by Janet Browne
Serves as secretary of the Geological Society of London; presents several papers at the Society on his geological findings during the Beagle voyage.
1838–43
Edits and superintends publication in five parts The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.
1838
Reads Malthus and formulates theory of evolution by natural selection, September and October. Moves to 12 Upper Gower Street, London, December.
1839
Marries his cousin Emma Wedgwood, 29 January. Publishes Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World. First child, William Erasmus Darwin, born 29 December.
1841
Anne Elizabeth Darwin born 2 March.
1842
Publishes The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs and writes short sketch of species theory while visiting the Wedgwood family estate Maer, June. Moves to Down House, Kent, September. Mary Eleanor Darwin born 23 September, who dies only a few days later.
1843
Henrietta Emma Darwin born, 25 September.
1844
Completes 230-page essay on species, 5 July. Meets Joseph Dalton Hooker, who becomes a lifelong friend. George Howard Darwin born 9 July. Robert Chambers’s Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation published anonymously; Darwin publishes Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.
1845
Publishes second edition of Journal of Researches.
1846
Begins study of barnacles; publishes Geological observations on South America. Rents land from Sir John Lubbock for the “sandwalk” at Down House.
1847
Elizabeth Darwin born 8 July.
1848
Francis Darwin born 16 August.
1850
Leonard Darwin born 15 January.
1851–54
Publishes two volumes on Living Cirripedia and two volumes on Fossil Cirripedia.
1851
Death of daughter Anne, aged 10 years, 23 April; Horace Darwin born 13 May.
1854
“Began sorting notes for Species theory.”
1855
Begins corresponding with Asa Gray, April.
1856
“Began by Lyell’s advice writing species sketch,” 14 May. Tenth child, Charles Waring Darwin, born 6 December. Begins to extend Down House to accommodate the growing family, completed 1858. Gets to know Thomas Henry Huxley well.
1858
Receives letter from Alfred Russel Wallace describing Wallace’s theory of evolution, 18 June. Darwin “never saw a more striking coincidence.” Death of baby Charles from scarlet fever, 28 June. Papers by Darwin and Wallace on the theory of evolution by natural selection read in absentia at the Linnean Society of London, 1 July. Begins writing an “Abstract” that became On the Origin of Species, 20 July.
1859
Publishes On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 24 November.
1860
First US edition of On the Origin of Species published, New York, January. Controversy at the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Oxford, 30 June. Darwin does not attend.
1861
Publishes third edition of the Origin of Species, revised and augmented, including a brief historical sketch of other evolutionary thinkers.
1862
Publishes On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects. Builds a hothouse at Down House for botanical experiments.
1864
Awarded the Copley Medal, the Royal Society of London’s highest honor, November.
1865
Publishes The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants.
1868
Publishes The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.
1871
Publishes The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.
1872
Publishes The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. More extensions to Down House, completed 1877.
1875
Publishes Insectivorous Plants.
1876
Publishes The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. First grandchild, Bernard Darwin, born 7 September, but his mother dies in childbirth. Bernard and Francis Darwin come to live at Down House. Writes Recollections of the development of my mind and character, May to August.
1877
Publishes “A Biographical Sketch of an Infant” and The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species.
1879
Publishes a translation of an essay on his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and adds a biographical preface (E. Krause, Erasmus Darwin, translated from the German by W. S. Dallas).
1881
Publishes The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms, with Observations on Their Habits.
1882
Dies at Down House, 19 April; buried in Westminster Abbey, London, 26 April.
PART 1
Early Life and the Voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin watercolor sketch by George Richmond, 1840. Reproduced with permission from Historic England Picture Library. © Historic England Archive.
Foundations
Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr. Butler’s school [in Shrewsbury], as it was strictly classical, nothing else being taught except a little ancient geography and history. The school as a means of education to me was simply a blank.
Autobiography, 27
Looking back as well as I can at my character during my school life, the only qualities which at this period promised well for the future, were, that I had strong and diversified tastes, much zeal for whatever interested me, and a keen pleasure in understanding any complex subject or thing. I was taught Euclid by a private tutor, and I distinctly remember the intense satisfaction which the clear geometrical proofs gave me.
Autobiography, 43
Towards the close of my school life, my brother worked hard at chemistry and made a fair laboratory with proper apparatus in the tool-house in the garden, and I was allowed to aid him as a servant in most of his experiments. He made all the gases and many compounds, and I read with care several books on chemistry, such as Henry and Parkes’ Chemical Catechism. The subject interested me greatly, and we often used to go on working till rather late at night. This was the best part of my education at school, for it showed me practically the meaning of experimental science. The fact that we worked at chemistry somehow got known at school, and as it was an unprecedented fact, I was nick-named “Gas.”
