The Quotable Darwin

by Janet Browne

  The Quotable Darwin

  The Quotable Darwin

  Collected and edited by

  Janet Browne

  PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

  Princeton and Oxford

  Copyright © 2018 by Janet Browne

  Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, Princeton University Press

  Published by Princeton University Press,

  41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540

  In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press,

  6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR

  press.princeton.edu

  Jacket image: Oil portrait of Charles Darwin, 1881, by John Collier. Color reproduction courtesy of the Linnean Society.

  All Rights Reserved

  ISBN 978-0-691-16935-4

  Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication

  Control Number: 2017003239

  British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

  This book has been composed in Wilke and Palatino

  Printed on acid-free paper. ∞

  Printed in the United States of America

  1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

  CONTENTS

  List of Illustrations

  ix

  Preface

  xi

  Acknowledgments

  xix

  Chronology

  xxiii

  PART 1: Early Life and Voyage of the Beagle

  Foundations

  3

  The Beagle Voyage

  11

  Geology

  24

  Slavery

  30

  Natural History Collecting

  33

  Indigenous Peoples

  39

  Galápagos Archipelago

  45

  PART 2: Marriage and Scientific Work

  Notes on Species

  53

  Marriage

  59

  A Theory by Which to Work

  65

  Children

  73

  Pigeons

  80

  Barnacles

  84

  Precursors

  90

  Independent Discoveries

  97

  PART 3: Origin of Species

  On the Origin of Species

  107

  Species

  117

  Selection

  122

  Difficulties

  127

  Design and Free Will

  133

  Variation and Heredity

  138

  Origin of Life

  144

  Survival of the Fittest

  147

  Responses to On the Origin of Species

  150

  Botany

  165

  PART 4: Mankind

  Human Origins

  173

  Race

  181

  Sexual Selection

  185

  Morality

  190

  Intellect

  193

  Instincts

  198

  Expression of the Emotions

  202

  Human Society

  207

  PART 5: On Himself

  Religious Belief

  217

  Health

  226

  Politics

  232

  Science

  234

  Writing

  240

  Dogs

  244

  Anti-vivisection

  247

  Nature

  249

  Autobiographical

  253

  PART 6: Friends and Family

  Friends and Contemporaries

  263

  Reflections by His Contemporaries

  275

  Recollections by His Family

  286

  Tributes

  298

  Varia

  303

  Sources

  307

  Index

  315

  ILLUSTRATIONS

  Charles Darwin, watercolor sketch by George Richmond, 1840

  2

  Darwin and his son William, unknown artist, daguerreotype, 1842

  52

  Charles Darwin, photograph by Maull & Fox, c. 1854

  106

  Caricature, The Hornet, 22 March 1871

  172

  Charles Darwin, photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, 1868

  216

  Charles Darwin, photograph by Elliott & Fry, c. 1881

  262

  PREFACE

  Hardly anyone needs an introduction to Charles Darwin, the great nineteenth-century British naturalist who formulated far-reaching ideas about the way in which living beings evolve by natural selection. He is known worldwide for the proposal that all organisms—ourselves included—originate through processes that are entirely natural, without the intervention of any deity, and the label “Darwinian” is habitually used to describe the theory underlying all modern evolutionary biology. This fame is based on his magnificent book, On the Origin of Species, which was first published in 1859 in London, amid a storm of controversy, and still stands as one of the foundational texts of the modern world.

  But Darwin did much more than publish Origin of Species. Earlier in life—aged only 22 at the outset—he traveled on the Beagle surveying voyage to South America during the years 1831–36, both as a naturalist and collector and also as a scientific companion to Captain Robert Fitz-Roy. On his return, he continued to carry out natural history researches and observations, work he would pursue for the rest of his life. He was to become recognized as the author of several important scientific publications and an appealing travel book about his experiences on the voyage, called Journal of Researches, modeled on the Personal Narrative of Alexander von Humboldt. Also on his return he began privately to speculate on evolutionary ideas. He did not arrive at any concrete theory until he read the book published by Thomas Robert Malthus on human population and natural checks to its continual increase. From this Darwin developed his ideas about the struggle for survival and natural selection. Other thinkers at much the same time were proposing evolutionary ideas too, most notably Alfred Russel Wallace, whose work in this area was unsuspected by Darwin until a dramatic moment in 1858 when Wallace wrote to him enclosing an essay about his ideas. The story of the simultaneous announcement of the theory of evolution by natural selection in July 1858 is enthralling. With this announcement Darwin accelerated his plans to publish and produced his big book, Origin of Species, the year after.

