The Myth of the Blitz
Page 39
5 H. Newby, Green and Pleasant Land? Social Change in Rural England, Wildwood 1979, 39.
6 Ibid., 14–16.
7 A. Potts, ‘“Constable Country” Between the Wars’, in R. Samuel, ed., Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, vol 3, National Fictions, Routledge 1989, 160–86.
8 J.B. Priestley, introduction to The Beauty of Britain, Batsford 1935, 1–10.
9 I. Brown, The Heart of England, Batsford 1935, vi, 65–70.
10 Ibid., 94.
11 H. Kingsmill, ed., The English Genius, Eyre & Spottiswoode 1938, 4–5.
12 H.J. Massingham, The Fall of the Year, Chapman & Hall 1941, 54–5.
13 W.H. Auden, poem XXIII from Look, Stranger!, Faber 1936.
14 W.H. Auden, ‘Letter to Lord Byron’ from Collected Longer Poems, Faber 1968.
15 D. Mitchell, Britten and Auden in the Thirties: The Year 1936, Faber 1981, 33ff.
16 Ian Jeffrey, The British Landscape 1920–1950, Thames & Hudson, 1984, 7–8.
17 Barbican Art Gallery, ‘That’s Shell – That Is!’: An Exhibition of Shell Advertising Art …, BAG and Shell UK 1983, 9.
18 C. Harrison, English Art and Modernism 1900–1939, Allen Lane 1981, 321.
19 A. Howkins, ‘Greensleeves and the Idea of National Music’ in Samuel, ed., op. cit., 89–98.
20 J.B. Priestley, Margin Released: A Writer’s Reminiscences and Reflections, Heinemann 1962, 218–19.
21 Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. 3, The War of Words, OUP 1970, 210–11.
22 Mary Adams Papers, Mass-Observation Archive.
23 Briggs, op. cit., 320–2.
24 Priestley, op. cit., 2, 68.
25 J.B. Priestley, Postscripts, Heinemann 1940, 1–4.
26 Ibid., 5–8.
27 J. Strachey, Post D, Gollancz 1941, 134–5.
28 Postscripts 9–13.
29 Ibid., 15, 17.
30 Ibid., 19–23.
31 Ibid., 73, 83.
32 Ibid., 49–53.
33 Ibid., 36–8, 43, 98–100.
34 A. Mee, Nineteen-Forty: Our Finest Hour, Hodder & Stoughton 1941, 66, 121.
35 Arthur Mee’s Book of the Flag: Island and Empire, Hodder & Stoughton 1941, 19–34.
36 Dandy Monster Comic, D.C. Thomson (Dundee) 1941, 76–7.
37 A. Aldgate and J. Richards, Britain Can Take It: The British Cinema in the Second World War, Blackwell (Oxford) 1986, 54.
38 Ibid., 51–72.
39 L. Foreman, ed., From Parry to Britten: British Music in Letters 1900–1945, Batsford 1987, 240–2.
10 Telling It To America
Epigraph: Ben Robertson, I Saw England, Jarrolds 1941, 134.
1 N. Farson, Bomber’s Moon, Gollancz 1941, 148.
2 Q. Reynolds, The Wounded Don’t Cry, Cassell 1941, 216–27.
3 C.R. Koppes and G.D. Black, Hollywood Goes to War, I.B. Tauris 1989, 230–3.
4 A. Duer Miller, The White Cliffs, Methuen 1941, 23, 59.
5 Unpublished paper by Nicholas J. Cull, ‘Propagandising Uncle Sam – An Outline of the Origins and Evolution of British Publicity Structures in the United States during the Second World War’. I am very grateful to Mr Cull for sight of this paper.
6 Cull, loc. cit.
7 D.H. Hosley, As Good as Any: Foreign Correspondence on American Radio 1930–1940, Greenwood Press (Westport, Conn.) 1984, 76.
