by Janet Browne
The Quotable Darwin
The Quotable Darwin
Collected and edited by
Janet Browne
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
Princeton and Oxford
Copyright © 2018 by Janet Browne
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Jacket image: Oil portrait of Charles Darwin, 1881, by John Collier. Color reproduction courtesy of the Linnean Society.
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ISBN 978-0-691-16935-4
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Control Number: 2017003239
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
ix
Preface
xi
Acknowledgments
xix
Chronology
xxiii
PART 1: Early Life and Voyage of the Beagle
Foundations
3
The Beagle Voyage
11
Geology
24
Slavery
30
Natural History Collecting
33
Indigenous Peoples
39
Galápagos Archipelago
45
PART 2: Marriage and Scientific Work
Notes on Species
53
Marriage
59
A Theory by Which to Work
65
Children
73
Pigeons
80
Barnacles
84
Precursors
90
Independent Discoveries
97
PART 3: Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species
107
Species
117
Selection
122
Difficulties
127
Design and Free Will
133
Variation and Heredity
138
Origin of Life
144
Survival of the Fittest
147
Responses to On the Origin of Species
150
Botany
165
PART 4: Mankind
Human Origins
173
Race
181
Sexual Selection
185
Morality
190
Intellect
193
Instincts
198
Expression of the Emotions
202
Human Society
207
PART 5: On Himself
Religious Belief
217
Health
226
Politics
232
Science
234
Writing
240
Dogs
244
Anti-vivisection
247
Nature
249
Autobiographical
253
PART 6: Friends and Family
Friends and Contemporaries
263
Reflections by His Contemporaries
275
Recollections by His Family
286
Tributes
298
Varia
303
Sources
307
Index
315
ILLUSTRATIONS
Charles Darwin, watercolor sketch by George Richmond, 1840
2
Darwin and his son William, unknown artist, daguerreotype, 1842
52
Charles Darwin, photograph by Maull & Fox, c. 1854
106
Caricature, The Hornet, 22 March 1871
172
Charles Darwin, photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, 1868
216
Charles Darwin, photograph by Elliott & Fry, c. 1881
262
PREFACE
Hardly anyone needs an introduction to Charles Darwin, the great nineteenth-century British naturalist who formulated far-reaching ideas about the way in which living beings evolve by natural selection. He is known worldwide for the proposal that all organisms—ourselves included—originate through processes that are entirely natural, without the intervention of any deity, and the label “Darwinian” is habitually used to describe the theory underlying all modern evolutionary biology. This fame is based on his magnificent book, On the Origin of Species, which was first published in 1859 in London, amid a storm of controversy, and still stands as one of the foundational texts of the modern world.
But Darwin did much more than publish Origin of Species. Earlier in life—aged only 22 at the outset—he traveled on the Beagle surveying voyage to South America during the years 1831–36, both as a naturalist and collector and also as a scientific companion to Captain Robert Fitz-Roy. On his return, he continued to carry out natural history researches and observations, work he would pursue for the rest of his life. He was to become recognized as the author of several important scientific publications and an appealing travel book about his experiences on the voyage, called Journal of Researches, modeled on the Personal Narrative of Alexander von Humboldt. Also on his return he began privately to speculate on evolutionary ideas. He did not arrive at any concrete theory until he read the book published by Thomas Robert Malthus on human population and natural checks to its continual increase. From this Darwin developed his ideas about the struggle for survival and natural selection. Other thinkers at much the same time were proposing evolutionary ideas too, most notably Alfred Russel Wallace, whose work in this area was unsuspected by Darwin until a dramatic moment in 1858 when Wallace wrote to him enclosing an essay about his ideas. The story of the simultaneous announcement of the theory of evolution by natural selection in July 1858 is enthralling. With this announcement Darwin accelerated his plans to publish and produced his big book, Origin of Species, the year after.