  The debates that followed pushed Darwin and his book into the limelight. These heated discussions also drew in long-standing speculations about the relations between the natural world and its presumed creator, as well as contemporary philosophical inquiries into species and their origins, alongside increasing religious uncertainty, public criticism of the established social order, and rapid industrial and commercial advances in the newly expanding British empire, all of which were reflected in contemporary literature, poetry, and the arts. In a way, Darwin’s book crystallized the wide range of issues already in everybody’s minds. Indeed, in later decades the book, and the fundamental reassessments it inspired, came to symbolize an important intellectual revolution, helping to make the world modern.

  At the center of the storm, Darwin tried to maintain a quiet life. He spent much his time acquiring additional support for the idea of evolution by natural selection—or as he called it, descent with modification—through experimentation on different groups of animals, birds, and, especially, plants, as well as ex
tensive reading and library research. He wrote and published constantly, his work including a series of outstanding later books and articles that elaborated and extended on the theme of evolution by natural selection. Throughout, he responded to reviews and questions, and generated a very large scientific correspondence, eventually stretching across the globe. Without question, he was one of the major authors and thinkers of the period and the catalyst for many people—from all walks of life—to review and perhaps revise their existing vision of the natural world and the place of humankind within it. By the time of his death, he was celebrated as a hero of science. He was buried in Westminster Abbey in London.

  What made this extraordinary man tick? Although his books were embedded in public controversy, and his private scientific thoughts were daring, his personal life was extremely conventional. He lived as an independently wealthy Victorian gentleman in the English countryside with a large family and extensive household. After those adventurous years on the Beagle voyage, he adopted an unremarkable daily routine, although plagued by continued ill health. He married his cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839, and together they had ten children, three of whom died before becoming adults. In a series of recollections that he wrote in old age, Darwin described many of the circumstances of his life with great personal modesty. He made it clear that he hated public appearances and was always relieved to let his friends promote his ideas while he stayed quietly at home. Even so, he constantly wrote letters and can perhaps best be seen as participating in the evolutionary controversies by remote control. Luckily for us, the transformations in thought that were shaped by his views mostly took place through the written word.

  This volume of quotations from Darwin’s writings digs into the historical records to show the remarkable contrasts of his life and times in his own words and in the words of his friends, contemporaries, and family. In print, Darwin was not much given to aphoristic turns of phrase, and he was cautious in the way he expressed his scientific ideas. There are examples of this caution here. However, his private letters and notebooks reveal his thoughts as bold and incisive. His affection for his friends and family is very evident in his correspondence, and he experienced many of the same upsets, family concerns, joy, and grief that other Victorians shared.

  The “Quotable” format pioneered by Princeton University Press allows a fresh sort of insight into the individuals chosen as subjects and reflects modern emphasis in historical circles on revealing people fully in the round. As one of the most famous of scientists, Darwin well deserves a volume like this. It provides ready access to the most important ideas that he proposed, the difficulties and criticisms that he encountered, and insight into his personality and family life, all in his own words or those of contemporaries. Included are his time on the Beagle voyage, his pleasure in natural history observation, his interest in the question of design in nature, the exciting years when he first stumbled on the idea of evolution, and the composition and reception of his celebrated Origin of Species.

  Darwin was also a lively letter writer: a man who enjoyed family life and appreciated his friends. Readers will find, for example, that he liked to play billiards because “it drives the horrid species out of my head.” His personality shines out from his words, both private and public. Taken as a whole, this book provides a picture of the man as a deeply thoughtful scientist, a talented writer, a loving father, friend, correspondent, and husband.

  Perhaps some readers will find that I have overlooked their favorite remarks by Darwin, for which I apologize. Yet I hope that the extracts given here will lead readers further to explore Darwin’s letters, notebooks, and published writings; and that he will come alive for them from the written word, as he has for me.