8 R. Franklin Smith, Edward R. Murrow: The War Years (Kalamazoo, Mich.) 1978, 37, 39, 49.
9 A.M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times, Michael Joseph 1987, 184–5, 189.
10 Eric Sevareid, Not So Wild a Dream, Athenaeum (New York) 1976, 82–3, 176–8.
11 Vincent Sheean, Between the Thunder and the Sun, Random House (New York) 1943, 210.
12 Sperber, op. cit., 182–3.
13 Ibid., 100–4, etc.
14 Hosley, op. cit., 4, 43.
15 Koppes and Black, op. cit., 26–7, 30–1.
16 Colin Shindler, Hollywood Goes To War, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1979, 21; John Russell Taylor, Hitch: The Life and Work of Alfred Hitchcock, Faber 1978, 163–8.
17 Hosley, op. cit., 59–62.
18 Sperber, op. cit., 160–2.
19 Robertson, op. cit., 79.
20 Ibid., 86–92; Sheean, op. cit., 195–6.
21 Q. Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, Heinemann 1964, 174.
22 Sheean, op. cit., 200–1.
23 Sperber, op. cit., 162–3; A. Kendrick, Prime Time: The Life of Edward R. Murrow, Little Brown (Boston) 1969, 173–6.
24 Sheean, op. cit., 218 ff; Robertson, op. cit., 105–8, 110–11; E. R. Murrow, This Is London, Cassell 1941, 173.
25 Murrow, op. cit., 171–91.
26 Sevareid, op. cit., 79–80, 166, 169–74.
27 E. Bliss Jr, ed., In Search of Light: The Broadcasts of Edward R. Murrow 1938–1961, Macmillan 1968, 1–2.
28 Sperber, op. cit., 153.
29 Robertson, op. cit., 65–6.
30 Farson, op. cit., 74.
31 S. Laird and W. Graebner, Hitler’s Reich and Churchill’s Britain, Batsford 1942, 27.
32 James B. Reston, Prelude to Victory, Heinemann 1942, 29.
33 R. Ingersoll, Report on England, Bodley Head 1941, 217.
34 Robertson, op. cit., 148–9; Sheean, op. cit., 246–8; Ingersoll, op. cit., 54–5, 150.
35 R.W. Desmond, Tides of War: World News Reporting 1931–1945, Iowa UP (Iowa City) 1984, 135.
36 Sperber, op. cit., 192–3.
37 Hosley, op. cit., 143–5.
38 David E. Scherman, ed., Life Goes To War: A Picture History of World War II, Simon & Schuster (New York) 1977, 72–5.
39 Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 175, etc.
40 Ibid., 188–92; Robertson, op. cit., 182–3.
41 Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 196–8.
42 Sperber, op. cit., 175–7.
43 Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 199–207; Reynolds, Only the Stars are Neutral, Cassell 1942, 5.
44 Reynolds, The Wounded Don’t Cry, 234–9.
45 Reynolds, By Quentin Reynolds, 188–91.
11 Filming the Blitz
Epigraph: H. Watt, Don’t Look at the Camera, Elek 1974, 125–6.
1 D. Vaughan, Portrait of an Invisible Man: The Working Life of Stewart McAllister, Film Editor, British Film Institute 1983, 39.
2 Jane Fisher, unpublished seminar paper, ‘What Shall We Tell Them? British Propaganda on the Blitz and Bomber Offensive, 1939–45’. (Edinburgh University, 28.2.90).
3 Aldgate and Richards, op. cit., 220.
4 E. Sussex, The Rise and Fall of Documentary, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1975, 110–11.
5 Ibid., 124.
6 Ibid., 125–7.
7 Vaughan, op. cit., 63–9.
8 Watt, op. cit., 141.
9 Q. Reynolds, Britain Can Take It: The Book of the Film, John Murray 1941 (no pagination).
10 Jennings, op. cit., 26.
11 A. W. Hodgkinson and R.E. Sheratsky, Humphrey Jennings – More than a Maker of Films, University Press of New England 1982, xii–xiv.
12 Jennings, op. cit., 7.
13 Ibid., 16–17.
14 G. Nowell Smith, ‘Humphrey Jennings, Surrealist Observer’, in C. Barr, ed., All Our Yesterdays: 90 Years of British Cinema, British Film Institute 1986, 324.