The debates that followed pushed Darwin and his book into the limelight. These heated discussions also drew in long-standing speculations about the relations between the natural world and its presumed creator, as well as contemporary philosophical inquiries into species and their origins, alongside increasing religious uncertainty, public criticism of the established social order, and rapid industrial and commercial advances in the newly expanding British empire, all of which were reflected in contemporary literature, poetry, and the arts. In a way, Darwin’s book crystallized the wide range of issues already in everybody’s minds. Indeed, in later decades the book, and the fundamental reassessments it inspired, came to symbolize an important intellectual revolution, helping to make the world modern.
At the center of the storm, Darwin tried to maintain a quiet life. He spent much his time acquiring additional support for the idea of evolution by natural selection—or as he called it, descent with modification—through experimentation on different groups of animals, birds, and, especially, plants, as well as ex
tensive reading and library research. He wrote and published constantly, his work including a series of outstanding later books and articles that elaborated and extended on the theme of evolution by natural selection. Throughout, he responded to reviews and questions, and generated a very large scientific correspondence, eventually stretching across the globe. Without question, he was one of the major authors and thinkers of the period and the catalyst for many people—from all walks of life—to review and perhaps revise their existing vision of the natural world and the place of humankind within it. By the time of his death, he was celebrated as a hero of science. He was buried in Westminster Abbey in London.
What made this extraordinary man tick? Although his books were embedded in public controversy, and his private scientific thoughts were daring, his personal life was extremely conventional. He lived as an independently wealthy Victorian gentleman in the English countryside with a large family and extensive household. After those adventurous years on the Beagle voyage, he adopted an unremarkable daily routine, although plagued by continued ill health. He married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839, and together they had ten children, three of whom died before becoming adults. In a series of recollections that he wrote in old age, Darwin described many of the circumstances of his life with great personal modesty. He made it clear that he hated public appearances and was always relieved to let his friends promote his ideas while he stayed quietly at home. Even so, he constantly wrote letters and can perhaps best be seen as participating in the evolutionary controversies by remote control. Luckily for us, the transformations in thought that were shaped by his views mostly took place through the written word.
This volume of quotations from Darwin’s writings digs into the historical records to show the remarkable contrasts of his life and times in his own words and in the words of his friends, contemporaries, and family. In print, Darwin was not much given to aphoristic turns of phrase, and he was cautious in the way he expressed his scientific ideas. There are examples of this caution here. However, his private letters and notebooks reveal his thoughts as bold and incisive. His affection for his friends and family is very evident in his correspondence, and he experienced many of the same upsets, family concerns, joy, and grief that other Victorians shared.
The “Quotable” format pioneered by Princeton University Press allows a fresh sort of insight into the individuals chosen as subjects and reflects modern emphasis in historical circles on revealing people fully in the round. As one of the most famous of scientists, Darwin well deserves a volume like this. It provides ready access to the most important ideas that he proposed, the difficulties and criticisms that he encountered, and insight into his personality and family life, all in his own words or those of contemporaries. Included are his time on the Beagle voyage, his pleasure in natural history observation, his interest in the question of design in nature, the exciting years when he first stumbled on the idea of evolution, and the composition and reception of his celebrated Origin of Species.
Darwin was also a lively letter writer: a man who enjoyed family life and appreciated his friends. Readers will find, for example, that he liked to play billiards because “it drives the horrid species out of my head.” His personality shines out from his words, both private and public. Taken as a whole, this book provides a picture of the man as a deeply thoughtful scientist, a talented writer, a loving father, friend, correspondent, and husband.
Perhaps some readers will find that I have overlooked their favorite remarks by Darwin, for which I apologize. Yet I hope that the extracts given here will lead readers further to explore Darwin’s letters, notebooks, and published writings; and that he will come alive for them from the written word, as he has for me.