  A Note on the Text

  The quotations are arranged in short thematic sections for easy access, and the overall format of the volume is broadly chronological. The whole aims to be something more than a comprehensive assemblage of Darwin’s best quotes: instead I hope to provide a structured overview of his achievement, set in the context of his own day, along with the responses of his contemporaries—a small volume that will show the trajectory of his thinking on key topics and his public impact. The final pages give Darwin’s own reflections on his character and religious beliefs, and remarks about him made by contemporaries and family members. Throughout, the extracts are given verbatim, in Darwin’s own spelling and with his own idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization, without the use of “sic.” Very occasionally, I have silently made minor changes to help clarify his meaning. Quotation marks have been regularized according to modern usage. Extracts from letters in the Darwin Correspondence online resource are listed with the abbreviation DCP and the letter number. Dates supplied in square brackets are not actually in the letter but are given as established by the research of the Darwin Correspondence Project. Other sources are given in full at the end of the book.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  In recent years the study of nineteenth-century science has been transformed by the online publication of documents relating to Darwin’s life and work. The Darwin Correspondence Project is a magnificent scholarly resource that makes available in print and online the entire extant correspondence (more than 15,000 items), and much else besides. As well as opening up Darwin’s life and work in a way never previously possible, it illuminates significant social and intellectual transformations of the Victorian period. Many of the quotations given here are drawn from letters in this online database, and I offer unreserved thanks to the Project and my warmest appreciation of the scholarship that has gone into this exceptional collection. Permission to publish has graciously been granted by the Syndics of Cambridge University Press and Mr. William Darwin. I particularly thank James A. Secord, Alison Pearn, and the remarkable editorial team of the Project for their friendship over so many years. Other quotations from letters are drawn from published texts that are listed in the sources.

  The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online is another marvelous scholarly resource that makes available multiple editions of every work that Darwin wrote and most of the books he consulted, as well as a wide variety of commentaries and publications about evolutionary theory. This material is essential for understanding Darwin’s worldwide impact and the extensive research on which he based his views. I warmly acknowledge the director John van Wyhe in this huge enterprise and record my use of this outstanding website with gratitude and respect. Extracts from Darwin’s publications are reproduced with permission from The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online, John van Wyhe, editor. The two databases together are the most exciting things to happen to the field for many a year.

  I wish also to offer my thanks to Katie Ericksen Baca, a former editorial assistant on the Darwin Correspondence Project, now at Harvard University, Department of the History of Science, and a great help to me during the compilation of this volume; and also to Katelyn Smith during the final stages of this book’s preparation. I am lucky to have been able to use the resources of the Harvard Library system, Cambridge University Library, and the Wellcome Library, London, for many years. Images are drawn with grateful thanks from the Wellcome Images collection, from English Heritage, the National Portrait Gallery, and University College London. Lastly, I am exceedingly indebted to my editors at Princeton University Press, Alison Kalett and Lauren Bucca, and my friends, students, and colleagues in the History of Science department, Harvard University.

  CHRONOLOGY

  1809

  Born in Shrewsbury, UK, 12 February.

  1817

  Death of his mother, 15 July.

  1825–27

  Attends medical classes at Edinburgh University. Meets the evolutionary naturalist Robert Grant.

  1827–31

  Attends Christ’s College, Cambridge University. Meets John Stevens Henslow, Adam Sedgwick, and other renowned professors.

  1831

  Receives offer to sail on HMS Beagle, through J. S. Henslow’s recommendation, 29 August. HMS Beagle
sails from Plymouth, UK, 27 December.

  1832

  First landfall in Santiago, Cape Verde Islands, followed by Salvador, Brazil, January.

  1833

  Makes several inland expeditions in Argentina and Uruguay; finds significant fossils around Montevideo, August and November.

  1834

  First encounters indigenous Fuegians in Tierra del Fuego, February. HMS Beagle rounds Cape Horn, April.

  1835

  HMS Beagle expedition surveys the Chilean coast, experiences major earthquake in February, crosses the Andes in March. Visits the Galápagos Islands, September, and Tahiti, November.

  1836

  Inland excursion in New South Wales, Australia, January. Expedition visits Cocos and Keeling Islands, April.

  1836

  HMS Beagle returns to England, 2 October.

  1837

  Starts distributing his specimens. Becomes friends with Charles Lyell. Discusses with John Gould the classification of his bird specimens, including the Galápagos finches, January and March. Moves to 36 Great Marlborough Street, London, March. Opens first notebook on transmutation of species, July.

  1838–41