15 Vaughan, op. cit., 30, 38.
16 C. Barr, introduction, ibid., 10.
17 Nowell Smith, loc. cit., 326.
18 Jennings, op. cit., 22.
19 Vaughan, op. cit., 94.
20 Ibid., 95–6.
21 Ibid., 97.
22 Ibid., 101–6, 126–8, etc.
23 See Jennings, op. cit., 28–9.
24 Aldgate and Richards, op. cit., 230–42; Hodgkinson and Sheratsky, op. cit., 60–5 – details here drawn from both.
25 Jennings, op. cit., 31.
26 See D. Sheridan and J. Richards, Mass-Observation Goes to the Movies, Routledge & Kegan Paul 1987
.
27 Colin Shindler, Hollywood Goes to War, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979, 48–9.
28 T.W. Bohn, ‘An Historical and Descriptive Analysis of the “Why We Fight” Series’, University of Wisconsin, D.Phil. Thesis, 1968, 23, 50 ff.
29 F. Capra, The Name above the Title, W.H. Allen 1972, 326–7.
30 Ibid., 351–2.
31 Ibid., 328–33.
32 Ibid., 336–50; Bohn, op. cit., 101–7.
33 Capra, op. cit., 336; Bohn, 107–9.
34 Press release from MoI films division, in Imperial War Museum.
35 Bohn, op. cit., 112–13, 168.
36 Capra, op. cit., 336.
37 J. Fisher, loc. cit.
Epilogue
Epigraph: N. Coward, Peace In Our Time, Heinemann 1947, 15–16.
1 D. Middleton, The Sky Suspended: The Battle of Britain, Secker & Warburg 1960, 253–4.
2 Sevareid, op. cit., 179–80.
3 Ibid., 484–6.
4 E. Bowen, Collected Stories, Penguin 1983, 609–15.
5 Ibid., 728–40.
6 Ibid., 583–608.
7 Ibid., 7.
8 E. Bowen, The Heat of the Day, Cape 1949, 145–6.
9 Aldgate and Richards, op. cit., 115–20.
10 Jennings, op. cit., 43.
11 Ibid., 59.
12 C. Barr, Ealing Studios, Cameron & Taylor 1977, 5.
13 Made in Ealing, BBC TV Omnibus 1977; M. Balcon, Michael Balcon Presents … a Lifetime of Films. Hutchinson 1969, 137.
14 Barr, op. cit., 9.
15 T.E.B. Clarke, This Is Where I Came In, Michael Joseph 1974, 133, 137.
16 Barr, op. cit., 80–107.
17 Ibid., 178–9.
18 H. Brenton, Plays: One, Methuen 1986, Preface, 108.
19 B. Keeffe, The Long Good Friday, Methuen 1984, 9, 15, 17, 18, 44.
20 A. Barnett, Iron Britannia, Allison & Busby 1982, 20, 31–2, 40, 42.
21 Ibid., 56.
Acknowledgements
The author and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to quote extracts from copyright material:
Babs Diplock: ‘Battle of Britain War Hero’ by Babs Diplock
Martin Brian & O’Keeffe Ltd: ‘Verses Written During the Second World War’ from Complete Poems by Hugh MacDiarmid, vol. 1 (Martin Brian & O’Keeffe 1978)
Faber & Faber Ltd: ‘News-Reel’, ‘Brother Fire’ and ‘The Streets of Laredo’ from Collected Poems by Louis MacNeice (Faber 1979); ‘East Coker’ and ‘Little Gidding’ from Collected Poems 1909–1962 by T.S. Eliot (Faber 1963); poem XXIII from Look, Stranger! (Faber 1936) and ‘Letter to Lord Byron’ from Collected Longer Poems by W.H. Auden (Faber 1968)
Roy Fuller: ‘Soliloquy in an Air Raid’ and ‘Autumn 1940’ from New and Collected Poems by Roy Fuller (Secker & Warburg, 1985)
David Higham Associates: ‘Is There No Love Can Link Us’ by Mervyn Peake from R. Skelton, ed., Poetry of the Forties (Penguin 1968); and ‘The English War’ by Dorothy Sayers from T. Moult, ed., The Best Poems of 1941 (Cape 1942)