Autobiography, 45–46
The instruction at Edinburgh [University] was altogether by Lectures, and these were intolerably dull, with the exception of those on chemistry by [T. C.] Hope; but to my mind there are no advantages and many disadvantages in lectures compared with reading. Dr. Duncan’s lectures on Materia Medica at 8 o’clock on a winter’s morning are something fearful to remember.
Autobiography, 46–47
During my second year in Edinburgh I attended [Robert] Jameson’s lectures on Geology and Zoology, but they were incredibly dull. The sole effect they produced on me was the determination never as long as I lived to read a book on Geology or in any way to study the science.
Autobiography, 52
A negro lived in Edinburgh, who had travelled with [Charles] Waterton and gained his livelihood by stuffing birds, which he did excellently; he gave me lessons for payment, and I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man.
Autobiography, 51
I also attended on two occasions the operating theatre in the hospital at Edinburgh, and saw two very bad operations, one on a child, but I rushed away before they were completed. Nor did I ever attend again, for hardly any inducement would have been strong enough to make me do so; thi
s being long before the blessed days of chloroform. The two cases fairly haunted me for many a long year.
Autobiography, 48
During the three years which I spent at Cambridge [University] my time was wasted, as far as the academical studies were concerned, as completely as at Edinburgh and at school.
Autobiography, 58
From my passion for shooting and for hunting and when this failed, for riding across country, I got into a sporting set [at Cambridge University], including some dissipated low-minded young men. We used often to dine together in the evening, though these dinners often included men of a higher stamp, and we sometimes drank too much, with jolly singing and playing at cards afterwards. I know that I ought to feel ashamed of days and evenings thus spent, but as some of my friends were very pleasant and we were all in the highest spirits, I cannot help looking back to these times with much pleasure.
Autobiography, 60
No pursuit at Cambridge was followed with nearly so much eagerness or gave me so much pleasure as collecting beetles. It was the mere passion for collecting, for I did not dissect them and rarely compared their external characters with published descriptions, but got them named anyhow. I will give a proof of my zeal: one day, on tearing off some old bark, I saw two rare beetles and seized one in each hand; then I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas it ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as well as the third one.
Autobiography, 62
When at Cambridge I used to practise throwing up my gun to my shoulder before a looking-glass to see that I threw it up straight. Another and better plan was to get a friend to wave about a lighted candle, and then to fire at it with a cap on the nipple, and if the aim was accurate the little puff of air would blow out the candle. The explosion of the cap caused a sharp crack, and I was told that the Tutor of the College remarked, “What an extraordinary thing it is, Mr Darwin seems to spend hours in cracking a horse-whip in his room, for I often hear the crack when I pass under his windows.”
Autobiography, 44–45
I acquired a strong taste for music, and used very often to time my walks so as to hear on weekdays the anthem in King’s College Chapel [Cambridge]. This gave me intense pleasure, so that my backbone would sometimes shiver…. I am so utterly destitute of an ear, that I cannot perceive a discord, or keep time and hum a tune correctly; and it is a mystery how I could possibly have derived pleasure from music. My musical friends soon perceived my state, and sometimes amused themselves by making me pass an examination, which consisted in ascertaining how many tunes I could recognise, when they were played rather more quickly or slowly than usual. “God save the King” when thus played was a sore puzzle.
Autobiography, 61–62
In order to pass the B.A. examination, it was, also, necessary to get up Paley’s Evidences of Christianity, and his Moral Philosophy. This was done in a thorough manner, and I am convinced that I could have written out the whole of the Evidences with perfect correctness, but not of course in the clear language of Paley. The logic of this book and as I may add of his Natural Theology gave me as much delight as did Euclid. The careful study of these works, without attempting to learn any part by rote, was the only part of the academical course which, as I then felt and as I still believe, was of the least use to me in the education of my mind. I did not at that time trouble myself about Paley’s premises; and taking these on trust I was charmed and convinced by the long line of argumentation.
Autobiography, 59
Whilst examining an old gravel-pit near Shrewsbury a labourer told me that he had found in it a large worn tropical Volute shell, such as may be seen on the chimney-pieces of cottages; and as he would not sell the shell I was convinced that he had really found it in the pit. I told [Professor Adam] Sedgwick of the fact, and he at once said (no doubt truly) that it must have been thrown away by someone into the pit; but then added, if really embedded there it would be the greatest misfortune to geology, as it would overthrow all that we know about the superficial deposits of the midland counties. These gravel-beds belonged in fact to the glacial period, and in after years I found in them broken arctic shells. But I was then utterly astonished at Sedgwick not being delighted at so wonderful a fact as a tropical shell being found near the surface in the middle of England. Nothing before had ever made me thoroughly realize though I had read various scientific books that science consists in grouping facts so that general laws or conclusions may be drawn from them.
