2001

  SPRING End of independent TV channel NTV and Gusinsky’s media empire.

  APRIL 12 Putin endorses new “party of power,” United Russia.

  JUNE 28 Duma passes law banning use of mind-control weapons on Russian territory.

  SEPTEMBER 24 Following terrorist attacks on New York, Putin supports Bush’s war on terror.

  DECEMBER 13 United States withdraws from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and fails to back Russia’s bid to join World Trade Organization.

  2002

  JANUARY Last independent television channel closed.

  MAY 28 Formation of NATO–Russia Council. Putin meets with all NATO leaders.

  OCTOBER 23 Chechen terrorists seize Moscow theater, 129 hostages die in battle to free them.

  2003

  MARCH 19 Start of Second Iraq War.

  MARCH 31 EU–Russia summit agrees on areas of cooperation: economy; freedom, security, and human rights; external security; science, education, research, and culture.

  OCTOBER 5 Akhmad Kadyrov elected as Chechnya’s leader. Putin starts policy of “Chechenization.”

  NOVEMBER 22–23 Georgia’s Rose Revolution sees President Shevardnadze resign in favor of Mikhail Saakashvili.

  2004

  MARCH 13 Kyrgyzstan’s Tulip Revolution.

  MARCH 14 Putin reelected with huge majority for second term.

  MARCH 29 NATO admits Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.

  MAY 9 President Akhmad Kadyrov assassinated. His son Ramzan succeeds him.

  SUMMER US–Russian relations deteriorate. Georgian–Russian relations deteriorate.