A Note on the Text
The quotations are arranged in short thematic sections for easy access, and the overall format of the volume is broadly chronological. The whole aims to be something more than a comprehensive assemblage of Darwin’s best quotes: instead I hope to provide a structured overview of his achievement, set in the context of his own day, along with the responses of his contemporaries—a small volume that will show the trajectory of his thinking on key topics and his public impact. The final pages give Darwin’s own reflections on his character and religious beliefs, and remarks about him made by contemporaries and family members. Throughout, the extracts are given verbatim, in Darwin’s own spelling and with his own idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization, without the use of “sic.” Very occasionally, I have silently made minor changes to help clarify his meaning. Quotation marks have been regularized according to modern usage. Extracts from letters in the Darwin Correspondence online resource are listed with the abbreviation DCP and the letter number. Dates supplied in square brackets are not actually in the letter but are given as established by the research of the Darwin Correspondence Project. Other sources are given in full at the end of the book.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In recent years the study of nineteenth-century science has been transformed by the online publication of documents relating to Darwin’s life and work. The Darwin Correspondence Project is a magnificent scholarly resource that makes available in print and online the entire extant correspondence (more than 15,000 items), and much else besides. As well as opening up Darwin’s life and work in a way never previously possible, it illuminates significant social and intellectual transformations of the Victorian period. Many of the quotations given here are drawn from letters in this online database, and I offer unreserved thanks to the Project and my warmest appreciation of the scholarship that has gone into this exceptional collection. Permission to publish has graciously been granted by the Syndics of Cambridge University Press and Mr. William Darwin. I particularly thank James A. Secord, Alison Pearn, and the remarkable editorial team of the Project for their friendship over so many years. Other quotations from letters are drawn from published texts that are listed in the sources.
The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online is another marvelous scholarly resource that makes available multiple editions of every work that Darwin wrote and most of the books he consulted, as well as a wide variety of commentaries and publications about evolutionary theory. This material is essential for understanding Darwin’s worldwide impact and the extensive research on which he based his views. I warmly acknowledge the director John van Wyhe in this huge enterprise and record my use of this outstanding website with gratitude and respect. Extracts from Darwin’s publications are reproduced with permission from The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, John van Wyhe, editor. The two databases together are the most exciting things to happen to the field for many a year.
I wish also to offer my thanks to Katie Ericksen Baca, a former editorial assistant on the Darwin Correspondence Project, now at Harvard University, Department of the History of Science, and a great help to me during the compilation of this volume; and also to Katelyn Smith during the final stages of this book’s preparation. I am lucky to have been able to use the resources of the Harvard Library system, Cambridge University Library, and the Wellcome Library, London, for many years. Images are drawn with grateful thanks from the Wellcome Images collection, from English Heritage, the National Portrait Gallery, and University College London. Lastly, I am exceedingly indebted to my editors at Princeton University Press, Alison Kalett and Lauren Bucca, and my friends, students, and colleagues in the History of Science department, Harvard University.
CHRONOLOGY
1809
Born in Shrewsbury, UK, 12 February.
1817
Death of his mother, 15 July.
1825–27
Attends medical classes at Edinburgh University. Meets the evolutionary naturalist Robert Grant.
1827–31
Attends Christ’s College, Cambridge University. Meets John Stevens Henslow, Adam Sedgwick, and other renowned professors.
1831
Receives offer to sail on HMS Beagle, through J. S. Henslow’s recommendation, 29 August. HMS Beagle
sails from Plymouth, UK, 27 December.
1832
First landfall in Santiago, Cape Verde Islands, followed by Salvador, Brazil, January.
1833
Makes several inland expeditions in Argentina and Uruguay; finds significant fossils around Montevideo, August and November.
1834
First encounters indigenous Fuegians in Tierra del Fuego, February. HMS Beagle rounds Cape Horn, April.
1835
HMS Beagle expedition surveys the Chilean coast, experiences major earthquake in February, crosses the Andes in March. Visits the Galápagos Islands, September, and Tahiti, November.
1836
Inland excursion in New South Wales, Australia, January. Expedition visits Cocos and Keeling Islands, April.
1836
HMS Beagle returns to England, 2 October.
1837
Starts distributing his specimens. Becomes friends with Charles Lyell. Discusses with John Gould the classification of his bird specimens, including the Galápagos finches, January and March. Moves to 36 Great Marlborough Street, London, March. Opens first notebook on transmutation of species, July.
1838–41