Michael Imison Playwrights: Peace In Our Time by Noel Coward (Heinemann 1947)
Methuen & Co.: The White Cliffs by Alice Duer Miller (Methuen 1941)
Methuen London: ‘Finland 1940’ from Poems 1913–1956 by Bertolt Brecht (Eyre Methuen 1976)
Oxford University Press: ‘From an Unfinished Poem’ from The Fiction-Makers by Anne Stevenson (OUP 1985)
Peters Fraser & Dunlop Group Ltd: ‘England, 1941’ by Edward Thompson from T. Moult, ed., The Best Poems of 1941 (Cape 1942)
Sidgwick & Jackson: ‘Youth in the Skies’ by Herbert Asquith from T. Moult, ed., The Best Poems of 1941 (Cape 1942)
Smith & Smith as literary representative of the Estate of Robert Nathan: ‘Dunkirk’ by Robert Nathan from T. Moult, ed., The Best Poems of 1941 (Cape 1942)
Society of Authors as literary representative of the Estate of John Masefield: ‘To the Seamen’ from The Nine Days Wonder by John Mascfield (Heinemann 1941)
Index
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Abrams, Mark, 63
Abrial, Admiral, 95
Abyssinia, Mussolini’s invasion of, 75
Adams, Mary, 77, 120–1, 122, 123, 125, 131
Adams, Vivyan, 121
Addison, Paul, 23, 91, 92
Agar, Herbert, 107
Agman, Gloria, 62–3
aircraft production, 31, 32, 100–2
Air Raid Precautions (ARP), 83–4, 85, 87, 139, 142, 155, 169, 172, 196, 220, 233, 256
air-raid shelters,47, 70, 125, 126, 129, 137–8, 141, 166, 180, 195, 213, 217, 221, 233; in Belfast, 166, 168; CP campaign for, 78, 83–4, 85; London tube, 34–5, 47, 83, 143, 209; Morrison, 143
Air Raid Wardens’ Service, 60, 147
Aitken, Alexander, 17
Aldgate, A. and Richards, J., Britain Can Take It, 206, 231
Althusser, Louis, 257
Alwyn, William, 243
Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), 89
Amery, Leopold, 23
Anderson, Sir John, 47, 83, 112, 113, 117
Anderson, Lindsay, 262–3
Angels One Five (film), 160–1
Anglo-German Fellowship, 112
anti-Semitism, 62–3, 112, 118, 126, 131, 260; Nazi, 214, 223
ANZAC-Gallipoli mythology, 5, 6–7
appeasement policy, 20, 47, 75–6, 78, 92, 100, 117, 204, 270
Arandora Star, drowning of internees on, 115, 124
Arts Council, 203
Asquith, Herbert, 32; ‘Youth in the Skies’, 148–9
Astor, Nancy, Lady, 224–5
Atkins, Jack, 142–3
Attlee, Clement, 24, 220, 261
Auden, W.H., x, 181, 188–90, 192, 236; ‘Letter to Lord Byron’, 189; ‘September 1, 1939’, 150; ‘Spain’, 150
Australian identity, Gallipoli myth of, 5–7
Bacon, Francis, ‘Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion’, 143
‘Baedeker’ raids, 39
Balcon, Michael, 54, 264, 265, 266
Baldwin, Stanley, 48, 60, 67, 75–6
Baptism of Fire (German film), 200
Barker, Ernest, The English, 261
Barnett, Anthony, 269, 270, 271
Barr, Charles, 237, 263–4, 266
Barthes, Roland, Mythologies, 2–3, 4, 8
Bate, Fred, 213, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222
Battle of Berlin, 40–1
Battle of Britain, 1, 30, 31–3, 49, 89, 90, 98–100, 101, 102–6, 117, 124, 136, 148–9, 155, 158, 159–63, 168, 206, 216–17, 247–50, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255–6
Battle of Britain (film: 1942), x, 247–50