Autobiography, 69–70
Before long I became well acquainted with [Professor John Stevens] Henslow, and during the latter half of my time at Cambridge took long walks with him on most days; so that I was called by some of the dons “the man who walks with Henslow”.
Autobiography, 64
During my last year at Cambridge I read with care and profound interest [Alexander von] Humboldt’s Personal Narrative. This work and Sir J. Herschel’s Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy stirred up in me a burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble structure of Natural Science. No one or a dozen other books influenced me nearly so much as these two.
Autobiography, 67–68
Considering how fiercely I have been attacked by the orthodox it seems ludicrous that I once intended to be a clergyman. Nor was this intention and my father’s wish ever formally given up, but died a natural death when on leaving Cambridge I joined the Beagle as Naturalist.
Autobiography, 57
The Beagle Voyage
I have been asked by [George] Peacock who will read & forward this to you from London to recommend him a naturalist as companion to Capt Fitzroy employed by Government to survey the S. extremity of America. I have stated that I consider you to be the best qualified person I know of who is likely to undertake such a situation—I state this not on the supposition of yr. being a finished Naturalist, but as amply qualified for collecting, observing, & noting any thing worthy to be noted in Natural History…. Capt. F. wants a man (I understand) more as a companion than a mere collector & would not take anyone however good a Naturalist who was not recommended to him likewise as a gentleman.
J. S. Henslow to Darwin,
24 August 1831, DCP 105
My dear Father…. I have given Uncle Jos [Josiah Wedgwood II], what I fervently trust is an accurate & full list of your objections, & he is kind enough to give his opinion on all.—The list & his answers will be enclosed.—
(1) Disreputable to my character as a Clergyman hereafter
(2) A wild scheme
(3) That they must have offered to many others before me, the place of Naturalist
(4) And from its not being accepted there must be some serious objection to the vessel or expedition
(5) That I should never settle down to a steady life hereafter
(6) That my accommodations would be most uncomfortable
(7). That you should consider it as again changing my profession
(8) That it would be a useless undertaking
Darwin to R. W. Darwin,
31 August [1831], DCP 110
Gloria in excelsis is the most moderate beginning I can think of.—Things are more prosperous than I should have thought possible.—Cap. Fitzroy is every thing that is delightful, if I was to praise half so much as I feel inclined, you would say it was absurd, only once seeing him.
Darwin to J. S. Henslow,
[5 September 1831], DCP 118
Afterwards on becoming very intimate with Fitz-Roy, I heard that I had run a very narrow risk of being rejected, on account of the shape of my nose! He was an ardent disciple of Lavater, and was convinced that he could judge a man’s character by the outline of his features; and he doubted whether anyone with my nose could possess sufficient energy and determination for the voyage. But I think he was afterwards well-satisfied that my nose had spoken falsely.
Autobiography, 72
I do assure you I have been as economical as I possibly could, but my luggage is frightfully bullky—I look forward with consternation to seeing Mr. Wickham [First Lieutenant of the Beagle],—if he grumbled merely at the number of my natural cubic inches, what he will do now I cannot imagine.
Darwin to Robert FitzRoy,
[4 or 11 October 1831], DCP 139
My dear Father
I have a long letter, all ready written, but the conveyance by which I send this is so uncertain.—that I will not hazard it, but rather wait for the chance of meeting a homeward bound vessel.—Indeed I only take this opportunity as perhaps you might be anxious, not having sooner heard from me…. Natural History goes on excellently & I am incessantly occupied by new & most interesting animals.
Darwin to R. W. Darwin,
10 February 1832, DCP 159
I find to my great surprise that a ship is singularly comfortable for all sorts of work.—Everything is so close at hand, & being cramped, make one so methodical, that in the end I have been a gainer.
Darwin to R. W. Darwin,
8 February–1 March [1832], DCP 158
Nobody who has only been to sea for 24 hours has a right to say, that sea-sickness is even uncomfortable.—The real misery only begins when you are so exhausted—that a little exertion makes a feeling of faintness come on.—I found nothing but lying in my hammock did me any good.
Darwin to R. W. Darwin,
8 February–1 March [1832], DCP 158
It then first dawned on me [on the island of Santiago, Cape Verde] that I might perhaps write a book on the geology of the various countries visited, and this made me thrill with delight. That was a memorable hour to me, and how distinctly I can call to mind the low cliff of lava beneath which I rested, with the sun glaring hot, a few strange desert plants growing near, and with living corals in the tidal pools at my feet. Later in the voyage Fitz-Roy asked to read some of my Journal, and declared it would be worth publishing; so here was a second book in prospect!