Battle of Britain (film: 1969), 160
Battle of the Atlantic, 146, 165, 166
BBC, 63, 88, 192, 229; American liaison unit, 211; broadcasts to North America, 196–7, 206–8; Churchill’s broadcasts, 37, 50–1, 123; Home News, 218; Irish Half Hours, 66; Leslie Howard’s broadcasts, 205–7; Listener Research, 122, 197; Murrow’s relationship with, 212–13; Priestley’s broadcasts (Postscripts), 120, 123, 146, 180, 196–204; Radio News, 120; TV, 121
Bean, C.E.W., 6–7
Beaton, Cecil, 222
Beaverbrook, Lord, 25, 29, 31, 32, 90, 96, 100–1, 114, 223–4
Belfast Blitz, 37, 66, 168–9, 170, 240
Belgium, and Dunkirk, 92, 94; Nazi occupation of (May 1940), 2, 24, 28, 67, 93, 106
Bell, Dr, Bishop of Chichester, 46, 116, 117
The Bells Go Down (film), 264
Berlin, 223; Battle of, 40–1; Russian advance on (1945), 41
Bernstein, Sidney, 224, 225, 232
Betjeman, John, 193
Bevan, Aneurin, 46, 56, 63–4, 69, 79, 88, 252
Beveridge Report, 244
Bevin, Ernest, 25, 29, 73, 84, 88, 89, 101, 120, 202, 222, 270–1
Bielenberg, Christabel, 40–1
Birmingham, 36, 67, 142
Blake, William, 204; ‘Jerusalem’, 194, 241
Blanchard, General, 93
Bland, Sir Nevile, 112, 116, 117
Blitzkrieg, German, 2, 21, 24, 26, 33, 50, 219
The Blue Lamp (film), 266
Blum, Léon, 58
Blunden, Edmund, 15
Blythe, Ronald, 151, 152
Bomber Command, RAF, 42–3; ‘area’ bombing of German cities, 39–41, 42, 46, 244, 248; Battle of Berlin, 40–1; casualties, 42, 99; lack of recognition of courageous role of crews, 42–3
Boorman, John, 182; Hope and Glory (film), 173–6, 177, 178–9, 229, 266
Bowen, Elizabeth, 253–9, Collected Stories, 256; The Heat of the Day, 256–9; ‘In the Square’, 254; ‘Mysterious Kor’, 254, 256; ‘Summer Night’, 254–61, 262
Bowes Lyon, David, 221
Bracken, Brendan, 224, 225
Brandt, Bill, 142
Branson, Noreen, 82, 84
Brearley, Mike, 3–4, 9; Phoenix from the Ashes, 4, 7
Brecht, Bertolt, ‘Finland 1940’, 20
Brenton, Howard, The Churchill Play, 266–7
Breton, André, 235
Briggs, Asa, 75
Bristol, German bombing of, 36, 37, 125, 128–9
Britain Can Take It (film), 232
British Declaration of War (3 September 1939), 20, 60, 81, 228
British Empire, 38, 48, 51, 52, 53–5, 70, 82, 220, 223, 250, 263
British Expeditionary Force (BEF), 176; bad behaviour of troops, 94; defeat blamed on Allies by, 93, 94; evacuation from Dunkirk, 26, 27, 92–8, 123, 156–7, 199, 227; French deceived by, 93–4, 95
British Institute of Public Opinion, 236
British Library of Information, New York, 211
British Lion, 239
British Union of Fascists, 112
Brittain, Vera, 32, 46, 108
Britten, Benjamin, 77, 190, 192, 234; ‘Our Hunting Fathers’ cycle, 190; Peter Grimes, 234
Brodsky, Joseph, 44
Brown, Ivor, The Heart of England, 186–7
Browning, Robert, 241
Bryant, Arthur, Years of Victory, 7–8
Buckingham Palace, bombing of, 34, 219
Buñuel, Luis, 235
Burn, W.L., 61
Bush, Alan, 88
by-elections, 71, 72; Argyll (1940), 72–3; Dumbarton (1941), 88, 130; Kirkcaldy (1944), 72; Motherwell (1945). 72; Northampton (1940), 129; Renfrew East (1940), 72; University of Wales (1943), 68
Calder, Ritchie, 132
Cameron, Ken, 232